John P. Estelle ("John") died on January 3, 2004. At the time of John's death, several insurance policies ("the insurance policies") issued to John by Mutual Savings Life Insurance Company ("MSLI") were in effect. On January 26, 2004, MSLI filed in the trial court a complaint for interpleader and paid into the court the proceeds of the insurance policies, which amounted to $7,003.36.

In its complaint, MSLI alleged that Ruthie Lee Cunningham was listed as the named beneficiary on the insurance policies. However, MSLI alleged that Kimberly Estelle, who is John's daughter, had asserted a claim to the proceeds of the insurance policies by alleging that Cunningham had committed fraud upon or had exercised undue influence on John to make him alter the designations of the beneficiary of those policies. Estelle filed an answer to MSLI's complaint alleging that John had changed the designations of the beneficiary of his insurance policies because of fraud or undue influence. In her answer, Estelle also asserted a cross-claim against Cunningham, seeking $250,000 as damages for mental anguish. Cunningham filed an answer in which she, among other things, denied the allegations of fraud and undue influence.

MSLI moved to be dismissed as a party. On July 1, 2004, the trial court determined, among other things, that MSLI had no further liability to Estelle or Cunningham; that order effectively dismissed MSLI as a party to the action.

Cunningham filed a motion for a summary judgment with regard to the fraud and undue-influence claims. Estelle opposed that motion. As proof of her claim of undue influence, Estelle asserted that Cunningham, who had been John's landlord and had helped John manage his money, was the dominant party in the close relationship between Cunningham and John. On October 12, 2005, the trial court entered an order in which it concluded that Cunningham was the lawful beneficiary of the insurance policies and that she was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. The trial court indicated that its October 12, 2005, order was intended to be a final judgment. We conclude that in entering that order the trial court implicitly denied Estelle's claim seeking mental-anguish damages, and, therefore, that the order constitutes a final judgment. Estelle filed a postjudgment motion that the trial court denied. Estelle timely appealed. This case was transferred to this court by the supreme court, pursuant to § 12-2-7(6), Ala. Code 1975. *Page 1084

A motion for a summary judgment is properly granted when no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56, Ala. R. Civ. P.; and Bussey v. John Deere Co., 531 So.2d 860 (Ala. 1988). "[A]n appellate court can affirm a summary judgment on any valid argument, regardless of whether the argument was presented to, considered by, or even rejected by the trial court." Ex parte Ryals, 773 So.2d 1011, 1013 (Ala. 2000) (citing Ex parte Wiginton, 743 So.2d 1071 (Ala. 1999), and Smith v. Equifax Servs., Inc.,537 So.2d 463 (Ala. 1988)).

On appeal, Estelle contends that the record contains evidence to support her claim that Cunningham exerted undue influence over John, thereby persuading him to change the designations of the beneficiary on his insurance policies. However, we do not reach that argument.

In Alabama, "[a] beneficiary cannot attack a change of beneficiary designation on the ground of undue influence . . . because [s]he has an interest which is a mere expectancy, which cannot become vested until the death of the insured." Owensv. Coleman, 520 So.2d 514, 516 (Ala. 1987).¹ "Under the uniform decisions of this court, the right to change the beneficiary being reserved, the beneficiary ha[s] no vested right, but only an expectancy . . ., [T]he right to change being reserved does not give the first beneficiary any right to claim the proceeds of the policy." Taylor v. Southern Bank Trust Co., 227 Ala. 565, 568, 151 So. 357, 360 (1933). See also Barnett v. Boyd, 224 Ala. 309, 312,140 So. 375, 377 (1932) ("[T]he beneficiary . . . cannot attack a change of beneficiary by the insured on the ground of fraud or undue influence, . . . [because] such beneficiary has an interest that is a mere expectancy which cannot become vested until fixed by death of the insured.").

The arguments asserted by Estelle indicate that she sought to have the change of the designations of the beneficiary of John's insurance policies voided on the bases of undue influence and, arguably, fraud. However, Estelle's interest as the original beneficiary of the insurance policies was a mere expectancy. Based on Alabama caselaw precedent, ² the mere expectancy created by being the original beneficiary of an insurance policy is not a sufficient interest to create a right by which Estelle could attack the changes in the designations of the beneficiary of John's insurance policies. Owens v.Coleman, supra; Mudd v. Lanier, 247 Ala. 363,375, 24 So.2d 550, 561 (1946); Taylor v. Southern Bank Trust Co., supra; and Barnett v. Boyd, supra. Therefore, Estelle lacked a sufficient interest to support the claims she asserted, and the trial court's summary judgment in favor of Cunningham on those claims is due to be affirmed. See Ex parte Ryals, supra, and Ex parteWiginton, supra.

AFFIRMED.

PITTMAN and BRYAN, JJ., concur.

MURDOCK, J., concurs specially, with writing, which CRAWLEY, P.J., joins.

I concur in the opinion of this court. I write specially, however, to encourage a reexamination by our Supreme Court of those cases, including Owens v. Coleman,520 So.2d 514, 516 (Ala. 1987), and Barnett v. Boyd,224 Ala. 309, 140 So. 375 (1932), which hold that "[a] beneficiary cannot attack a change of beneficiary designation on the ground of undue influence alone, because he has an interest which is a mere expectancy, which cannot become vested until the death of the insured." Owens, 520 So.2d at 516.

A majority of the states that have considered the issue have allowed a prior-designated beneficiary to challenge a change of beneficiary allegedly procured by undue influence. See Cobbv. Justice, 954 S.W.2d 162, 167 n. 2 (Tex.App. 1997) (Texas and 14 other states allow such actions; 6 states, including Alabama, have held that the prior-designated beneficiary cannot bring such an action; 8 states have decided cases involving this issue without deciding whether the prior-designated beneficiary can bring such an action); and 4 Lee R. Russ Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on Insurance § 60:72 (3d ed. 1996). In my view, the majority rule is preferable for many reasons.

First and foremost, the majority rule would appear to be necessary if our law is to protect against abuses of confidential relationships and against abuses by those who would take advantage of insurance-policy owners who are easily manipulated. Undue influence is considered to be a species of fraud that results in an act that "is — like a forgery — not the act of the policy owner." Fortis BenefitsIns. Co. v. Pinkley, 926 So.2d 981, 988 (Ala. 2005). It appears that if the prior-designated beneficiary cannot challenge the alleged undue influence, there may be no one who can challenge it. See Slaughter v. Grand Lodge,192 Ala. 301, 306, 68 So. 367, 369 (1915) (estate of the decedent has no interest in a contest between competing beneficiaries of a life insurance policy).

I also note that Alabama's rule prohibiting challenges to a change of beneficiary on the ground of undue influence lacks a solid doctrinal basis. The rule is based on the fact that a beneficiary of an insurance policy does not have a vested interest in the proceeds of the policy until the death of the insured. However, the cases announcing the rule do not adequately explain why a change of beneficiary of an insurance policy is treated differently in this regard than changes to beneficiaries in wills and inter vivos gifts, which also create mere expectancies. See, e.g., Nelson v.Buckley, 567 So.2d 855, 857 (Ala. 1990) (summary judgment in favor of parties alleged to have exerted undue influence reversed in an action to set aside inter vivos transfer of the decedent's funds). Nor do those cases adequately explain why a change of beneficiary can be challenged on the basis of the insured's mental incompetence or failure to assent, but not on the ground of fraud or undue influence. See Barnett, 224 Ala. at 312,140 So. at 377 (the beneficiary "has only an expectancy, yet it is such a substantial interest as would justify action to prevent a change without the binding assent of the assured'" (quotingMeyerson v. New Idea Hosiery Co., 217 Ala. 153, 155,115 So. 94, 95 (1928))).

In addition, the rule against challenging a change of beneficiary procured by undue influence is arguably inconsistent with the expansion of the tort of intentional interference with a business relationship, which now protects business relationships that are not vested and, therefore, could be considered "mere expectancies." See Utah *Page 1086 Foam Prods., Inc. v. Polytec, Inc.,584 So.2d 1345, 1353 (Ala. 1991) (recovery does not require proof that, but for the interference, the plaintiff would have been awarded a particular contract).

In Fortis, supra, our Supreme Court implicitly suggested that the rule set forth in Barnett may no longer be valid. In Fortis, a prior-designated beneficiary of a life insurance policy challenged a change of beneficiary allegedly procured by forgery. Our Supreme Court held that the insurer, having paid the second beneficiary in good faith and without notice of the forgery, was not liable to the prior-designated beneficiary because it was protected by Ala. Code 1975, § 27-14-24. The Court's opinion did not question the prior-designated beneficiary's standing or right to challenge the forgery, and it suggested that a challenge based on forgery or undue influence would have been allowed but for the protection of the statute. Fortis,926 So.2d at 988-89 ("To charge the insurer with liability in the case of a forgery but not in the case of undue influence would place form over substance, and such an approach is not authorized by the statute.").³

For the foregoing reasons, I believe our Supreme Court should reexamine the issue of whether a prior-designated beneficiary, in an action against a subsequently designated beneficiary, should be able to challenge a change of beneficiary allegedly procured by fraud or undue influence. This court, however, is bound by the decision of our Supreme Court in Barnett.

CRAWLEY, P.J., concurs.