Savage v. Secure First Credit Union
Savage v. Secure First Credit Union
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The complaint (Doc. 1) filed by plaintiff, Karen Savage (“Savage”), against her for
Now before the court is Secure First’s motion to dismiss Counts Two, Three, and Four. (Doc. 13). Secure First does not seek dismissal of Count One, which states a plain vanilla claim of race discrimination and therefore only requires that race be a “motivating factor.” Secure First argues that Savage cannot proceed on her ADEA claim, her retaliation claim, or her ADA claim without alleging that one of the said claims is the “but-for” cause of the adverse employment action she complains-of.
As it has pondered the concept of causation, “the law has long considered [it] a hybrid concept, consisting of two constituent parts; actual cause and legal cause.” Burrage v. United States, — U.S.-, 134 S-Ct. 881, 887, 187 L.Ed.2d 715 (2014) (citing H. Hart & A. Honore, Causation in the Law 104 (1959)). To arrive at the actual cause, the “ ‘but-for’ requirement is part of the common .understanding.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 888. This consistent and common understanding of “but-for” causation “requires proof that the harm would not have occurred in the absence of — that is, but for — the defendant’s, conduct.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 887-888 (quoting Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2525, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013), and Restatement op Torts § 431, Comment a (1934)): To illustrate;
Consider a baseball game in which the visiting team’s leadoff batter hits a home run'in the top of the first inning. If the visiting team goes on to win by a score of 1 to 0, eveiy person competent in the English language and familiar with the American pastime would agree that the victory' resulted from the home run. This is'so because it is natural to say that one event is the outcome or consequence of another when the former would not have occurred but for the latter. It is beside the point that the victory also resulted from a host of other necessary causes, such as skillful pitching, the coach’s decision to put the lea-doff batter in the lineup, and the league’s decision to schedule the game. By contrast, it makes little sense to say that an event resulted from or was the outcome of some earlier action if the action merely played a nonessential contributing role in producing the event. If the visiting team wound up winning 5 to 2 rather than 1 to 0, one would be surprised to read in the sports page that the victory resulted from the leadoff batter’s early, non-dispositive home run.
Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 888.
Consistent interpretation “is one of the traditional background principles against which Congress legislates.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 881. Therefore, “[w]here there is no textual or contextual indication to the
I. ADEA
As stated above, under the ADEA “a plaintiff must prove that age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adversé decision.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176, 129 S.Ct. 2343, 174 L.Ed.2d 119 (2009). Adopting the “but-for” cause requirement, instead of the “mixed motive” possibility, squares with “the ordinary meaning of the ADEA’s requirement that an employer took adverse action ‘because of age[, which] is that age was the ‘reason’ that the employer decided to act.” Gross, 557 U.S. at 176, 129 S.Ct. 2343. “Because an ADEA plaintiff must establish ‘but for’ causality, no ‘same decision’ affirmative defense can exist: the employer either acted ‘because of the plaintiffs age or it did not.” Mora v. Jackson Mem’l Found., Inc., 597 F.3d 1201, 1204 (11th Cir. 2010). “The only logical inference to be drawn from Gross is that an employee cannot claim that age is a motive for the employer’s adverse conduct and simultaneously claim that there was any other proscribed motive involved.” Culver v. Birmingham, Bd. of Educ., 646 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1271-72 (N.D.Ala. 2009). Therefore, “a' plaintiff must make it perfectly clear in her pleading that there are no proscribed motivations other than [the one alleged].” Montgomery v. Bd. of Trustees of the Univ. of Alabama, 2015 WL 1893471, at *5 (N.D.Ala. Apr. 27, 2015).
Savage fails to allege that her age was the “but-for” cause of her mistreat
II. Title VII Retaliation
Borrowing logically from the analysis in Gross of the ADEA’s “because of’ language, “[t]he text, structure, and history of Title VII demonstrate that a plaintiff making a retaliation claim under § 2000e-3(a) must establish that his or her protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.” Nassar, 133 S.Ct. at 2534.
In order to state a claim for retaliation after Nassar Savage must unequivocally allege that retaliation was the “but-for” cause of the adverse treatment. While failing to allege retaliation as the “but-for” causation, Savage expressly claims other motivations. Counts One, Two, Three, and Four flatly contradict any “but-for” cause for her adverse treatment. (Doc. 1 at 12-13). By failing to allege retaliation as the sole cause for her adverse treatment, Savage fails to state a claim under the retaliation provision of Title VII, thereby requiring dismissal.
III. ADA
Before the Gross and Nassar decisions, the Eleventh Circuit held that “the ‘because of component of the ADA liability standard imposes no more restrictive standard than the ordinary, everyday meaning
Given the ADA’s “but-for” requirement, mirroring Gross and Nassar, in order to state a claim of disability discrimination Savage must specifically allege that her disability was the “but-for” cause of her adverse treatment. Not only does Savage fail to allege “but-for” causation, but affirmatively alleges that Secure First mistreated her for other proscribed reasons. Savage has not stated an ADA claim upon which relief can be granted, thereby requiring dismissal.
CONCLUSION
While Savage argues she is permitted to plead alternative and inconsistent theories of recovery (Doc. 16 at 9), there is a recognized distinction between the pleading of alternative theories of liability and irreconcilable contradictions and concessions as to an essential element of a particular claim. See Selby v. Goodman Mfg. Co., LP, 2014 WL 2740317, at *6 (N.D.Ala. June 17, 2014) (Proctor, J.) and Selman v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 2013 WL 838193, at *13 n. 19 (S.D.Ala. Mar. 5, 2013) (Steele, J.) (both cases distinguishing between pleading in the alternative and conceding
For the reasons elaborated, Secure First’s motion will be granted unless by May 15, 2015 Savage amends her complaint to eliminate all claims except her ADEA claim, or to eliminate all claims except her ADA claim, or to eliminate all claims except her retaliation claim, and-to allege that “but-for” her age, or “but-for” her disability, or “but-for” defendant’s retaliatory motive, there would have been no adverse employment action. In other words, .unless Savage chooses to pursue only one of the claims contained in Counts Two, Three, and Four, as the “but-for” cause and dismisses Count One, defendant’s motion will be granted and Savage will be allowed to proceed only under Count One.
The court will by separate order conditionally grant defendant’s partial motion to dismiss Counts Two, Three, and Four. Defendant’s request for attorney’s fees will be ruled upon after plaintiff makes her election.
. The Supreme Court’s reasoning rejects the approach used by some courts' interpreting “but-for” causation to merely be a necessary cause. See e.g., Freeman v. Koch Foods of Alabama, 2010 WL 9461668, at '*2 (M.D.Ala. June 15, 2010) (Fuller, J.).
. The Supreme Court has pointed to its interpretation of “but-for” causation in the employment discrimination context for guidance in other areas of law, including the criminal context. Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 890. When interpreting a penalty enhancement under the Controlled Substances Act, the Supreme Court rejected the Government’s permissive interpretation where "use of a drug distributed by the defendant need not be a but-for cause of death, nor even independently sufficient to cause death, so long as it contributes to an aggregate force (such as mixed-drug intoxication).” Id. at 890-91.
. While Savage tries to make something out of the use of the article "a” instead of the article "the” (Doc. 16 at 8), the Supreme Court used these articles interchangeably and drew no distinction between them. See e.g., Nassar, 133 S.Ct. at 2528 ("Title VII retaliation claims require proof that the desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action”)(emphasis added).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Karen SAVAGE v. SECURE FIRST CREDIT UNION
- Cited By
- 4 cases
- Status
- Published