The 13th section of the revenue law, adopted at the late session of the legislature, requires the payment of a tax of .fifty cents per gallon upon liquor introduced into this State by dealers in the same. It is-settled in the License Gases, (5 Howard, 594,) that a State has no right to tax goods imported from a foreign country, while they remain in the hands of the importer, in the form and shape in which they were brought into the country; but that when the original package, barrel, or cask, is broken up, for use or retail, by the importer, or has been disposed of by him, it may become a subject of State taxation. • The tax prescribed in the act of the legislature, therefore, can not be imposed upon liquors in the hands of the importer from foreign countries, remaining in the barrels or casks of importation; and the court should have enjoined the levy of the tax upon such liquors, so remaining. The importer has a right to sell, free from State interference, in the original casks or barrels, and to that extent, and no further, should be protected.

As to liquors introduced from other States, the question is materially different. We do not understand that the supreme court of the United States has held the power of congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several States, and with the Indian tribes, to be exclusive. Certainly, opinions to that effect are to be found in its reports; and such was the opinion of Judge Story. Chief-Justice Taney, with great emphasis, both in the License, and in the Passenger Gases, reported in 5th and 7th Howard, expresses the opposite opinion. In the License Gases, the point was expressly adjudicated by the holding of the court, that a law of New Hampshire was constitutional, notwithstanding a man had been indicted and convicted under it for a misdemeanor, because he had brought a barrel of American gin from Boston and sold it in New Hampshire. The court, Chief-Justice Taney being its organ, said: “ The mere grant of power to the general government cannot, upon any just principles of construction, be construed to be an absolute prohibition to the exercise of any power over the same subject by the States.”

It is conceded that it is difficult to decide, from the many *132and various opinions of the judges of the supreme court of the United States in the many cases upon the subject, what its position upon this point is.—Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419; License Cases, supra; Passenger Cases, 7 Howard, 283; Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 Howard, 299; City of New York v. Miln, 11 Peters, 102. But the question of what is the position of tbe supreme court of tbe United States on tbis point has been a matter of careful inquiry in tbis court. In The Commissioners of Pilotage v. Steamboats Cuba et al., (28 Ala. 185,) it was held, that tbe grant of tbe power to congress in reference to commerce did not involve a prohibition to tbe States to legislate upon tbe same subject. Tbe judgment in that case was reversed by tbe supreme court of tbe United States, in 1859, on another point, and with a very clearly implied recognition and approval of tbe position of tbis court on tbis question.—Smoot v. Davenport, 22 How. 227. Tbe supreme judicial tribunal of tbe United States very clearly recognizes tbe doctrine, that State regulations on tbe subject of commerce are not void because they infringe tbe constitution, but are void only when “ they interfere with, or are contrary to, tbe laws of congress, made in pursuance of its constitutional power to regulate commerce.” Tbe invalidity of State legislation upon tbe subject is put expressly upon tbe ground, that an act of congress, passed in pursuance of tbe constitution, must, under tbe second section of tbe 6th article of that instrument, be tbe supreme law of tbe land; and that therefore a law of tbe State, “ though enacted in tbe exercise of powers not controverted, must yield to it.” We thus have a recognition, as late as 1859, of tbe doctrine, that there is no constitutional prohibition to tbe States to legislate on tbe subject of commerce, and that that power is only denied to a State when there is an act of congress with which it interferes; and tbis, too, in a case from tbis court.

In 1859, the case of Dorman v. The State, (34 Ala. 216,) was decided, Mr. Justice E. W. Walker delivering tbe opinion. In that case, in one of tbe most carefully'considered and able opinions ever delivered from tbis bench, and after one of tbe ablest arguments ever beard in this court, the *133question of the concurrence of the State authority to regulate commerce was passed upon. The court said: “ The power to regulate commerce with foreign nations is not so exclusive in congress, as to prevent all State legislation upon the subject. It belongs to the class of concurrent powers; and every such power may be exercised by the State, subject to the single limitation, that, in the event of actual collision, the law of congress prevails, and the State law ceases to operate. It does not appear that, in the application of this act to the defendant, any collision has taken place with the laws of congress. He has, therefore, no right to call upon us to arrest its execution.” There may be some matters connected with the subject of commerce, of such a nature that the power of congress to legislate in reference to them must necessarily be exclusive.—Cooley v. Board of Wardens, supra. But we have no such subject in this case.

Without further remarks upon the subject, we express the opinion, that the power of the State to legislate on the subject of commerce is, as a general rule, concurrent with that of congress, and must only yield when it comes in conflict with an act of congress ; and it is settled in this court that such is the law, and such is the ascertainment of the law by the supreme court of the United States.

There being no prohibition upon the State, to legislate upon the subject of the commerce of other States with it, it may so legislate, with the qualification, that it can not enter upon ground occupied by congress." There is no act of congress with which a State tax upon liquor introduced from other States can interfere; and therefore it is permissible for the State to impose a tax upon the sale of liquor introduced from another State. Such a tax is not only constitutional, but obviously just and proper; for a tax to the same extent is imposed upon liquors manufactured in the State.

It is admitted that the law under consideration is broad enough to apply to liquors imported from foreign countries; but it is void only in so far as it is in collision with the acts of congress on that subject.

It is contended that the tax is unconstitutional, because *134it is a tax. upon imports. The word import, in the constitution of the United States, refers only to articles introduced from foreign countries.—Opinion of Mr. Justice McLean, License Cases, supra; opinion of Mr. Justice Catron, ib. 601; Bouvier’s Law Dic., Importation; Barrett v. S. & D. R. R. Co., 2 Man. & Gr. 155, note.

We have been referred to the case of Almy v. State of California, 24 How. 169. This case was in reference to a law of California, requiring a stamp to be put upon a bill of lading, for transportation from any point within, to any point without the State. The supreme court of the United States, in the case cited, held, that this law was unconstitutional, in its requisition that a bill of lading for gold, to be transported to New York, should be stamped. The unconstitutionality of the law was put upon the ground, that it was a tax upon an export. It is now contended before us, on the authority of this case, that an article carried from one State to another is exported from one, and imported into the other; and that, therefore, the words import and export are used in reference to the transfer of an article from one State into another. The argument built upon this decision would be good, if it appeared that the gold was destined for no place besides New York. The statement of the facts of the case is very meagre, and found only in the opinion of the court. From that statement it can not be ascertained that the gold was not shipped to New York, in transitu for some foreign port. From some expressions in the argument of the court, we infer that such was the case. We are not convinced that it was intended to hold that the character of an “import” or “export” could be stamped upon an article, by its transfer from one State to another; and we are not disposed to regard it as an authority to that effect.

We are referred to some State decisions, which are supposed to militate against the views expressed by us. If they do, we are not willing to follow them.

The chancellor should have dismissed the bill, as to the tax upon liquor introduced from other States, and as to liquor imported from a foreign country, and not kept unbroken in the vessel in which it was imported, in the *135hands of the importer; and should have retained it as to imported liquor in the hands of the importer, and in' the unbroken bulk in which it was imported, and also as to the tax for county purposes.

2. By the 73d section of the revenue law, county assessments, not exceeding fifty per cent, upon the State tax, are authorized to be made upon the assessment books, on the first Monday of September, by the court of county commissioners. The tax on liquor offered for sale does not go on the assessment books; and there is consequently no power in the court of county commissioners to assess a county tax upon the State tax on liquor introduced into the State.

The decree is reversed, and the cause remanded.

There is only one point of difference between a majority of the court and myself. There seems to be a conflict between different decisions of the supreme court of the United States, on the question upon which we differ. This apparent or real conflict, in my opinion, has been occasioned by not keeping up the proper distinction between the powers of the State and congress over the subject of internal commerce.

The States certainly have the right to regulate internal commerce, and congress has the exclusive right to regulate foreign and inter-state commerce.—2 Story on Const., § § 1067, 1071; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1-198; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 446; 3 Cowen, 713; City of N. Y. v. Miln, 11 Peters, 158; Passenyer Cases, 7 Howard, 393-411; 1 Kent’s Com. § 10; Rawle on Const., ch. 9, p. 81; Sergt. on Const., ch. 28, p. 291. These authorities hold, that the power granted to the national goverment, to regulate foreign and inter-state commerce, does not stop at the boundaries of a State, but follows such commerce within the limits of a State, so long as the article of commerce retains the form and character in which it enters a State; and that whenever a State passes a law to regulate its internal commerce, such law is constitutional; but, as soon as congress exercises its power, within its constitutional limits, to regulate foreign and inter-state *136commerce within a State, that in such case, the State law must give way before the supremacy of the national law. And here is where the apparent conflict between certain adjudications commences. Some of them have not drawn with clearness the distinction between the power of a State to regulate commerce by law within its own limits, and a law of a State which affects commerce between the States, after it enters a State, and before it is sold by the importer.

In the language of Chief-Justice Marshall, in the case of Brown v. The State of Maryland: “It may be proper to add, that we suppose the principles laid down in this case to apply equally to importations from a sister State.”— 12 Wheaton, p. 449. And in the language of Chancellor Kent, “This power, like all other powers of congress, was plenary and absolute within its acknowledged limits.”— 1 Com. 437. And Judge Story says: “ It has been settled, upon the most solemn deliberation, that the power” (speaking of the power of congress to regulate commerce between the States) “ is exclusive in the government of the United States.” — 2 Story on Const., § 1067. And again, he says (§ 1071): “The reasoning by which the power given to congress to regulate commerce is maintained to be exclusive, has not been of late seriously controverted.”

I have not¡noticed, in any opinion of any court, or elementary writer, that the 10th article of the amendments to the constitution, has been considered in connection with this question. That article is as follows: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” This, to my mind, is very suggestive. If powers not delegated to the United States are reserved, upon a familiar rule of construction, it would seem to follow, that powers delegated are not reserved. But, however this may be, I am of opinion, upon authority and principle, that a State can make no discrimination between foreign and inter-state commerce; and to hold that a State has not the power to tax foreign goods in unbroken packages, before they enter into the mass of the property of the State, and that it can so tax unbroken packages coming from a sister State, before they *137enter into the mass of the property of the State, is such a discrimination. Such a discrimination would be one in favor of foreign commerce, against the commerce of a sister State.

Besides, if a State has the power to make any law affecting inter-state commerce, to the extent above defined, it would seem to follow, that it had the power to discriminate between the commerce of different States ; the very evil, in my judgment, which the framers of the constitution had in view to prevent, in conferring the power on congress to regulate commerce between the States. The power to regulate foreign and inter-state commerce is conferred on congress in the same clause of the constitution, and in language which admits of no distinction as to its influence on the question under discussion.

Upon this construction of the constitution, the concurrent powers of the State and Federal governments are limited within appropriate boundaries; and, what is very desirable, it defines such powers within limits which will greatly diminish the antagonism of the legislation and adjudications of the legislative and judicial departments of the State and national governments-; both of which, within their appointed spheres, are sovereign and supreme.

We deem it necessary to respond to a part of the argument made in support of the application for a re-hearing in this case. Our original opinion does not admit that the case of Almy v. The State of California, (24 Howard, 169,) necessarily involved the assertion, that the carrying of articles.from one State to another made them exports, or that the bringing them into one State from another made them imports, within the meaning of the second paragraph of the tenth section of the first article of *138the constitution. We then thought that the meager statement of facts in the opinion did not exclude the idea, that the gold mentioned in the opinion was shipped from San Francisco to New York, in transitu to some foreign port. The counsel of the appellant accompany their application for a re-hearing with a transcript of the record, and an examination of it convinces us that the gold was shipped to New York as the termination of the voyage, and that the question, whether the carrying of an article.from one State to another constituted it an “export,” was involved in the case. Notwithstanding the question was involved in the case, it was passed over without notice in the opinion; and it would seem as if the point had not been called to the attention of the court. The phraseology of the opinion indicates that the diversity between the facts in that case, and in those of Brown v. The State of Maryland, was not observed, and that the case was regarded in the same light as if the shipment had been made to a foreign port; and this explanation is rendered more plausible by the fact, that the counsel on neither side of the case appear to have noticed this diversity of facts in their arguments. It must be conceded, however, that the failure to notice the difference in the facts might have resulted from a conviction that it was immaterial. We can not, however, avoid feeling some doubt, whether the court intended to stamp every transfer of property from one State to another with the character of an exportation, and every introduction of property into one State from another with the character of an importation.

We entertain a thorough conviction, that the clause of the constitution referred to above does not prohibit the taxing by a State of the sale of articles brought into it from another State. This conviction is based upon the belief, that the terms “imports” and “exports,” in that clause, refer alone to things introduced from foreign countries, and sent out to foreign countries. The question was directly presented in the case of Pierce et al. v. The State of New Hampshire, (one of the License Cases,) 5 Howard. The law of New Hampshire made the sale of liquor without license an indictable offense. Under that law, the defendants were indicted, and convicted, for the *139sale without license of a barrel of American gin, purchased in Massachusetts, and brought coastwise to New Hampshire, and there, sold in the same barrel» and in the same condition, in which it was purchased. The court instructed the jury, “that the statute, as it [regarded] that case, was not repugnant to the clause in the constitution of the United States, providing that no State shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty on imports or exports; because the gin in this case was not a foreign article, and was not imported into, but had been manufactured in the United States.” Chief-Justice Taney,In the concluding paragraph of his opinion, clearly determines the point. He says: “Upon the whole, the law of New Hamphshire is, in my judgment, a valid one. For, although the gin sold was an import from another State, and congress have clearly the power to regulate such importations, under the grant to regulate commerce among the several States; yet, as congress has made no regulation on the subject, the traffic in the article may be lawfully regulated by the State, as soon as it is landed in its territory, and a tax imposed upon it, or a license required, or the sale altogethar prohibited, according to the policy which the State may suppose to be its interest or duty to pursue.” Thus, we have the declaration of Chief-Justice Taney, who wrote the opinion in Almy v. State of California, that the State of New Hampshire had the power to tax a barrel of gin brought into that State from Massachusetts and sold in the form of its introduction. In the same case, Judge McLean, (p. 594,) and Judge Catron, (p. 611,) and Judge Daniel, (p. 614,) and Judge Woodbury, (p. 623,) very clearly indicate the opinion, that imports and exports, as mentioned in the 10th section of the first article of the constitution, refer alone to the introduction and sending off of articles in foreign commerce.

In the case of The State v. Pinckney, (10 S. C. Law E. Richardson, 474,) it was held, that articles brought in from other States, and sold in the form and bulk in which they were so brought, were not imports within the meaning of the provision of the constitution of the United States, and that a statute taxing them was valid. A decision identical in principle with that of The State v. Pinckney was made in *140Georgia, in Cumming v. Savannah, R. M. Charl. 26. To the same effect was the decision in Mississippi, (Judge Sharkey delivering the opinion,) in Harrison v. Mayor of Vicksburg, 3 Sm. & M. 581. In the State of Michigan, (Beall v. Stale, 4 Blackf. 107,) there is a decision which supports the same principle.

The remark made by Chief-Justice Marshall, in Brown v. Maryland, (12 Wheaton,) applying the principles of that case to importations from another State, was a mere obiter dictum, and was not treated as authority in the License Gases. Judge McLean (p. 594) says of it: “Whilst the remark can not fail to be considered with the greatest respect, coming as it did from a most learned and eminent Chief-Justice, yet it can not be received as authority. It must have been made with less consideration, than the other points ruled in that important case.”

' Section nine of the first article of the constitution relates to the migration or importation of persons. The word “importation” here, obviously, and by universal consent, relates to the introduction of persons from abroad; and no reason can be perceived why the word importation in that section should receive an interpretation variant from that which is sought to be put upon the word “import” in the next section. It seems a fair deduction, that “import” in the constitution was used in reference to the geographical area within which it prevails, and was designed to characterize articles brought into that area from without. Consistently with this idea, we find that the power to regulate commerce was not left to a general phraseology, but, by express words, is extended to commerce with foreign nations, and among the States, and with the Indian tribes.

The power of taxing chattels brought in from the sister States of the Union, in the form in which they were brought in, has often been exercised in this State; and it is not known that it has ever been denied. It has certainly been exercised in reference to slaves and dry-goods brought into the State.

When we seriously doubt whether a law is unconstitutional, after we have applied the legitimate tests, we must rule in favor of its validity. We, of course, recognize our *141obligation to follow the decisions of the supreme court of the United States. But, conceding that the ease of Almy v. California is in point, an examination of it fails to show that tbe question was considered; and we deem it inconsistent with tbe opinions of tbe judges in tbe License Cases, and with tbe decisions of tbe State courts. It is also at war with tbe undisputed practice of this State, and with our own convictions. In tbe Passenger Cases, Chief-Justice Taney expressed bis consent that thenceforward it should foe regarded as tbe law of tbe court, that tbe opinion upon tbe construction of tbe constitution should always be open to discussion, and its judicial authority should depend on tbe force of tbe reasoning in support of it. If tbe supreme court of tbe United States did intend, in Almy v. California, to give to the word “ import” in the constitution a meaning broad enough to affect tbe trade between tbe States, it will not be disrespectful for us to rest upon our own reasoning, tbe decisions in other States, and tbe opinions in tbe License Cases, and afford an opportunity by deciding in favor of tbe State law for a revision of tbe question. At least, we can not say thatjwe are clear in tbe opinion, that tbe law is unconstitutional, or that tbe supreme court of tbe United States will so decide ; and we must sustain it.

We remark, in conclusion, that congress has not regulated either tbe quantities or bulks in which articles from other States may be introduced, as it has done in reference to articles brought from abroad. If it be held that articles coming¡from¿other¿StateS can not be taxed in tbe original form, our laws regulating tbe traffic in liquors will be susceptible of evasion so easily as to make them of little practical value.

Tbe petition for a rehearing is overruled.