Junior G. Hollingsworth died of smoke inhalation in a house fire on December 25, 1994, while he was the overnight guest of Ronald and Barbara Stults. Raymond Hollingsworth, as administrator of Junior Hollingsworth's estate, alleges that a kerosene heater in the Stultses' house malfunctioned and caused the fire. The Stultses had purchased the heater sometime before 1985. The administrator filed an action against Toyokuni Co., Ltd., the manufacturer of the kerosene heater, and others, under the Alabama Wrongful Death Statute and the Alabama Extended Manufacturer's Liability Doctrine.

Toyokuni is a corporation organized under the laws of Japan, with its principal place of business in Osaka, Japan. Toyokuni does not have offices or employees in Alabama or in the United States. The administrator was granted leave to perfect service on Toyokuni by private process through the procedure established by the Hague Convention. The complaint was translated into the Japanese language and then served upon Toyokuni on December 10, 1996. Toyokuni answered the complaint on January 9, 1997.

In a letter to Toyokuni's counsel, the administrator's counsel recommended that Toyokuni representatives travel to Los Angeles, California, for the corporate deposition of Toyokuni. Toyokuni rejected this recommendation, taking the position that the administrator should travel to Japan. In response, the administrator filed a motion to compel Toyokuni to produce its corporate *Page 788 representatives and documents in Mobile County. On the same day, the administrator also filed a notice of a deposition pursuant to Ala. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(5) and (6), which identified 36 matters on which testimony and documents were requested.¹ In opposition, Toyokuni filed a motion requesting the circuit court to issue a protective order and to quash the deposition notice. After the motions were argued, Judge Edward B. McDermott, of the Mobile Circuit Court, denied Toyokuni's motion and issued an order compelling Toyokuni to appear in Mobile County pursuant to the administrator's deposition notice. Judge McDermott later denied a motion to reconsider that order.

Toyokuni has petitioned this Court for a writ of mandamus directing Judge McDermott to vacate his order requiring that Toyokuni's deposition take place in Mobile and ordering that the deposition and document production take place at Toyokuni's principal place of business in Osaka, Japan. The issue before us is whether the circuit judge abused his discretion by denying Toyokuni's motion for a protective order and by ordering Toyokuni to bring witnesses and documents from Japan to Mobile.

Mandamus is a proper means to determine if a trial court abused its discretion in discovery matters. See, e.g., Ex parteNissei Sangyo America, Ltd., 577 So.2d 912, 913 (Ala. 1991). A writ of mandamus is extraordinary relief and will not issue unless the right to the relief sought is clear and certain, with no reasonable basis for controversy. Id. at 914 (citing Exparte Dorsey Trailers, Inc., 397 So.2d 98 (Ala. 1981)). Alabama cases regarding petitions for writs of mandamus on discovery issues generally state the law thus:

" 'The Alabama Ruler of Civil Procedure permit very broad discovery. . . . However, [Rule] 26(c) recognizes that the right of discovery is not unlimited, and gives the court broad power to control the use of the process and to prevent its abuse by any party. The rule does not allow an arbitrary limit on discovery, but instead vests the trial court with discretion in the discovery process. The question on review then becomes one of whether, under all of the circumstances, the trial court has abused this discretion. In exercising its discretion, the trial court should be guided by the spirit of the rules, which is to permit full discovery so as to save time, effort and money and to expedite the trial with a view to achieving substantial justice for each litigant.' "

This Court has stated the general rule regarding the location of depositions of nonresident corporate defendants:

"Depositions of a corporation through its officers or agents should ordinarily be taken at the corporation's principal place of business, especially when the corporation is a defendant. Salter v. Upjohn Company, 593 F.2d 649 (5th Cir. 1979). There may be circumstances that would justify the taking of a deposition somewhere other than the corporation's principal place of business."

The circuit judge was faced with a difficult situation in this case and, under the circumstances, we conclude that he did not abuse his discretion. It is a matter of common knowledge among the bar that these matters are usually agreed upon for the mutual benefit of all parties. Indeed, the administrator attempted to reach such an agreement when he suggested that the parties meet in Los Angeles. Toyokuni rejected this suggestion and, therefore, the administrator was forced to invoke the court's aid to resolve this dispute. Faced with Toyokuni's lack of cooperation, manifested by its refusing to present itself for depositions in a convenient intermediate location, the circuit judge did not, under all the circumstances, abuse his discretion in ordering Toyokuni to come to Mobile for depositions.

The action is pending in the Circuit Court of Mobile County, and Toyokuni's counsel and the administrator's counsel practice law in the city of Mobile, located in Mobile County. In addition, the Stultses, who are also defendants, have filed a cross-claim against Toyokuni, seeking to recover for property damage, and their counsel practice in Mobile. The administrator argues that it would be less expensive for Toyokuni representatives to travel to Mobile than for the other parties and their counsel to travel to Japan; all parties are represented by counsel in Mobile. See Turner v. Prudential Ins.Co. of America, 119 F.R.D. 381, 383 (M.D.N.C. 1988). It could be a greater financial burden to all parties to conduct the deposition at a location other than the forum.

Moreover, Japan's system of discovery is very different from our "open discovery" system. Under Japanese law, judicial officers conduct all pretrial questioning of witnesses and discovery is basically limited to voluntary depositions.See In re Honda American Motor Co., Inc. Dealership RelationsLitigation, 168 F.R.D. 535, 538 (D.Md. 1996). It could be unfair to make the administrator conduct the deposition under Japan's strict discovery procedures, especially since, at the same time, Toyokuni would have access to our more open discovery methods. An attempt to compel discovery pursuant to our rules on Japanese soil could infringe foreign judicial sovereignty. Id. at 538. Therefore, the circuit judge did not abuse his discretion in declining to order that the deposition take place in Japan.

The administrator argues that holding the deposition in Japan would thwart the circuit court's control of this case. Conducting the deposition in the forum would allow the circuit court to have greater control over the discovery process if disagreements arose. See Ex parte Nissei Sangyo America, Ltd., 577 So.2d at 915. The administrator was required to obtain an order to compel Toyokuni to answer earlier interrogatories propounded to it. Given that fact, and given the absence of open discovery in Japanese practice, we think it conceivable that a dispute might arise. If a dispute arises over the right to discover certain information, or if the defendant refuses to cooperate, by failing to answer certain questions or to produce certain documents, then, with the deposition taking place in Mobile, the circuit court will be in a much better position to resolve any conflict. Having the deposition take place in Mobile and thus allowing the circuit court to exercise its control will serve the clear interest that the United States in general and Alabama in particular have in maintaining the integrity of our judicial system and in exercising the jurisdiction of this state and this nation over persons whose products are *Page 790 distributed in the United States and in Alabama. See In reHonda American Motor Co., 168 F.R.D. at 539.

Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion. Therefore, the writ of mandamus is denied.

WRIT DENIED.

MADDOX, SHORES, HOUSTON, KENNEDY, and COOK, JJ., concur.

HOOPER, C.J., and LYONS, J., dissent, with opinion by LYONS, J.

I do not believe that considerations surrounding the fundamental fairness of requiring a party to defend in the courts of this state when that party "should have been able to reasonably anticipate being haled into court here," as was recognized in Bryant v. Ceat S.p.A., 406 So.2d 376, 378 (Ala. 1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 944, 102 S.Ct. 2008,72 L.Ed.2d 466 (1982), are the same considerations applicable when the issue is whether the defendant must bring witnesses to the forum twice, once for discovery and again for the trial. The plaintiff argues that this hardship is, like the defense of the action, an attribute of foreign trade. But, on this record, it appears that the defendant has no connection with the United States other than once having had a relationship with a corporation in Ohio that is not shown to have any other connection to the defendant.

It indeed would have been reasonable for the parties to meet each other halfway in Los Angeles, California, but under the circumstances here presented I am not satisfied that reasonableness is coextensive with that which is lawfully required. The appropriate standard is set forth in Chief Justice Torbert's dissent in Ex parte Old Mountain Properties,Ltd., 415 So.2d 1048, 1051 (Ala. 1982), cert. denied,459 U.S. 909, 103 S.Ct. 215, 74 L.Ed.2d 171 (1982), where he noted the fundamental unfairness, absent peculiar facts and circumstances, in requiring a nonresident defendant to leave his place of business and travel at this own expense to the site of the deposition so that it can be taken more conveniently and less expensively to the plaintiff.

Examples of "peculiar facts and circumstances" include relative hardships (here the burden appears equal, if not heavier on the defendant, given the scope of the request for witnesses); conflict in the evidence as to the defendant's principal place of business (in this case there is no such conflict); the fact that corporate officers regularly come to the forum (here it is undisputed that they never come); and the fact that the plaintiff is impecunious (here, there is no such showing). The majority relies on In re Honda American MotorCo., Inc. Dealership Relations Litigation, 168 F.R.D. 535 (D.Md. 1996). First, other than commonality of Japanese origin, the similarities between this defendant and Honda American Motor Company are negligible. Second, it is not apparent from this record that this defendant asserted the applicability of Japanese discovery rules, as Honda American did. Indeed, the trial court's order is grounded in part on the perceived difficulties of managing discovery disputes should they occur in Japan; this fact suggests that the parties and the trial court contemplated control of the discovery process by the Circuit Court of Mobile County, even if discovery occurred in Japan.

The trial court and the majority cite Ex parte Nissei SangyoAmerica, Ltd., 577 So.2d 912 (Ala. 1991), to support the holding that the circuit court's convenience in managing disputes justified requiring that the depositions of the defendant's representatives take place in Mobile. Similarities between this present case and the case involving Nissei Sangyo America ("NSA") are, beyond Japanese origins, also thin. NSA was qualified to do business in Alabama and had operations in Alabama. The subject of the discovery predominantly related to trade secrets and confidential information, factors not at issue here. The trial court ordered that the deposition take place in Huntsville, not Chicago. I can see that in this present case the 14-hour time difference between Japan and Mobile would present difficulties. However, a telephone call from Japan at the commencement of the business day in Japan would be received in *Page 791 Mobile at 6:00 p.m. on the previous day. Problems that might arise during the day could be thrashed out by a late evening call from Japan that would take place in Mobile early on the same business day.

While I am not unmindful of the petitioner's burden of showing an abuse of discretion, I believe that there are alternatives less oppressive than requiring production of the defendant's witnesses for deposition in Mobile. For example, if the depositions take place in Japan and the defendant obstructs them by a disregard of Alabama discovery rules, then the trial court could order that they be retaken in Mobile, with all costs incurred in the previous and subsequent depositions, including travel expenses, taxed against the defendant. Further, the trial court could grant the defendant's motion for a protective order, conditioning the order upon the defendant's bringing in any witness it desires to use at trial sufficiently early to allow the plaintiff to take the witness's pre-trial deposition. I cannot help wondering how we would react if an Alabama manufacturer with a Japanese agent and no otherconnection to Japan was required to send its witnesses to Japan twice, first for discovery and then send them back later if it wanted live testimony at trial. I respectfully dissent.

HOOPER, C.J., concurs.