I concur fully in the main opinion. I write specially simply to make the following observations. The main opinion states:

"We agree with the plurality of Justices who concurred in [Ex parte] James [, 764 So.2d 557 (Ala. 1999)], and we hold that, in a nonjury case in which the trial court makes no specific findings of fact, a party must move for a new trial or otherwise properly raise before the trial court the question relating to the sufficiency or weight of the evidence in order to preserve that question for appellate review."

(Emphasis supplied.)

I write concerning the proposition that issues relating to the sufficiency of the evidence may be preserved by some means other than by the filing of a motion for a new trial. In Ex parteJames, 764 So.2d 557 (Ala. 1999), the sole issue for review was whether the amount of the attorney fee awarded to the wife's attorney was unreasonable. The opinion explained:

"At trial, [the wife's] attorney, John Clement, requested an attorney fee. He testified that he had worked approximately 875 hours on the case and that his normal fee was $125 per hour. In addition, he said he had incurred expenses of more than $20,000. Thus, he claimed more than $129,375 for the entire case. The trial court ordered the parties to submit written closing arguments. In his argument, [the husband] argued that it would be unreasonable to award Clement a fee because Clement could offer no evidence, such as time records, indicating the amount of time he had spent on the case. The trial *Page 804 court awarded Clement a $100,000 attorney fee. This fee was to be taken out of the marital estate, which was to be divided 2/3 to [the husband] and 1/3 to [the wife]; therefore, . . . [the husband] was responsible for $66,666.67 of Clement's fee. [The husband] filed no posttrial motions before appealing to the Court of Civil Appeals."

764 So.2d at 559 (emphasis supplied).

"The Court of Civil Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part. One item that court reversed was the trial court's award of the attorney fee. James v. James, 764 So.2d 549 (Ala.Civ.App. 1999). We granted [the wife's] petition for certiorari review, on the sole issue of the attorney fee."

764 So.2d at 558.

The four-member plurality of the eight participating Justices (three Justices concurred in the result and one dissented) held that, although the trial court had not made any specific findings of fact in awarding an attorney fee in the amount of $100,000,

"[t]his award, in and of itself, is a finding of fact based on arguments made by both parties at trial. It shows that the trial court believed the evidence was sufficient to support an award of $100,000. Therefore, there is a written finding of fact, and a decision adverse to [the husband], and this issue was preserved for appeal."

764 So.2d at 559 (emphasis supplied).

In Ex parte Vaughn, 495 So.2d 83, 87 (Ala. 1986), a unanimous court explained:

"[B]y making written findings of fact, the trial judge has had the additional opportunity to reconsider the evidence and discover and correct any error in judgment which he or she may have made upon initial review. Thus, when written findings of fact are made, they serve the same useful purpose as does an objection to the trial court's findings, a motion to amend them, a motion for a new trial, and a motion to dismiss under Rule 41(b), [Ala. R. Civ. P.] — to permit the trial judge an opportunity to carefully review the evidence and to perfect the issues for review on appeal."

Rule 41(b), as it then read, provided, in pertinent part, as follows:

"After the plaintiff, in an action tried by the court without a jury, has completed the presentation of his evidence, the defendant, without waiving his right to offer evidence in the event the motion is not granted, may move for a dismissal on the ground that upon the facts and the law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief. The court as trier of the facts may then determine them and render judgment against the plaintiff or may decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence. If the court renders judgment on the merits against the plaintiff, the court may make findings as provided in Rule 52(a). . . ."

The "Committee Comments to October 1, 1995, Amendment to Rule 41" explain that "[t]his amendment deletes the provision for dismissal by the court in a nonjury case for failure of proof. This matter is now covered by Rule 52(c)."

Rule 52(c), in turn, provides:

"(c) Judgment on Partial Findings. If during a trial without a jury a party has been fully heard on an issue and the court finds against the party on that issue, the court may enter judgment against that party with respect to a claim or defense that cannot under the controlling law be maintained or defeated without a favorable finding on that issue, or the court may decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence. Such a judgment may be supported *Page 805 by findings of fact and conclusions of law."

This provision parallels its counterpart in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 52(c), Fed.R.Civ.P., except that the concluding sentence of Federal Rule 52(c) reads "[s]uch a judgment shall be supported by findings of fact and conclusions of law as required by subdivision (a) of this rule." (Emphasis supplied.) As Justice Lyons pointed out in his opinion concurring in the result in Ex parte James: "Rule 52(a) [Ala. R. Civ. P.] differs from the parallel Federal rule by providing that findings of fact are optional rather than mandatory." 764 So.2d at 561. Specifically, Rule 52(a), Fed.R.Civ.P., provides that "[i]n all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specially and state separately as conclusions of law thereon." (Emphasis supplied.)

Implicit in Rule 52(c), Ala. R. Civ. P., is the proposition that a party may test the sufficiency of the evidence once his opponent "has been fully heard on an issue," by moving for a judgment as a matter of law, just as he or she could have moved for a judgment of dismissal under the former language of Rule 41(b), Ala. R. Civ. P. In other words, Rule 52(c) envisions that both a mid-trial motion for a judgment as a matter of law and one interposed after both sides have rested but before the entry of any judgment may be entertained by the trial judge. Thus, appellate review of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue may be preserved other than by a postjudgment motion. It may be preserved by a motion testing the sufficiency of the evidence once the nonmoving party "has been fully heard on an issue," and it may be tested by a motion made after the evidentiary stage of the hearing is concluded, but before judgment is entered. Also, as recognized in James, supra, it may be preserved where an explicitly focused treatment of the evidentiary viability of an issue by the trial judge undergirds the ensuing judgment in such a way that the judgment necessarily is tantamount to a "finding of fact." As the court explained in Ex parte Vaughn, the reason for requiring that the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence be properly brought to the trial judge's attention, which necessarily occurs when the trial judge makes written findings of fact, is so that "the trial judge has had the additional opportunity to reconsider the evidence and discover and correct any error in judgment which he or she may have made upon initial review." 495 So.2d at 87.

As the main opinion points out, the postjudgment motion filed by New Properties and Webb did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding by the trial court in favor of Harold Stewart on the fraud counts. The sufficiency of the evidence in that regard not "otherwise" having been raised before the trial judge, the issue was not preserved for our review.

New Properties, L.L.C. ("New Properties"), and Lewis F. Webb appeal from the judgment of the trial court in favor of Harold Stewart in Stewart's action against New Properties and Webb alleging breach of contract and fraud. We affirm.

FactsStewart operated an Amoco gasoline service station located in Eden, Alabama, pursuant to a lease from New Properties ("the Eden Amoco"). New Properties had originally leased the station to Wilson Oil Company, which in February 2000 assigned the lease to Stewart. The Eden Amoco housed a convenience store and a "Sneaky Pete's" restaurant franchise. In late 2000 or early 2001, Webb, who is described in the record as the "managing general partner" for New Properties asked Stewart if he would be interested in operating *Page 799 another New Properties Amoco gasoline service station located in Prattville ("the Prattville Amoco"). Stewart indicated that he would. On April 16, 2001, New Properties and Stewart executed a lease agreement for the Prattville Amoco ("the lease"), and Stewart took possession of the Prattville Amoco. In addition, Stewart and New Properties entered into a fuel-purchase agreement ("the distributor agreement") with Sterling Oil Company, a distributor of petroleum products. Stewart then "sold" the remaining term of the lease for the Eden Amoco to an individual named Johnny Whitehead.

Apparently, although Stewart was operating the service station out of the building, a portion of the Prattville Amoco building was incomplete and needed to be "built out" or finished. The parties agreed at the time the lease was executed that New Properties would complete the build-out so as to allow a Sneaky Pete's restaurant franchise to be located in the station. After several months, however, the build-out had not been completed and a Sneaky Pete's restaurant had not been installed.

On September 5, 2001, Stewart sued New Properties and Sterling Oil, alleging breach of contract for failure to finish building out the Prattville Amoco. On September 13, 2001, Stewart was asked to vacate the Prattville Amoco because he allegedly had failed to pay rent. On November 9, 2001, New Properties filed a counterclaim against Stewart, alleging failure to pay rent under the lease. On January 15, 2002, Stewart amended his complaint to add Webb as a defendant and to allege counts of fraud against both Webb and New Properties. Sterling Oil was dismissed from the case on January 30, 2002. New Properties then amended its counterclaim on May 21, 2002, to claim that Stewart owed it rent and other expenses for the Eden Amoco for the period December 2001 through May 2002.¹

After a bench trial on January 14, 2003, the trial court on February 7, 2003, entered an order finding in favor of Stewart and denying New Properties' counterclaims. The trial court assessed damages in favor of Stewart in the amount of $250,000. New Properties and Webb filed a postjudgment motion, which was denied on April 30, 2003. New Properties and Webb then appealed.

Standard of ReviewThe trial court heard ore tenus testimony. "[W]hen a trial court hears ore tenus testimony, its findings on disputed facts are presumed correct and its judgment based on those findings will not be reversed unless the judgment is palpably erroneous or manifestly unjust." Philpot v. State, 843 So.2d 122, 125 (Ala. 2002). Moreover, when a trial court makes no specific findings of fact, "this Court will assume that the trial judge made those findings necessary to support the judgment." TransamericaCommercial Fin. Corp. v. AmSouth Bank, N.A., 608 So.2d 375, 378 (Ala. 1992). Under the ore tenus rule, "`appellate courts are not allowed to substitute their own judgment for that of the trial court if the trial court's decision is supported by reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.'" Yates v. El BethelPrimitive Baptist Church, 847 So.2d 331, 345 (Ala. 2002) (quoting Ex parte Pielach, 681 So.2d 154, 155 (Ala. 1996)).

DiscussionI.On appeal, New Properties and Webb argue that the evidence was insufficient to support a judgment against them for *Page 800 breach of contract and fraud. Moreover, New Properties and Webb argue that the lease, on which the breach-of-contract claim is based, was vague. Stewart, on the other hand, argues that New Properties and Webb failed to preserve for appellate review the sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue because they did not raise that issue in a motion for a new trial. We agree.

Generally, in a case tried before a jury, a motion for a judgment as a matter of law at the close of the evidence and a timely posttrial motion for a judgment as a matter of law are necessary to permit an appellate court to consider the sufficiency of the evidence. Industrial Techs., Inc. v. JacobsBank, 872 So.2d 819, 825 (Ala. 2003); Barnes v. Dale,530 So.2d 770, 776-77 (Ala. 1988). See also generally Rule 50, Ala. R. Civ. P. However, "[t]his principle does not apply in a nonjury case." Ex parte James, 764 So.2d 557, 559 (Ala. 1999) (plurality opinion) (citing Seier v. Peek, 456 So.2d 1079, 1081 (Ala. 1984)). Instead, Rule 52(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., controls:

"Upon motion of a party filed not later than thirty (30) days after judgment or entry of findings and conclusions the court may amend its findings or make additional findings or may amend the judgment accordingly. The motion may be made with a motion for a new trial pursuant to Rule 59. When findings of fact are made in actions tried by the court without a jury, the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings may thereafter be raised whether or not the party raising the question has made in the court an objection to such findings or has made a motion to amend them or a motion for judgment or a motion for a new trial."

Although Rule 52(b) speaks to those situations in which a trial court makes findings of fact, the rule does not indicate what is to occur when the trial court makes no such findings. As Justice Lyons has noted:

"If a court makes findings of fact in a nonjury case, Rule 52(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., excuses the losing party from objecting to the findings or moving to amend them or moving for a judgment or a new trial as a predicate for an appellate attack on the sufficiency of the evidence. By negative implication, such steps are required when the court makes no findings of fact."

Ex parte James, 764 So.2d at 561 (Lyons, J., concurring in the result) (emphasis added).

Our previous decisions addressing the issue whether a party must raise before the trial court the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence appear to be in conflict. In Securitronics ofAmerica, Inc. v. Bruno's, Inc., 414 So.2d 950 (Ala. 1982), the trial court made no findings of fact, and this Court, on appeal, held that a motion for a new trial or for findings of fact is not necessary to preserve for appellate review the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence. 414 So.2d at 951. While the majority failed to mention Rule 52, Justice Faulkner, in a dissenting opinion, stated his belief that, under Rule 52, "some method of raising grounds for review must be made at the trial level."414 So.2d at 952. In contrast, this Court held in Merchants Planters Bank Trust Co. of Arkadelphia, Arkansas v. Ensley,502 So.2d 686, 688 (Ala. 1986), a case tried without a jury in which the judgment contained findings of fact, that the appellant's failure to call the trial court's attention to an alleged error — through a motion to reconsider or otherwise — left the appellate court with nothing to review.502 So.2d at 688.

The holding of Ensley, however, seemingly conflicts with Exparte Vaughn, 495 So.2d 83 (Ala. 1986), released earlier in the year Ensley was released. In Vaughn, the *Page 801 trial court heard the case without a jury and entered a judgment that included written findings of fact. 495 So.2d at 84. On appeal, this Court held that "Rule 52(b) provides an exemption from the requirement of invoking a ruling by the trial court on the issue of evidentiary insufficiency when written findings of fact are made." 495 So.2d at 87. We explained the rationale for this rule as follows:

"[B]y making written findings of fact, the trial judge has had the additional opportunity to reconsider the evidence and discover and correct any error in judgment which he or she may have made upon initial review. Thus, when written findings of fact are made, they serve the same useful purpose as does an objection to the trial court's findings, a motion to amend them, a motion for a new trial, and a motion to dismiss under Rule 41(b)[, Ala. R. Civ. P.] — to permit the trial judge an opportunity to carefully review the evidence and to perfect the issues for review on appeal."

495 So.2d at 87. The question whether a party must raise the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence in a case where the judgment did not contain written findings was not before the Court in Vaughn. See also generally W.L.L. v. State,649 So.2d 1335, 1336 (Ala.Crim.App. 1994) (rejecting the argument that under Vaughn the appellant's failure to raise the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence before the trial court does not bar appellate review and holding that because the trial court did not make any written findings of fact, Vaughn did not apply);M.B. v. State, 630 So.2d 490, 491 n. 3 (Ala.Crim.App. 1993) (citing Vaughn for the proposition that "[b]ecause the trial court did not make written findings of fact in this case, the provision of Rule 52(b), [Ala.] R. Civ. P., that the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence may be raised whether or not an objection has been made does not apply").

More recently, this Court, in Ex parte James, supra, has attempted to clarify the operation of Rule 52. In James, a divorce action, the trial court, among other things, specifically awarded the wife's counsel $100,000 in attorney fees.764 So.2d at 559. The trial court made no specific findings of fact in its order, and the husband filed no postjudgment motions before appealing the attorney-fee award. In determining whether the husband had preserved the issue whether the attorney fee was reasonable, a plurality of this Court stated: "[W]hen the trial court has made no written findings of fact in a nonjury trial, a party must move for a new trial in order to preserve for review a question relating to the sufficiency or weight of the evidence." 764 So.2d at 559.² Subsequent decisions by the intermediate appellate courts have embraced this holding. See, e.g., N.L.H. v. State, 873 So.2d 258 (Ala. Crim.App. 2003);Cross v. Cross, 853 So.2d 241 (Ala.Civ.App. 2002); Gates v.Gates, 830 So.2d 746 (Ala.Civ.App. 2002) (all relying on James for the proposition that when a trial court in a nonjury case does not make findings of fact the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence must be raised in a postjudgment motion).

We agree with the plurality of Justices who concurred inJames, and we hold that, in a nonjury case in which the trial court makes no specific findings of fact, a *Page 802 party must move for a new trial or otherwise properly raise before the trial court the question relating to the sufficiency or weight of the evidence in order to preserve that question for appellate review. See Rule 52(b), Ala. R. Civ. P.; N.L.H.,supra; Cross, supra; Gates, supra; W.L.L., supra; and M.B.,supra. To the extent it conflicts with this ruling,Securitronics of America, Inc. v. Bruno's, Inc., 414 So.2d 950 (Ala. 1982), is hereby overruled.

II.In this case, the trial court made no findings of fact; it simply found in favor of Stewart and awarded $250,000 in damages. New Properties and Webb filed a postjudgment motion for a new trial; however, that motion argued only (1) that absent an award of punitive damages and damages for mental anguish, Stewart failed to prove damages in excess of $53,240.40, and (2) that the trial court erred in failing to find in favor of New Properties on its counterclaim. Therefore, at best, New Properties and Webb have preserved for appellate review only those two questions. When a trial court gives no reasons in its judgment, "`this Court will assume that it made whatever findings would be necessary to support [that] judgment.'" Bagley v. Mazda Motor Corp.,864 So.2d 301, 313 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Richard Brown Auction RealEstate, Inc. v. Brown, 583 So.2d 1313, 1316 (Ala. 1991)); see also A.G. Edwards Sons, Inc. v. Syvrud, 597 So.2d 197, 200 (Ala. 1992) ("We may assume findings of fact necessary to support a trial court's judgment. . . ."); and Smith v. CiticorpPerson-to-Person Fin. Ctrs., Inc., 477 So.2d 308, 309 (Ala. 1985) (holding that when the trial court makes no formal findings of fact, an appellate court will assume it made those findings that will justify its judgment). Stewart's complaint alleged breach of contract and several theories of fraud. Although New Properties and Webb have preserved for review the issue whether the evidence supports the damages award for Stewart's breach-of-contract claim, New Properties and Webb's motion for a new trial did not challenge the trial court's finding in favor of Stewart on the fraud counts. Therefore, New Properties and Webb cannot challenge that finding on appeal. Because the judgment in favor of Stewart on his fraud counts, which sought punitive damages, would support the trial court's damages award, we must affirm the judgment of the trial court.³ See W.D.Williams, Inc. v. Ivey, 777 So.2d 94, 98 (Ala. 2000) (in which this Court assumed that the trial court made findings of fact necessary to support its finding of fraud).⁴

New Properties has, however, preserved for review the issue whether the trial court erred in finding against New Properties on its counterclaim. Specifically, New Properties argues that it proved that Stewart failed to pay rent and other expenses, including fuel payments and insurance premiums, for the Eden Amoco.⁵ *Page 803

The evidence at trial on this issue was disputed and unclear. The testimony at trial indicated that at some point Stewart "sold" the Eden Amoco lease to Johnny Whitehead. In December 2001, however, Stewart apparently "came back" to the Eden Amoco.⁶

While the assignment of the Eden Amoco lease from Wilson Oil Company to Stewart appears in the record, the record contains no document describing or evidencing the transaction between Stewart and Whitehead. However, the parties do not dispute that Stewart "sold" the Eden Amoco lease to Whitehead.⁷ Thus, the nature of Stewart's role at the Eden Amoco in December 2001 through May 2002 is unclear from the record and unexplained by the parties. The evidence as to whether Stewart was contractually or otherwise obligated to pay the rent or other expenses for the Eden Amoco is, at best, disputed. Under the ore tenus rule, we do not find the trial court's decision palpably erroneous or manifestly unjust. Therefore, we affirm its judgment.

AFFIRMED.

NABERS, C.J., and HOUSTON, SEE, LYONS, JOHNSTONE, WOODALL, and STUART, JJ., concur.

HARWOOD, J., concurs specially.