[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 241

Regions Bank ("Regions") appeals from a judgment entered on a jury verdict in favor of Amelia Kay Plott and James Edward Plott in the Plotts' action against Regions alleging invasion of privacy. We dismiss the appeal in part; reverse in part; and remand.

That same day, the Plotts reported the theft to the Jefferson County Sheriff's Department, and Mrs. Plott visited Regions. At Regions, she reported the theft to a customer-service representative, who placed a "no-debit hold" on the account to prevent the payment of any forged instrument. On November 16, 1998, after all checks written by the Plotts on the frozen account had been presented for payment, Regions closed that account.

Meanwhile, the thieves were writing checks in various Southeastern states, including Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina, and forging the Plotts' names. In a few instances, the thieves altered the account number on a check. In all, at least 130 forged checks were presented for payment on the frozen account. Those checks were returned to the presenting banks, and, in turn, to the merchants that had accepted them, stamped (1) "refer to maker," (2) "account closed," or (3) "account not found." Additionally, two checks were returned stamped "insufficient funds."

When each check was returned, its holder contacted the Plotts by telephone, by mail, or by both, seeking payment. When the Plotts would explain that the check was forged, many of the merchants requested an affidavit of forgery. On November 20, 1998, Mrs. Plott went to Regions and "begged them to give" her a blank affidavit, which she intended to complete for each merchant who had requested an affidavit of forgery. Regions refused to do so, and the Plotts eventually procured a forged-signature-affidavit form from another source. After they had procured the affidavit, the Plotts sent an affidavit and a copy of the sheriff's report of *Page 242 the theft in response to every payment request. However, the affidavit often failed to satisfy the holder or to end the demand for payment. The Plotts continued to receive demands by telephone and mail from merchants and collection agencies, threatening legal action and criminal prosecution. Although the Plotts were never arrested in connection with the forged checks, warrants were issued for the arrest of Mrs. Plott in Baldwin County, Limestone County, and Madison County. Additionally, many of the merchants referred the matter to credit bureaus and credit-reporting agencies. As a result, the Plotts' credit rating was adversely affected.

On August 6, 1999, the Plotts sued Regions and others. The complaint contained a count alleging "invasion of privacy," averring that the defendants "invaded the [Plotts'] privacy by placing [them] in a false, but not necessarily defamatory, position in the public eye" (hereinafter "false light"). The complaint sought compensation for (1) emotional distress, (2) damage to "credit and financial standing," and (3) lost time and inconvenience from the interruption of their ordinary business affairs, which included the necessity of "attempt[ing] to clear their credit record, [responding] to arrest warrants, [changing] their bank accounts, [and dealing] with credit agencies, attorneys and merchants."

The cause was tried before a jury on claims against Regions alleging an invasion of the right of privacy.¹ At the close of the Plotts' case-in-chief, Regions moved for a judgment as a matter of law ("JML"), stating, in pertinent part:

"Regions Bank moves for a[JML] on the [Plotts'] claim for the invasion of privacy and the mental anguish damages and the punitive damages that are alleged to have resulted from the alleged invasion of privacy. As I understand the [Plotts'] complaint, they seek recovery under two of the four prongs that constitute an invasion of privacy under Alabama law. The first one is called the intrusion into physical solitude prong. And the second one that they argue is putting somebody in a [false light]. Those are the only two under which they are traveling.

". . . .

"[In the first claim], we are looking for a prying, a snooping, an intrusion into physical solitude, a poking of the nose where it doesn't belong. And we have absolutely nothing of that nature here. In addition to that, we don't have any abrupt, offensive, objectionable prying.

". . . .

"So, we believe that the [Plotts] do not have sufficient evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to consider and return a verdict on the wrongful intrusion into physical solitude and the seclusion prong of the invasion of privacy.

"The other prong, your Honor, as I mentioned is putting the [Plotts] in a false position in the public eye. . . . And a key element of this particular prong of the invasion-of-privacy tort, is that the matter must be made public or must have been communicated to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.

". . . .

"The mere stamping of the checks and in the manner that they were stamped, in accordance with the bank's procedures, *Page 243 does not even remotely amount to putting the [Plotts] in a false light before the public. . . ."

(Emphasis added.) Regions renewed this motion at the close of all the evidence. The trial court denied Regions' motion for a JML.

During the jury charge that followed, the trial court told the jury that the Plotts were claiming damages "for the violation of his and her right of privacy by intrusion upon [their] physical solitude or seclusion" (hereinafter "intrusion on seclusion") and for putting them "in a false but not necessarily defamatory position in the public eye." The trial court then charged the jury on the substantive elements of the false-light claim, but did not charge the jury on the claim of intrusion on seclusion.

At the close of the jury instructions, the trial court asked:

"Q. [By the court]: Objections to my charge on the part of the [Plotts]?

"A. [By counsel for the Plotts]: We have none, your Honor."

(Emphasis added.)

The jury returned a general verdict in favor of Mrs. Plott for $70,000 in compensatory damages and in favor of Mr. Plott for $15,000 in compensatory damages. The trial court entered a judgment on that verdict. Regions then filed a "renewed motion for [JML], or in the alternative, motion for new trial and motion for remittitur." That motion was denied by operation of law, pursuant to Ala. R. Civ. P. 59.1, and Regions appealed. On appeal, Regions contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for a JML.

"`It is generally accepted that invasion of privacy consists of four limited and distinct wrongs: (1) intruding into the plaintiff's physical solitude or seclusion; (2) giving publicity to private information about the plaintiff that violates ordinary decency; (3) putting the plaintiff in a false, but not necessarily defamatory, position in the public eye; or (4) appropriating some element of the plaintiff's personality for a commercial use.'"

Our standard of review of a ruling on a motion for a JML is well established:

"`[T]he Court uses the same standard the trial court used initially in granting or denying a JML. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc. v. Crawford, 689 So.2d 3 (Ala. 1997). Regarding questions of fact, the ultimate question is whether the nonmovant has presented sufficient evidence to allow the case or the issue to be submitted to the jury for a factual resolution. Carter v. Henderson, 598 So.2d 1350 (Ala. 1992). For actions filed after June 11, 1987, the nonmovant must present "substantial evidence" in order to withstand a motion for a JML. See § 12-21-12, Ala. Code 1975; West v. Founders Life Assurance Co. of Florida, 547 So.2d 870, 871 (Ala. 1989). A reviewing court must determine whether the party who bears the burden of proof has *Page 244 produced substantial evidence creating a factual dispute requiring resolution by the jury. Carter, 598 So.2d at 1353. In reviewing a ruling on a motion for a JML, this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and entertains such reasonable inferences as the jury would have been free to draw. Motion Industries, Inc. v. Pate, 678 So.2d 724 (Ala. 1996). Regarding a question of law, however, this Court indulges no presumption of correctness as to the trial court's ruling. Ricwil, Inc. v. S.L. Pappas Co., 599 So.2d 1126 (Ala. 1992).'"

"`"One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if

"`"(a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and

"`"(b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed."'"

"A false-light claim does not require that the information made public be private," but it does require that "the information . . . be false." 871 So.2d at 12. See Restatement (Second) ofTorts § 652E, cmt. a. (1977). Thus, falsity is the sine quanon of a false-light claim. Moreover, unlike defamation, truth is not an affirmative defense to a false-light claim; rather, "falsity" is an element of the plaintiff's claim, on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof. Ray, Let There be FalseLight, 84 Minn. L.Rev. at 736 ("false light plaintiffs therefore bear [a] heavier burden [than defamation plaintiffs] because they must make an affirmative showing of falsity rather than leaving it to defendants to justify the offensive statement").

Regions argues here, as it did in the trial court, that it did not give publicity to any false information regarding the Plotts. More specifically, Regions contends that it did nothing but return the forged checks to the presenting banks, stamped (1) "refer to maker," (2) "account not found," (3) "account closed," or (4) "insufficient funds." Regions insists that the checks returned (1) "refer to maker," (2) "account not found," and (3) "account closed" simply "did not contain any false information." Regions' brief, at 44. We agree.

In the context of a false-light claim, "giving publicity" is "making a `matter . . . public, by communicating it to the public at large, or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of publicknowledge.'" Ex parte Birmingham News, Inc., 778 So.2d 814,818 (Ala. 2000) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D, cmt. a (1977) (emphasis added)). "Publicity is a concept more difficult to prove than [mere] publication," which is an element of a defamation claim. Gary v. Crouch, 867 So.2d 310, 318 n. 6 (Ala. 2003). The "publicity" element is not satisfied by the "`communicat[ion of] a fact . . . to a single person or evento a small group of persons.'" Birmingham News,778 So.2d at 818 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D, cmt. a (1977) (emphasis added in Birmingham News; some emphasis omitted)). We hold that the return by a payor bank of one check stamped "insufficient funds" to two presenting banks and two merchants does not "giv[e] publicity to a matter concerning another" within the meaning of the "publicity" element of a false-light claim.

To be sure, the Plotts argue:

"[E]very time Regions Bank returned one of the forged checks stamped [with one of the four stamps discussed above], they were placing the plaintiffs in the false light of being bad check writers who were writing checks with insufficient funds or on closed accounts, neither of which was true. They were placed in the false light of committing criminal offenses of writing bad checks pursuant to Alabama's Bad Check Act."

Plotts' brief, at 33. In their complaint, the Plotts aver that Regions "failed to report to the entities who submitted checks on [their] previous account and which were returned . . . that the checks were not *Page 246 written by the [Plotts]," and that Regions "failed to take the necessary steps and procedures to correct the credit record."

Regions, however, correctly points out that the Plotts have "offered no evidence that the return of the checks was wrongful or that Regions did anything contrary to the provisions of Alabama's Uniform Commercial Code — Bank Deposits and Collections, Ala. Code § 7-4-101, et seq. (1975), Federal Reserve regulations, operating circulars, clearing house rules, [or] circulars," Regions' brief, at 28, or that it performed any operation that it was not legally entitled to perform. Indeed, the Plotts fail to cite us to a source for the duty it alleges Regions had "to report to the entities who submitted checks on [their frozen] account" that the checks had not been written by the Plotts. The account was frozen at the instigation of the Plotts. It is undisputed that the Plotts never intended to honor, or for Regions to pay, any of the forged checks. The Plotts knew that the checks would be returned to the presenting banks and merchants. They authorized Regions to return the checks, and, for all that appears in the record, never suggested to Regions how to stamp the checks, or what, in particular, it should do "to correct the [Plotts'] credit record."

The Plotts also criticize Regions for failing to give Mrs. Plott an affidavit of forgery, after she "begged" for one. However, they do not explain how an affidavit supplied by Regions would have produced a result different from the affidavit they procured from another source and subsequently sent to every holder of a forged check. In short, the Plotts have failed to produce substantial evidence in support of their false-light claim against Regions. The trial court erred, therefore, in refusing to enter a JML in favor of Regions on that claim.

It is well established that "`[u]nchallenged jury instructions become the law of the case.'" Alabama Dep't of Transp. v. LandEnergy, Ltd., 886 So.2d 787, 795 (Ala. 2004) (quoting Clark v.Black, 630 So.2d 1012, 1017 (Ala. 1993)); BIC Corp. v. Bean,669 So.2d 840, 844 (Ala. 1995). It is also a sound principle that juries are authorized to return verdicts only as to claims on which they have been instructed. Alpha Coal Co. v. NationalCement Co., 420 So.2d 275 (Ala.Civ.App. 1982); Travelers Indem.Co. v. Capitol City Haulers, Inc., 393 So.2d 1012 (Ala.Civ.App. 1980). "Argument of counsel to a jury does not replace the court's charge to the jury. . . . The jury cannot be leftwithout a rudder as to what [it is] called upon to decide and as to the law applicable thereto." 393 So.2d at 1015 (emphasis added).

It hardly bears repeating that "[s]ubmitting [proposed jury] instructions is not sufficient to preserve an error in failing to give those instructions." Salazar v. City of Chicago,940 F.2d 233, 242 (7th Cir. 1991) (the plaintiff "waived [his] claim in the district court" by failing to object to the court's refusal to give his requested instructions; because the "court never instructed *Page 247 the jury on [that claim], . . . the jury had no opportunity to decide it"). When the Plotts expressed their approval of the jury charge, which did not include instructions on their claim of intrusion on seclusion, they waived that claim, and the general verdict returned by the jury could not have been based on it. Because the claim was not included in the verdict, or in the judgment entered on that verdict, Regions' challenge to the denial of a JML as to that claim is moot. Therefore, to that extent, the appeal is dismissed.

APPEAL DISMISSED AS MOOT IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED.

SEE, LYONS, BROWN, HARWOOD, and STUART, JJ., concur.

JOHNSTONE, J., dissents.

HOUSTON, J., recuses himself.

I respectfully dissent. The plaintiffs have proved all essential elements of their false-light-invasion-of-privacy claim, and the defendant does not argue the good-count-bad-count doctrine of Aspinwall v. Gowens, 405 So.2d 134 (Ala. 1981), as a basis for reversal. Accordingly, this Court should affirm the plaintiffs' judgment.

Virtually daily during the period when the defendant bank was stamping messages on the forged checks and returning them to the payees, the plaintiffs notified the defendant bank that first the bank itself and then the payees of the forged checks were treating the plaintiffs as though they had written the forged checks. All of the messages the defendant bank stamped on the forged checks were half-truths and therefore whole lies which placed the plaintiffs in the false light of being writers of bad checks. The defendant sent these stamped messages to the nearly 200 payees (mostly retail stores) of the forged checks. This dissemination was more than enough to constitute the "giving publicity" element of the false-light claim.

While I agree with the main opinion that the defendant's argument against the plaintiffs' intrusion-on-seclusion-invasion-of-privacy claim is moot, I do not agree that the reason for the mootness is that the claim was not submitted to the jury. The trial court did submit the intrusion-on-seclusion claim by mentioning the claim in the jury instructions as the trial court did. Whether this submission was erroneous for want of substantial evidence to support the claim or want of adequate instructions to explain the claim, however, is moot because the defendant does not argue to us that the submission of this claim to the jury infects the verdict with the uncertainty that the verdict is based on this claim, as a "bad count," instead of the false-light claim, as a "good count" and therefore that the submission of the intrusion-on-seclusion claim to the jury requires a reversal and retrial under the good-count-bad-count doctrine of Aspinwall, supra. *Page 248