William Earl Malsch and Andrew Stuart Leyda sued Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. ("Bell Helicopter"), and other defendants based on injuries they suffered as a result of a helicopter crash that occurred in February 2002. Bell Helicopter moved to dismiss the action on grounds of forum non conveniens pursuant to § 6-5-430, Ala. Code 1975. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the action. Malsch and Leyda appeal. We affirm.

I.On February 14, 2002, a United States Marine Corps helicopter crashed while on a night-vision training mission in the Chocolate Mountains in California. Four crewmembers, including Malsch and Leyda, were aboard the helicopter when it crashed. Malsch and Leyda were severely injured; the two other crewmembers died. On January 5, 2004, Malsch and Leyda sued Bell Helicopter, the manufacturer of the helicopter, and numerous other entities alleged to have been involved in the production and maintenance of the helicopter or its parts in the Superior Court of California, San Diego County.

Because there was a question regarding the timeliness of the California action — specifically whether it was subject to a one- or two-year statute of limitations — Malsch and Leyda thereafter filed substantially identical actions in both Mississippi and Alabama, both of which have unambiguous two-year statutes of limitations for the action.¹ The Alabama action, filed on February 12, 2004, in the Madison Circuit Court, alleged negligence and/or wantonness, a product-liability claim based on the Alabama Extended Manufacturer's Liability Doctrine, breach of warranty, and negligent failure to warn.

On March 17, 2004, Bell Helicopter moved the Madison Circuit Court to dismiss the Alabama action pursuant to § 6-5-430, Ala. Code 1975, the forum non conveniens statute. After hearing oral argument on the issue, the court granted Bell Helicopter's motion and dismissed the action against Bell Helicopter on July 21, *Page 602 2004.² Malsch and Leyda moved the court to modify its order; the court denied the motion. Malsch and Leyda appealed.

Meanwhile, in the California action, Bell Helicopter filed a response alleging that Malsch and Leyda's action was barred by the one-year statute of limitations provided in Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 340 (West 1982), because, it argued, the one-year statute of limitations was the controlling statute at the time of the accident. In November 2004, Malsch and Leyda moved the Superior Court in San Diego County for a judgment on the pleadings seeking to strike Bell Helicopter's statute-of-limitations defense and to obtain a ruling that their action was instead controlled by Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1 (West 2005), which had become effective on January 1, 2003 — after the accident, but before the running of the then one-year statutory period of limitations — and which extended the statutory limitations period in which to file a personal-injury claim to two years. The Superior Court granted Malsch and Leyda's motion and held that their action was subject to the two-year limitations period in Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1.

Bell Helicopter requested that Superior Court certify its ruling on the statute-of-limitations issue for immediate appeal; however, the court declined to do so. Therefore, Bell Helicopter's appeal of this issue, if the trial court enters a final judgment in favor of Malsch and Leyda, will not be heard until after the trial is completed. Malsch and Leyda accordingly claim that the statute-of-limitations issue in California may not be completely resolved for "several years."

II.Alabama's forum non conveniens statute, § 6-5-430, Ala. Code 1975, provides:

"Whenever, either by common law or the statutes of another state or of the United States, a claim, either upon contract or in tort[,] has arisen outside this state against any person or corporation, such claim may be enforceable in the courts of this state in any county in which jurisdiction of the defendant can be legally obtained in the same manner in which jurisdiction could have been obtained if the claim had arisen in this state; provided, however, the courts of this state shall apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens in determining whether to accept or decline to take jurisdiction of an action based upon such claim originating outside this state; and provided further that, if upon motion of any defendant it is shown that there exists a more appropriate forum outside this state, taking into account the location where the acts giving rise to the action occurred, the convenience of the parties and witnesses, and the interests of justice, the court must dismiss the action without prejudice. Such dismissal may be conditioned upon the defendant or defendants filing with the court a consent (i) to submit to jurisdiction in the identified forum, or (ii) to waive any defense based upon a statute of limitations if an action on the same cause of action is commenced in the identified forum within 60 days of the dismissal."

Under this statute, a defendant seeking dismissal of an action on the basis of forum non conveniens must show, first, that the plaintiff's claims arose outside of Alabama, and second, that an alternative forum exists. Ex parte Integon Corp.,672 So.2d 497, 499 (Ala. 1995). If that alternative *Page 603 forum is a more appropriate forum based on the location of the acts giving rise to the action, the convenience of the parties and witnesses, and the interest of justice, then the trial court is compelled to dismiss the action without prejudice. Ex parteKia Motors America, Inc., 881 So.2d 396, 400 (Ala. 2003). In reviewing the dismissal of an action pursuant to § 6-5-430, we must determine whether the trial court exceeded its discretion in dismissing the action. Donald v. Transport Life Ins. Co.,595 So.2d 865, 867 (Ala. 1992); Ex parte General Nutrition Corp.,855 So.2d 475, 478 (Ala. 2003).

III.In this case, the appellants, Malsch and Leyda, do not dispute that their claims arose outside Alabama; rather, they argue that Bell Helicopter failed to establish the existence of an alternative forum outside Alabama.³ While Malsch and Leyda acknowledge that they presently have a forum available to them in California, they argue that the California Court of Appeals and/or the Supreme Court of California might, in a future appeal by Bell Helicopter, rule that their action is subject to the one-year statute of limitations in Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 340 rather than the two-year statute of limitations in Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1. Malsch and Leyda argue that such a ruling would, in effect, mean that California had never been an available forum for them. For this reason, Malsch and Leyda argue that the Madison Circuit Court's order dismissing their case should be made contingent on either: (1) Bell Helicopter's agreeing not to appeal the Superior Court's ruling on the statute-of-limitations issue; or (2) the California Court of Appeals and/or the Supreme Court of California's affirming the Superior Court's decision on that point of law. Only then, Malsch and Leyda argue, will it have been sufficiently established that California is an available forum for their action.

Malsch and Leyda's argument is not persuasive. The California Superior Court has already issued a well-reasoned order deciding the statute-of-limitations issue in Malsch and Leyda's favor. That order states, in pertinent part:

"The Court finds that this case is governed by [Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1], the two-year statute of limitations rather than the one-year statute of limitations provided by [Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 340]. The amendment applies retroactively to this action and serves to extend the statute of limitations because the limitations period had not expired prior to the filing of [Malsch and Leyda's] action. `It is the settled law of this state that an amendment which enlarges a period of limitation applies to pending matters where not otherwise expressly excepted.' . . . [Mudd v. McColgan, 30 Cal.2d 463, 183 P.2d 10 (1947)]."

The court also had sufficient confidence in its decision that it denied Bell Helicopter's request to certify the order for immediate appeal. Accordingly, we may conclude that the court saw no "controlling question of law as to which there are substantial grounds for difference of opinion." See Cal.Civ.Proc. Code §166.1 ("Upon the written request of any party or his or her counsel, or at the judge's discretion, a judge may indicate in any interlocutory order a belief that there is a controlling question of law as to which there are substantial *Page 604 grounds for difference of opinion, appellate resolution of which may materially advance the conclusion of the litigation.").

While Malsch and Leyda acknowledge that the order of the California Superior Court strongly indicates that the two-year statute of limitations applies to their claims and that California is accordingly a presently available forum, they claim in the brief to this Court not to have full confidence in that decision because Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1 "is so new that it has not yet been addressed by any California appellate court." However, while that statement may have been true at the time they filed their appeal, it is no longer the case. In Andonagui v.May Department Stores Co., 128 Cal.App.4th 435,27 Cal.Rptr.3d 145 (2005), an opinion issued on April 13, 2005, the California Court of Appeals considered this issue and reached the same conclusion as did the Superior Court in the present case, stating, in pertinent part:

"A new statute that enlarges a statutory limitations period applies to actions that are not already barred by the original limitations period at the time the new statute goes into effect. (Douglas Aircraft Co. v. Cranston (1962) 58 Cal.2d 462, 465, 24 Cal.Rptr. 851, 374 P.2d 819 (Douglas); Mudd v. McColgan (1947) 30 Cal.2d 463, 468, 183 P.2d 10 (Mudd); Thompson v. City of Shasta Lake (E.D.Cal. 2004) 314 F.Supp.2d 1017, 1024 (Thompson).) The newly enlarged limitations period will apply retroactively, reviving actions that are already time-barred, only if the Legislature expressly stated such an intent. (Douglas, supra, 58 Cal.2d at p. 465, 24 Cal.Rptr. 851, 374 P.2d 819; Thompson, supra, 314 F.Supp.2d at p. 1024.) `These rules afford warning to potential defendants that until the statute of limitations has run it may be extended, whereas after it has run, they may rely upon it in conducting their affairs.' (Douglas, supra, 58 Cal.2d at p. 465, 24 Cal.Rptr. 851, 374 P.2d 819.)

"When plaintiff allegedly sustained her injuries on December 15, 2002, the statute of limitations then in effect for personal injuries was one year. (§ 340, subd. (3); Krupnick v. Duke Energy Morro Bay (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 1026, 1028, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767 (Krupnick).) By legislation which became effective on January 1, 2003, the statute of limitations in effect when plaintiff filed her action on April 6, 2004 was two years. (§ 335.1; Krupnick, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1028, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767.) The one-year statute of limitations (§ 340, subd. (3)) had not barred her action at the time the two-year statute of limitations (§ 335.1) became effective. Plaintiff's action is governed by the two-year statute of limitations in effect when she filed her action (§ 335.1) rather than the one-year statute of limitations in effect at the time she allegedly sustained her injuries (§ 340, subd. (3)).

"Citing Krupnick, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th 1026, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767, defendant argues that section 335.1 has no retroactive application to plaintiff's action. Defendant correctly notes that when the Legislature enacted the two-year statute of limitations under section 335.1, it made its application retroactive only to actions brought by the victims of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. (Stats. 2002, C. 448, § 1, subds.(c), (d); Code Civ. Proc., § 340.10, subds. (a) (b); Krupnick, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1029, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767.) Defendant argues that by expressly making 335.1 retroactive to actions brought by victims of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Legislature intended to exclude all other retroactive applications *Page 605 of the statute. Application of section 335.1 to this case, however, is not, as defendant argues, a matter of retroactivity, and, thus, defendant's reliance on Krupnick, is unavailing.

"In Krupnick, the plaintiff contended that section 335.1 `operated retroactively to revive his lapsed claim.' (Krupnick, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1028, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767, [emphasis] added.) Plaintiff alleged he sustained injuries on January 26, 2001. (Id. at p. 1027, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767.) He did not file his action until January 8, 2003. (Ibid.) Under the one-year statute of limitations applicable when he sustained his injuries, he had only until January 26, 2002 to file his complaint. (Id. at p. 1028, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767.) The court held that section 335.1 did not apply to plaintiff's action because it was time-barred prior to the January 1, 2003 effective date of the new two-year statute, and section 335.1 did not operate retroactively to revive his already time-barred action. (Id. at pp. 1028-1029, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 767.) Here, by contrast, plaintiff allegedly sustained her injuries on December 15, 2002, and her claim was but 17 days old and not time-barred when section 335.1 became effective on January 1, 2003. Thus, unlike the plaintiff in Krupnick or the victims of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 — whose claims would have been barred as of September 11, 2002 (i.e., before section 335.1 became effective) — plaintiff's action did not have to be revived through retroactive application of section 335.1."

Thus, there is now authority from the California Court of Appeals, which there was not when Malsch and Leyda initiated their Alabama action, to support the California Superior Court's conclusion that Malsch and Leyda's claims are subject to the two-year statute of limitations provided for by Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 335.1. In light of that fact, and inasmuch as it appears that the California action is currently proceeding toward a resolution in the Superior Court of San Diego County, we conclude that California is in fact an alternative forum available to Malsch and Leyda.⁴

In Alabama, the doctrine of forum non conveniens is a mandatory policy. See § 6-5-430 ("[T]he courts of this stateshall apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens" and "if upon motion of any defendant it is shown that there exists a more appropriate forum outside this state . . . *Page 606 the court must dismiss the action without prejudice." (emphasis added)). Therefore, because we have determined that California is an available forum for Malsch and Leyda's action, and because Malsch and Leyda have not argued that Alabama is nevertheless a more appropriate forum than California, the doctrine of forumnon conveniens must be applied.

Furthermore, Malsch and Leyda's argument that this Court should make the dismissal of their case contingent on either Bell Helicopter's agreeing to waive any future appeal based on the statute-of-limitations issue or on the California Court of Appeals and/or the Supreme Court of California's affirming the Superior Court's decision on that point of law would require us to invade the province of the trial court. Malsch and Leyda cite the following language in § 6-5-430 in support of their argument:

"[A dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds] may be conditioned upon the defendant or defendants filing with the court a consent (i) to submit to jurisdiction in the identified forum, or (ii) to waive any defense based upon a statute of limitations if an action on the same cause of action is commenced in the identified forum within 60 days of the dismissal."

Section 6-5-430 provides that a dismissal based on the ground offorum non conveniens "may be conditioned upon" the defendant's agreeing to certain conditions. (Emphasis added.) Notably, the statute uses the permissive "may," as opposed to the mandatory "shall," thus evincing the legislature's intent to bestow upon the trial court some measure of discretion in deciding when to impose those conditions. We cannot say that the Madison Circuit Court exceeded its discretion by declining to impose on its dismissal the conditions requested by Malsch and Leyda, even though another trial court might be within its discretion if it were to reach the opposite conclusion.

IV.Bell Helicopter has established that Malsch and Leyda's claims arose outside Alabama and that an alternative forum exists in California. Because the requirements of § 6-5-430 have been met, the Madison Circuit Court's decision to dismiss Malsch and Leyda's complaint on forum non conveniens grounds is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

SEE, HARWOOD, WOODALL, STUART, BOLIN, and PARKER, JJ., concur.

LYONS and SMITH, JJ., dissent.

I must respectfully dissent.

The main opinion dismisses the concerns of William Earl Malsch and Andrew Stuart Leyda over the prospect of a bar in the California court, the alternative forum invoked by Bell Helicopter's motion made pursuant to § 6-5-430, Ala. Code 1975, based on Bell Helicopter's assertion of the defense of the statute of limitations in that forum. The main opinion concludes that these concerns are insufficient to establish that the trial court exceeded its discretion in failing to condition the dismissal of the action on Bell Helicopter's waiver of the statute-of-limitations defense. The main opinion relies on considerations that are fairly characterized as nothing more than surmise⁵ and trust⁶ to reach its conclusion *Page 607 that Malsch and Leyda will ultimately prevail on an appeal by Bell Helicopter of the California Superior Court's rejection of its statute-of-limitations defense.

Our caselaw, as does § 6-5-430,⁷ requires a showing of the existence of an alternative forum before an action can be dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens. See Ex parteGeneral Nutrition Corp., 855 So.2d 475, 479 (Ala. 2003) ("`Next, the party seeking dismissal must show that an alternative forum exists. Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235,102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981).'" (quoting Ex parte Preston HoodChevrolet, Inc., 638 So.2d 842, 845 (Ala. 1994))). While I have found no Alabama case dealing with the precise question of whether the trial court must condition a transfer based on forumnon conveniens on a waiver of the statute-of-limitations defense, the main opinion's conclusion that in failing to do so the trial court is not exceeding its discretion appears out of step with the mainstream of jurisprudence on the subject.

The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 84 (1969) provides: "A state will not exercise jurisdiction if it is a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the actionprovided that a more appropriate forum is available to theplaintiff." (Emphasis added.) Comment c. to Sec. 84 provides:

"[T]he action will not be dismissed unless a suitable alternative forum is available to the plaintiff. Because of [this] factor, the suit will be entertained, no matter how inappropriate the forum may be, if the defendant cannot be subjected to jurisdiction in other states. The same would be true if plaintiff's cause of action would elsewhere be barred by the statute of limitations, unless the court is willing to accept the defendant's stipulation that he will not raise this defense in the second state."

(Emphasis added.) That portion of the Restatement was cited with approval in Shears v. Rigley, 424 Pa.Super. 559, 568,623 A.2d 821, 826 (1993).

A partial listing of other authorities includes the following:Kawasaki Motors Corp. v. Foster, 899 So.2d 408, 411 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2005):

"Moreover, the Record reflects that Kawasaki agreed to subject itself to the jurisdiction of Jamaica or Illinois, waiving any statute of limitation defense it may have in Jamaica or Illinois. For these reasons, we find that Jamaica or Illinois are adequate alternate forums."

Jones v. Prince George's County, 378 Md. 98, 121, 835 A.2d 632,646 (2003):

"As this Court held in Johnson v. Searle, [314 Md. 521, 523, 552 A.2d 29, 30 (1989)], `a circuit court abuses its discretion by unconditionally dismissing actions on the ground of forum non conveniens when the statute of limitations has likely run in the alternative forum.' This was clearly not an appropriate case for applying the doctrine of forum non conveniens."

*Page 608 (Emphasis added.) Kennecott Holdings Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins.Co., 578 N.W.2d 358, 361-62 (Minn. 1998):

"Turning now to the conditions of dismissal, we are forcefully instructed by the policy we enunciated in Bergquist [v. Medtronic, Inc., 379 N.W.2d 508 (Minn. 1986),] that at a minimum plaintiff's procedural rights accruing as a result of having chosen Minnesota as its filing forum should not be lost by dismissal on the basis of forum non conveniens — an equitable principal based largely on the convenience of the parties and other considerations that in no way reflect on the right of the plaintiff to choose Minnesota as its forum for litigation. Although application of the forum non conveniens doctrine will rarely be conditioned on protecting a plaintiff from a change in the substantive law where those rights might be different in the alternative forum, with respect to the statute of limitations and other procedural law, we hold that a dismissal based on forum non conveniens must be conditioned on the preservation of the benefits of those laws as were applicable in Minnesota. Procedural rights of a party should not yield to convenience."

(Emphasis added; footnote omitted.) Marchman v. NCNB Texas Nat'lBank, 120 N.M. 74, 89, 898 P.2d 709, 724 (1995):

"Professor Casad notes in his treatise on jurisdiction that courts commonly take action to ensure that an alternative forum is actually available to the parties: `To protect the plaintiff against the running of the statute of limitations and against having to counter jurisdictional objections in the new court, the order of dismissal usually is conditioned upon the defendant's waiving those defenses.' 1 Robert C. Casad, [Jurisdiction in Civil Actions] § 1.04, at 1-28 [(2d ed. 1991)]; see also [Fleming] James [, Jr.] [Geoffrey C.] Hazard [, Jr., Civil Procedure], § 2.31, at 105 [(3d ed. 1985)] (`If the court dismisses for forum non conveniens, it may condition the dismissal on the defendant's agreeing to submit to jurisdiction in the more convenient forum, to waive a statute of limitations defense when the new action is brought, and similar equitable considerations.'); Mizokami Bros. of Ariz., Inc. v. Mobay Chem. Corp., 660 F.2d 712, 719 (8th Cir. 1981) (setting conditions for conditional dismissal); Mills v. Aetna Fire Underwriters Ins. Co., 511 A.2d 8, 12-16 (D.C. 1986) (discussing use of conditional dismissal to ensure availability of alternative forum)."

(Emphasis added.) Farley v. McDonnell Douglas Truck Servs.,Inc., 432 Pa.Super. 456, 462-63, 638 A.2d 1027, 1030 (1994):

"[O]ne of the most important factors in determining whether a dismissal on ground of forum non conveniens is appropriate is whether an alternative forum is available to the plaintiff. Plum v. Tampax, Inc., [399 Pa. 553, 160 A.2d 549 (1960)]. See also Shears v. Rigley, [424 Pa.Super. 559, 623 A.2d 821 (1993)]; Cinousis v. Hechinger Dep't Store, [406 Pa.Super. 500, 594 A.2d 731 (1991)]; Miller v. Gay, 323 Pa.Super. 466, 470 A.2d 1353 (1983). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Plum v. Tampax, Inc., supra, stated:

"`[an] action will not be dismissed in any event unless an alternative forum is available to the plaintiff. Because of the second factor, the suit will be entertained, no matter how appropriate the forum may be, if defendant cannot be subjected to jurisdiction in other states. The same will be true if plaintiff's cause of action would elsewhere be barred by the statute of limitations, unless the court is willing to accept defendant's stipulation that *Page 609 he will not raise this defense in the second state.'"

I am not persuaded by the reliance in the main opinion upon the presence of the word "may" in § 6-5-430 (a dismissal on forumnon conveniens grounds "may be conditioned upon the defendant or defendants filing with the court a consent . . . to waive any defense based upon a statute of limitations" (emphasis added)). If the Legislature had used the alternative "shall," as the main opinion would apparently require in order to find that the trial court exceeded its discretion, then the waiver of any defense of limitations would be required in all cases, even those where the statute of limitations in the more appropriate forum is not a factor by reason of the availability of ample time in which to commence an action in the alternative forum. However, if the statute read "shall," thereby making the conditioning language mandatory even when not necessary, the plaintiff could take as long as he saw fit before commencing the action in the more appropriate forum, and he would be immune from the defense of limitations. Of course, such a result would be unreasonable; hence, the legislative choice of "may." I would therefore read "may" as providing the trial court with the authority, ifnecessary, to condition the granting of a motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non conveniens on the waiver of the defense of the statute of limitations. Such a practical reading of ostensibly permissive words in a statute is consistent with our precedent.⁸

We are therefore left with the question of the necessity of the condition. The statute speaks unqualifiedly of the existence of a more appropriate forum outside this State. The main opinion is content to conclude that a forum "exists" in California, relying on what I consider to be surmise and trust concerning what the California appellate system might do after Malsch and Leyda have expended the resources to brief and argue the case. Of course, if Bell Helicopter prevails, the alternative forum simply will not exist, the Alabama action will have been long since dismissed, and this Court will be powerless to rectify the injustice of that result. I would replace surmise and trust with absolute certainty.

I frankly find it offensive for a party to urge to an Alabama court the existence of an alternative forum, namely California, and yet to refuse to relinquish the defense of the statute of limitations in the California forum. Such acrobatic posturing violates the following equitable principle: "Thou shalt not have it both ways." As the English Court of Exchequer in Cave v.Mills, 7 H. W. 927, 31 L.J. Ex. 265 (1862), put it: "A man shall not be allowed to blow hot and cold, to claim at one time and deny at another." Whether the California court will be equally offended is a matter over which we have absolutely no authority; the dicta in the main opinion, at best a moral victory for Malsch and Leyda that will be cold comfort if our guess, albeit educated, is wrong, notwithstanding. However, the Legislature in § 6-5-430 has conferred on an Alabama court authority *Page 610 for precisely the occasion as is here presented. Nevertheless, the main opinion has construed the statute as consistent with a legislative intent that a defendant could show a more appropriate forum exists outside this state even though there is the possibility that an action in the other state might ultimately be barred by that state's statute of limitations.

I consider it consistent with legislative intent to require Bell Helicopter, if it invokes § 6-5-430 and thereby seeks the dismissal of the Alabama action, to eliminate altogether, no matter how slight, Malsch and Leyda's risk of being barred by the statute of limitations in California. I therefore would hold that the trial court exceeded its discretion by failing to require such a waiver before dismissing the action against Bell Helicopter. I must therefore respectfully dissent.

SMITH, J., concurs.