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Elizabeth Perry ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document DIVISIONS III & IV No. CV-20-550 2023.06.26 15:21:20 -05'00' 2023.001.20174 Opinion Delivered: April 14, 2021

MARGARET E. NALLEY APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FOURTEENTH DIVISION V. [NO. 60DR-18-3721]

HONORABLE VANN SMITH, MICHAEL ADAMS JUDGE APPELLEE REVERSED AND REMANDED

KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge

Appellant Margaret Nalley appeals from the Pulaski County Circuit Court’s order

filed on July 8, 2020, in favor of appellee Michael Adams. On appeal, Margaret contends

that the circuit court erred in finding that changes that occurred exclusively in Michael’s life

were sufficient to constitute a material change of circumstances to support his motion. We

agree and reverse and remand.

I. Relevant Facts

Dr. Michael Adams (Michael) was an anesthesiologist in Jonesboro. Margaret Nalley

(Margaret) was a registered nurse in Little Rock. Margaret and Michael were involved in a

relationship that resulted in the birth of their daughter, M.A., who was born on May 10,

2017, in Little Rock. Michael and Margaret were not married. Shortly after the birth,

Margaret and M.A. moved to Jonesboro and resided with Michael. The relationship between Michael and Margaret deteriorated, and on October 3, 2018, Margaret and M.A.

moved back to Little Rock. Margaret subsequently filed an action in Pulaski County to

adjudicate the paternity of M.A. and requested that she be awarded custody. Michael filed

an answer wherein he denied all allegations in the petition for paternity. 1 The circuit court

determined Michael is the father of M.A. and awarded Michael and Margaret joint custody

of M.A. in a written order filed on July 17, 2019, the details of which are set forth below.

Further, the circuit court ordered Michael to pay child support in the amount of $3,511

monthly and awarded Margaret a judgment against Michael in the amount of $19,359 for

back support. Regarding custody, the order provided the following in pertinent part:

2. The parties stipulate that they shall have joint legal custody of the minor child with the mother serving as the primary caregiver. The remaining issues to resolve is the division of time between the mother and father and the issue of child support. Both will be discussed separately.

3. Shared time. The mother lives in Little Rock, Arkansas and the father lives in Jonesboro, Arkansas, a travel time of slightly over two hours. The parties lived together in Jonesboro until October 3, 2018, when they separated and the mother moved to Little Rock in search of employment.

4. The mother, in fact, applied for a job at Baptist Hospital on October 4, 2018. She was offered a job which she turned down. The mother has now obtained employment at Baptist Hospital earning $22.63 per hour for a 36- hour work week. The father is an anesthesiologist in Jonesboro and, up to the present date, worked not only his shifts at a hospital but also moonlighted in Siloam Springs, Arkansas and worked other doctors’ shifts in Jonesboro for additional compensation. The father states that he has now decided to only work his required shifts so that he will have more time available to visit with their daughter. 1 Michael also filed a motion to dismiss, contending that the Pulaski County Circuit Court was the improper venue for the paternity and custody action. Michael contended that Margaret and M.A. were not residents of Pulaski County; rather, they were residents of Craighead County. The circuit court held a hearing and determined that Margaret and M.A. were residents of Pulaski County and denied the motion to dismiss. This order was not appealed.

2 5. The Court finds that both parties are suitable to provide the care, love and nurture for the minor child. Both are medical professionals, well- educated and capable of making good decisions for their daughter. It is a compliment to both parties that they understood and agreed that there should be joint custody of the child recognizing that the shortfalls of either party were insufficient to prevent a joint custodial relationship. To say it another way, both parties recognize that the other party is, and can be, a proper parent for the child.

6. Unfortunately, the parties live two hours away from each other which makes it difficult to fashion a schedule so that both parties will have adequate time with the minor child. To complicate matters, the mother indicated that she works three 12-hour shifts probably on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, even though it could be other days. The father submitted a schedule for days he is off from his work, but the schedule provides little flexibility.

7. The Court has considered the desires of both parties, the recommendation of the attorney ad litem and the work schedules of both parties in trying to fashion a shared visitation schedule for the parties and their two-year-old child. The parties are encouraged to offer flexibility to the other party as much as possible.

....

10. Both parties are free to request additional visitation with the minor child at any reasonable time. Particularly, if the father elects to visit the child in Little Rock for an overnight, he must give the mother reasonable notice. Reasonable notice is at least 24 hours in advance. If the mother has plans for that night, additional time for visitation is to be arranged.

....

16. The parties agreed to use Our Family Wizard in their communication with each other but it is strongly encouraged that the parties reach a level of civility so that they can discuss important issues involving the child.

(Emphasis added.) The circuit court set out a specific visitation schedule from August 1,

2019, through August 2020, including holidays. The circuit court then determined that

[b]eginning September 2020, the father will have one week (seven days) per month plus one weekend per month from Thursday to Sunday. The father is to obtain his

3 calendar for that period of time and provide it to the mother. If the mother does not agree to the dates that he selects, then they can either resolve the differences or return to court for a resolution.

(Emphasis added.)

Only five months later, on December 30, 2019, Michael filed a motion for contempt

and for modification against Margaret. In his motion for contempt, he acknowledged that

the parties were to share joint legal custody but were not awarded equal time due to the

distance between the parties. Michael, however, alleged that Margaret had systematically

been refusing to grant him the additional time he had requested to spend with M.A.

Therefore, he asked that Margaret be ordered to show cause and be punished accordingly.

Michael’s motion also contained a request for modification of child support. Michael alleged

that he had a 10 percent reduction in income because another company had essentially

bought out his anesthesiology practice and therefore, he was entitled to a reduction in child

support.

Two months later, on February 24, 2020, Michael filed an amended motion for

contempt and for modification. In his amended motion, not only did Michael repeat his

allegations of contempt and his request to reduce his child-support obligations, Michael

requested a change in custody of M.A. Michael alleged that because of the buyout of his

practice in Jonesboro, he was taking a new job in Hot Springs and was going to live in Little

Rock. He therefore alleged that “[t]here has been a material change in circumstance

warranting a modification of custody in that due to the change of employment, due to third

parties, the Defendant is relocating to Little Rock, Arkansas.” He further alleged that “[i]t

4 is in the child’s best interest that the parties share joint custody of the minor child with each

party exercising equal time.”

Margaret filed a response to the amended motion stating that Michael’s allegations

are misleading. She explained that she has allowed and continues to allow additional

visitation. However, Margaret admitted that she has not allowed every request because

Michael would request additional visitation every day he had off without taking into account

any of the other factors of M.A.’s needs. Margaret further pleaded that the alleged buyout

did not “require” Michael to find new employment and that his relocation to Little Rock

did not constitute a change in circumstances warranting modification of custody. She further

denied that a modification would be in M.A.’s best interest because the custody order was

entered to promote stability, predictability, and continuity in M.A.’s life and should “not be

modified based on changes that occur exclusively in the Defendant’s life and which are of

the Defendant’s own making.” Therefore, she requested that Michael’s motion be denied

and dismissed and that she be awarded attorney’s fees.

A hearing was held on Michael’s motion on June 29, 2020. At the hearing, regarding

contempt, Michael testified that Margaret did not grant him all the additional time he

requested. He did admit, however, that Margaret had approved some of the additional time.

Regarding change of custody, Michael testified that he had worked for NEA Baptist

Memorial Hospital in Jonesboro as a staff anesthesiologist. He testified that his employment

changed beginning in November 2019 when the Hospital sold the anesthesia rights to an

outside group called Lifelinc, and Lifelinc took over anesthesiology. Michael explained that

he was concerned about staying with Lifelinc because it had been sued forty-two times for

5 malpractice and because he would have been expected to “cover” more CRNAs 2 after the

company took over. Therefore, he began to look for new employment. Michael testified

that of the four anesthesiologists on staff when Lifelinc took over, he was the only one that

did not sign on with Lifelinc despite an offer to do so. Under the terms of his original

employment agreement with NEA Baptist, he was allowed to stay on at the hospital for

ninety days after Lifelinc took over without having to sign on with Lifelinc. Michael testified

that he exercised that option and continued working there until March 31, 2020, at which

point he quit.

Michael further testified that he had found new employment in Hot Springs at Pain

Treatment Centers of America that would start in July 2020. He further testified that he had

rented a house in Little Rock and would commute to his new job in Hot Springs. He

testified that his new hours of employment would be Monday through Thursday from 8:00

a.m. to 3:00 or 4:00 p.m. with no nights, weekends, or Fridays.

On cross-examination, Michael admitted that nobody forced him to leave NEA

Baptist in Jonesboro and that his decision to leave was purely voluntary. He also admitted

that the parties had agreed “to have joint legal custody with [Margaret] being the primary

custodian. The only issue at that time was the number of days I would get for visitation.” 3

Regarding the motion for contempt, Margaret testified that she gave Michael some

of the extra days of visitation he requested. She explained that she denied some of the

2 A CRNA is a certified registered nurse anesthetist. 3 The July 2019 order generally provided Michael with one full week (seven days) and one weekend from Thursday through Sunday—or ten to eleven days a month.

6 requests because Michael did not want to drive to Little Rock to pick M.A. up for the

visitation. Margaret further explained Michael would request visitation every day he was

free and approached visitation as though there was not a court order.

Regarding change of custody, Margaret testified that although Michael is a good

father, she expressed her concern that he could not provide M.A. with the stability,

consistency, and routine she is presently used to. Margaret also expressed her concerns over

the permanency of Michael’s relocation. She explained that although Michael had rented a

house in Little Rock, he worked in Hot Springs and had also gone into business with his

father in Mount Ida, Arkansas. Thus, she was concerned that Michael would eventually

move again.

During closing arguments, Margaret’s counsel argued that Michael had not proved a

material change in circumstances since he voluntarily chose to move to Little Rock and that

was his only basis for the modification. The circuit court pointedly asked Michael’s counsel,

“[Michael’s] material changes have nothing to do with the mother?” Michael’s counsel

answered no. The court followed up with, “It’s not something she’s done?” Again,

Michael’s counsel answered no. Michael’s counsel further stated,

I think the law says we cannot purposely create a material change in order to change custody. And my client didn’t do that. He was working and living in Jonesboro when they had the baby. She came here. Lifelinc bought out the contract, and he had the opportunity to come to Hot Springs, which I think is under the standards of material change of circumstances.

The circuit court took the matter under advisement.

On July 8, 2020, the circuit court filed its written order. It denied Michael’s motion

to find Margaret in contempt based on Margaret’s denial to grant him every day of additional

7 visitation he requested. Regarding Michael’s motion to modify custody, the circuit court

made the following relevant findings:

7. Custody. The Plaintiff [Margaret] remains living in Little Rock, Arkansas with the minor child and the Defendant [Michael] has now relocated to Little Rock, Arkansas but works in Hot Springs, Arkansas at a pain clinic.

8. The Defendant alleges a material change in circumstances since he is now in Little Rock, Arkansas and has a favorable work schedule of 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday. The Defendant points out that the Court found that both parties are “suitable to provide care, love and nurture for the minor child,” both are “well-educated and capable of making good decisions for their daughter” and both “agree that there should be joint custody of the child recognizing that the shortfalls of either party were insufficient to prevent a joint custodial relationship.” The Defendant requests that the parties share equal time with the minor child.

9. The Defendant’s material change of circumstances is that he now lives in Little Rock, Arkansas, has a set schedule favorable to taking care of the minor child and that he would like to spend more time with the child.

10. Normally, the material change of circumstances has to do with the opposing party. In this case, the Plaintiff’s circumstances have not changed. The Plaintiff still works at Baptist Hospital and provides the everyday nurture and care for the child other than when the Defendant has visitation with the child.

11. However, the Court has already ordered, and the parties agreed, that they shall have joint legal custody of the child. The only reason in the initial Order that the parties did not share equal time with the child was that the Defendant lived in Jonesboro, Arkansas and the Plaintiff and child lived in Little Rock, Arkansas. Since the Defendant has moved to Little Rock, there is no discernable reason why each party could not share equal time with the parties’ three- year-old child. The law is clear in Arkansas that joint custody with equal time is favored.

12. The Court orders that the parties shall share joint custody with the minor child with the Plaintiff and the Defendant alternating weeks with an exchange on Friday after school. The Court, however, continues the order that Plaintiff shall be the final decision maker regarding all medical and educational decisions for the child but only after the Defendant has provided his input in all decisions.

8 (Emphasis added.) The circuit court also modified child support and ordered Michael to pay

$2,037.27 a month to Margaret beginning on July 6, 2020. 4 This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

Generally, in reviewing child-custody cases, we consider the evidence de novo, but

we will not reverse the circuit court’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous or clearly

against the preponderance of the evidence. McNutt v. Yates,

,

.

A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing

court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Boudreau v.

Pierce,

,

. It is well settled that the primary consideration

is the welfare and best interest of the child, while other considerations are merely secondary.

We give special deference to the superior position of the circuit court to

evaluate and judge the credibility of the witnesses in child-custody cases, and this deference

to the circuit court is even greater in cases involving child custody, as a heavier burden is

placed on the circuit court to utilize to the fullest extent its powers of perception in

evaluating the witnesses, their testimony, and the best interest of the children.

The party seeking modification of the custody order has the burden of showing a

material change in circumstances. Horton v. Parrish,

,

.

Generally, courts impose more stringent standards for modifications in custody than they do

for initial determinations of custody to promote stability and continuity in the life of the

child and to discourage repeated litigation of the same issues.

The factors appropriate

when determining if there has been a material change of circumstances include, but are not

4 Margaret did not appeal the reduction in child support.

9 limited to, one parent’s relocation, the passage of time, remarriage of one or both parents,

strained relationship between the parent and child, and the preference of the children.

McCoy v. Kincade,

,

. Furthermore, this court does not examine

the circuit court’s findings in isolation; instead, we evaluate changed circumstances on a

case-by-case basis. Emis v. Emis,

,

. In doing so, we

examine whether all the relevant factors, considered in the aggregate, support a modification

of custody. Id.; Boudreau,

,

. In other words, we have

previously held that certain factors, when examined in the aggregate, may support a custody

modification even when each factor, if examined in isolation, would not. Geren Williams v.

Geren,

, at 14 n.1,

, 768 n.1.

Once the circuit court determines that the threshold requirement of a material

change in circumstances since the last order of custody has been met, the circuit court must

then determine which party should have custody with the sole consideration being the best

interest of the children.

The factors that a circuit court may consider in

determining what is in the best interest of the children include the psychological relationship

between the parents and children, the need for stability and continuity in the relationship

between the parents and children, the past conduct of the parents toward the children, and

the reasonable preference of the children.

III. Material Change in Circumstances

Here, Margaret’s sole argument on appeal is that the circuit court erred when it

concluded that Michael’s change in employment and move to Little Rock from Jonesboro

were material changes that warranted modifying child custody to grant Michael equal time

10 with M.A. As support for her argument, she cites the supreme court’s holding that a parent

“cannot use the circumstances he [or she] created as grounds to modify custody.” Jones v.

Jones,

,

(1996). She further emphasizes that courts

impose more stringent standards for modifications in custody than they do for initial

determinations of custody to promote stability and continuity in the life of the child and to

discourage repeated litigation of the same issues. Michael responds that the buyout was

“wholly out of [his] control” and that he had legitimate concerns about staying in that

environment. 5 We agree with Margaret.

The holding in Jones has been often repeated and expanded by the appellate courts

since it was first announced in 1996. In Brown, the supreme court reiterated “in the context

of child-custody modification, that an appellant ‘cannot use the circumstances he [or she]

created as grounds to modify custody.’” Brown v. Brown,

,

(quoting Jones,

,

). Arkansas appellate courts

have further applied this concept in the context of relocation cases and have summarized

that “[o]ur supreme court has been clear that relocation [alone] is not a change in

circumstances warranting a change in child custody nor are circumstances created by the

5 Michael also attempts to distinguish Jones and its progeny as being applicable only to a noncustodial parent and argues that because he was awarded “true” joint custody of M.A. under the circuit court’s previous July 2019 order, the circuit court did not err. Margaret disputes Michael’s characterization of the parties’ previous custody arrangement and disputes that Michael was awarded true joint custody. We acknowledge that the circuit court’s previous custody order is ambiguous in this respect and that cases subsequent to Jones have clarified ambiguous custody arrangements by looking at the nature and extent of the shared time and not just the description of the custody arrangement in a circuit court’s order. However, as discussed herein, Jones and its progeny are applicable in this case regardless of our resolution of the order’s ambiguity. Thus, we do not resolve this apparent ambiguity in this opinion.

11 party seeking the modification.” Dent v. Wyatt,

; see Davenport v.

Uselton,

(holding that the father failed to prove a material change in

circumstances to support his petition when he was the one who relocated, and a party should

not be permitted to allege a material change of circumstances that he himself has created);

see also

Hollandsworth v. Knyzewski,

,

(2003);

Lloyd v. Butts,

,

(2001); Hamilton v. Barrett,

,

(1999);

Higdon v. Roberts,

,

.

Even Michael’s counsel acknowledged this statement of the law at the hearing when

counsel stated, “I think the law says we cannot purposely create a material change in order

to change custody.” That is not to say that changes in the moving party’s circumstances

cannot be a factor when coupled with other circumstances, including discord between the

parties, a relocation that had a negative impact upon the children, violations of court orders,

and additional changes in the other parent’s circumstances. See McCoy v. Kincade,

,

; Hamilton,

,

; Roberts v. Roberts,

,

; Mason v. Mason,

,

(2003). In

fact, our supreme court has stated that when multiple factors are present, “their combined

effect” may support a circuit court’s holding that there was a material change of

circumstances. McCoy,

,

.

However, no other circumstances were present in this case. In fact, the circuit court

specifically noted that Margaret’s “circumstances have not changed,” and Michael’s counsel

at the hearing agreed that the material change of circumstances was not based on anything

Margaret did. Instead, Michael’s counsel pointed to the fact that “Lifelinc bought out the

12 contract, and he had the opportunity to come to Hot Springs, which I think is under the

standards of material change of circumstances.” While his actions may be commendable for

choosing to better himself and move closer to his child, those changes were created by

Michael voluntarily, and they are insufficient—standing alone—to support a material change

in circumstances under our longstanding appellate precedent.

The dissent would have us depart from this longstanding precedent and opines that

our supreme court did not necessarily intend the rule announced in Jones to be expanded in

the way it has over the past twenty-five years by this court and the supreme court. However,

we must nevertheless follow the precedent set by the supreme court and are powerless to

overrule its decisions. Rice v. Ragsdale,

,

(2009). Further,

under the doctrine of stare decisis, the appellate courts are bound to follow prior case law,

as the policy of stare decisis is designed to lend predictability and stability to the law.

It

is well settled that precedent governs until it gives a result that is so patently wrong or

manifestly unjust that a break becomes unavoidable.

We cannot hold that this is such a

case. Therefore, because the circuit court’s findings regarding a material change were clearly

erroneous, we must reverse the circuit court’s change of custody and remand for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.

GLADWIN, WHITEAKER, and BROWN, JJ., agree.

HARRISON, C.J., and VIRDEN, J., dissent.

13 BRANDON J. HARRISON, Chief Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent from

the majority’s opinion because it is based in neither the caselaw when correctly read nor the

judicial sense that must guide courts on a crucial aspect of family law. The circuit court’s

decision to modify the original custody terms in this case should be affirmed, not reversed.

I would hold that the court did not clearly err when it determined that Michael Adams’s

relocation was, all things considered, a material change in circumstances that then opened

the question of whether allowing him to spend more time with his young daughter, MA,

was in her best interest.

The majority’s error stems from a misunderstanding of at least eight supreme court

cases. The misreading also directly undermines, if not implicitly overrules, a comparable

number of this court’s cases on the same subject. The majority has created a new (and

undesirable) categorical rule of child-custody law. The new categorial rule is jarring because

it springs from a misapplication of supreme court cases dating back to 1996, if not before

that time. The new rule is alarming because it runs opposite common judicial sense in that

it disincentivizes mature parental behavior salutary to the parent-child relationship. The

new rule means that an untold number of parents cannot in the future seek more time with

an untold number of children—even when it is undisputed (as in this case) that it would be

in the child’s best interest to spend more time with the petitioning parent. Now, a parent,

despite reasonable and mature decisions, hard work, and positive goal-setting behaviors, may

never go to the circuit court after a final custody decree has been entered and ask the court

to modify the terms. Today’s decision requires time to fully appreciate. The usual cut-and-paste platitudes

cannot deflect or diffuse the new rule’s adverse effect. At the micro level, a circuit court

cannot give equal time with a young daughter to an anesthesiologist who had to face a real-

world situation that undisputedly implicated his professional reputation and medical license;

a situation that he used to find a new job, and a place to live that is but minutes from his

daughter, her daycare, and her current and future activities. All this was accomplished

without one iota of inconvenience to the mother. At the macro level, an entirely fit and

loving parent who might face the consequence of today’s decision someday will surely be

surprised to learn that this court has imposed a rule of law that blocks that entirely fit and

loving parent from spending equal time with a child of tender years—just because the

petitioning parent chose, for undisputedly legitimate reasons, to move closer to the child

and to the child’s mother. The decision is all the more confusing given Arkansas’s public

policy that favors parents having equal time with children when the parents are fit enough

to discharge that privilege, as Adams by all accounts is, and Margaret Nalley does not

dispute. 1 See

(a)(1)(A)(iii) (Supp. 2019) (“In an action for

divorce, an award of joint custody is favored in Arkansas.”); see also

-

13-101(a)(5) (Repl. 2020) (defining joint custody as the “approximate and reasonable equal

division of time with the child by both parents as agreed to by the parents or as ordered by

the court”).

1 “Mike is not a bad father. I believe Mike loves [MA].”

15 I am with Justice Louis Brandeis when he said, “If we desire respect for the law, we

must first make the law respectable.” The majority’s new categorical rule runs counter to

this wise admonition.

How does the majority justify its position, one the circuit court chose not to take?

Well, it primarily relies on Jones v. Jones,

,

(1996). The

majority states, “Our supreme court’s holding in Jones has been often repeated and expanded

by our appellate courts since it was first announced in 1996.” That is half right. The

supreme court has recited and applied in earnest what I will call the Jones rule no less than

eight times since 1996. But the majority is mistaken by concluding that Jones has been

“expanded by our appellate courts.” The Jones rule—as it was originally pronounced by the

supreme court and has been applied since for more than twenty years—has never been

expanded by that court. The Jones rule has been mistakenly expanded by this court in some

cases; that is true. The supreme court, however, has been consistent in its application of

Jones since the court decided that case in 1996. Internally, this court’s caselaw is conflicted

on how to state the law of a material change in circumstances. Externally, this court has

never been more openly conflicted with the supreme court on the law of a material change

in circumstances than it is today.

* * *

1. The majority’s mistaken reading of supreme court caselaw. The majority holds that

Adams cannot use the circumstances he created as a basis to allege that a material change in

the child’s life has occurred. As I have mentioned, the majority misreads important Arkansas

Supreme Court cases. The misreading stems primarily from taking a phrase from Jones out

16 of context. When you take a statement of legal importance out of its factual context you

risk changing the meaning and scope of the legal statement, entirely so in some instances.

That is what the majority’s decision has done.

Jones expressly reasoned that circumstances which predate an official custody

determination—that is, circumstances that were known to the parties and the court before

the custody decree’s entry—cannot be used as the basis for a future allegation that there has

been a material change in circumstances. The problem is that a short-form statement of the

rule just expressed has proliferated. The pithy—but ultimately mischievous—statement

from Jones that twists and cramps the true rule is this: “Stated simply, Dr. Jones cannot use

the circumstances he created as grounds to modify custody.”

,

. I will show that the incomplete phrasing is opposite the rule that Jones and other

cases have announced and applied.

We return to the source. In simple terms, the main point in Jones for this case’s

purposes is that Dr. Jones had an affair while married, and after his divorce and child-custody

case was finally decided, Dr. Jones married the nurse with whom he had the affair. He then

alleged the remarriage was a material change in circumstances that justified a modification

in his custody terms. The supreme court disagreed. Why? Because, as the supreme court

made clear, Dr. Jones was engaged in the extramarital relationship during the divorce and

custody proceeding, and the case was determined with that knowledge at hand; moreover,

it was then known that he had contemplated remarriage before the final custody order was

entered. To the contrary, Adams’s change in circumstances with the Jonesboro medical

practice did not exist when the custody order was entered. That is why Jones does not

17 control this case. The timing of the circumstances used to support the respective petitions

to modify custody are opposite one another. It is that simple, that straightforward.

If there is doubt about what the supreme court meant in Jones, then consider what

the court wrote in Campbell v. Campbell,

,

(1999). In Campbell,

decided three years after Jones, the supreme court wrote, “We do not read the Jones case to

say that changes in the life of the noncustodial parent are never pertinent in determining

whether a significant change of circumstances has occurred, but that they were insufficient

under the facts of that case to modify custody.”

,

(quoting

Campbell v. Campbell,

,

(1998)). The supreme

court’s observation in Campbell (1999) is faithful to Jones (1996). The two cases express the

unremarkable point that a parent cannot use as a material change in circumstances that was

known or had been contemplated when a custody decree was entered. This makes perfect

sense. That is why a definite majority of appellate decisions in this state have interpreted

Jones this way, which is to say, correctly. In fact, every supreme court case I have reviewed

harmonizes with one another on this “material change” point. The majority’s opinion,

however, directly conflicts with decades’ worth of supreme court caselaw. But I get ahead

of myself; we have only reached cases decided through 1999.

Another example of the Jones rule being activated in 1999 is Hamilton v. Barrett,

,

(1999). In Hamilton, the supreme court said this of its own Jones

opinion:

In the first place, Karen’s reliance on our holding in Jones, is misplaced. She asserts that Jones stands for the proposition that the noncustodial parent’s remarriage cannot be properly considered by the chancellor in determining whether a modification in custody is warranted. This interpretation is too

18 narrow. In Jones, this court held that based on the facts presented, Dr. Jones’s remarriage did not constitute a material change in circumstances. In other words, the holding in Jones merely underscores the rule that changes in circumstances of the noncustodial parent, including a claim of improved life because of remarriage, were not alone sufficient to modify an order of custody. Indeed, during oral argument before this court, Dr. Jones admitted that at the time of the divorce decree, it was within his reasonable contemplation to remarry. Given those facts, this court held:

Stated simply, Dr. Jones cannot use the circumstances he created as grounds to modify custody. Given his awareness of the circumstances at the time he voluntarily entered into the agreement to award custody of Cameron to Ms. Jones, we cannot agree that his remarriage constituted a material change in circumstances.

....

In sum, the holding in Jones was not intended to prohibit the chancellor from ever considering the event of a noncustodial parent’s remarriage as a change in circumstances affecting the best interest of the children. Rather, it is limited to the facts of that case, wherein there was evidence that the noncustodial parent’s remarriage was reasonably contemplated at the time he entered into the custody agreement and, thus, could not have constituted a change in circumstances arising since the entry of the prior order. The Jones decision is further distinguished from the instant case in that the decision rested largely on Dr. Jones’s repeated procurement of ex parte orders. Moreover, the Jones court held that the chancellor had erroneously shifted the burden to Ms. Jones to prove her emotional stability. Accordingly, Jones is not controlling for the above reasons.

at 467–68, 989 S.W.2d at 523–24 (emphasis added).

The supreme court has made clear through Campbell (1999) and Hamilton (1999) that

Jones (1996) means the opposite of what today’s majority opinion says it does. Jones does

not hold that a parent can never be the agent for a material change that can be presented to

a court in support of a petition to modify custody. Instead, the supreme court holds the

opposite. In fact, the supreme court took pains in Hamilton to warn readers against making

the very mistake that the majority opinion has today made.

19 How much clearer can the supreme court be? The timing of the facts, events, or

circumstances (call them what you please) upon which a petition to modify is based is the

critical factor here. There is no confusion when all the cases are given their just dessert, but

no more than they deserve. The passage of time has changed nothing except to allow Jones’s

roots time to reach much deeper into the law that affects scores of families across this state.

So let us dig deeper, too. The effort will unearth that more supreme court cases show that

what the court wrote in Jones, Campbell, and Hamilton about the law of material change in

circumstances is what the court meant to say.

Nalley’s appellant’s brief and the majority’s opinion cite Lloyd v. Butts,

,

(2001), as stating the bright-line rule that a party should not be permitted

to allege a material change of circumstances that he or she has created. Both citations miss

the true import of Lloyd. Lloyd is an example of the supreme court using the short-form

Jones rule. The court wrote: “[A] change of circumstances of the noncustodial parent is not

sufficient to justify modifying custody.”

,

. But that is not the

whole story on how the court applied its Jones rule in Lloyd. When Lloyd is read as a whole,

one sees that it was decided in accord with the true Jones rule.

In Lloyd, two children were born during a couple’s marriage. It was eventually

determined that the wife had an affair, which resulted in one of the children born during

the marriage being the child of the wife’s extramarital partner. So one child’s biological

father was the husband; the other child’s biological father was the wife’s extramarital partner.

In the divorce and custody case, the circuit court awarded custody of both children to the

husband. The mother subsequently married the man with whom she had the affair. Those

20 two then petitioned for custody of both the new husband’s child and the child fathered by

her ex-husband. Because the biological status of both children and who should be their

custodian was settled by the divorce decree, there had been no material change in

circumstances. The important point is that despite the supreme court’s unfortunate use of

the mischievous short-form iteration of the Jones rule in Lloyd, the court remained entirely

faithful to the reasoning it used in Jones, Campbell, and Hamilton.

Two years later, in 2003, the supreme court again recognized that a material change

in circumstances can occur when a party presents facts that were not known to the parties

or the circuit court when the original custody order was entered. See Taylor v. Taylor,

,

(2003). In Taylor, the father knew his own financial situation and

the parties’ respective educational backgrounds when the divorce decree was entered, so his

better financial position and better educational background were not sufficient bases for a

custody modification.

Another two years on, in 2005, the court in Alphin v. Alphin again held that a father

had established changed circumstances because, when the original custody order was

entered, the circuit court could not have known that the mother would have six or seven

residences in the span of six years, and the frequent moves showed a lack of stability that

had developed in the child’s life.

,

(2005).

We arrive to 2011. In that year, the supreme court again wrote that “[c]ircumstances

known by the parties when they enter into a custody agreement cannot be the basis for

finding that a material change in circumstances has occurred.” Orantes v. Orantes,

159, at 7,

. That is exactly how Jones, Campbell, Hamilton, Lloyd, Taylor,

and Alphin reasoned on the law of material change of circumstances.

Where is the expansion that the majority’s opinion relies on?

It did not happen in 2012 when the supreme court decided another case that is often

cited in this area of the law, Brown v. Brown,

,

. In that case,

the supreme court cited Jones and repeated the phrase that one “cannot use the circumstances

he [or she] created as grounds to modify custody.” Id. at 8,

. But that

truncated phrasing of the true Jones rule did not expand any rule of law because, in Brown,

the court applied the true Jones rule despite the short-form statement of the rule; the court

therefore reaffirmed (again) what Jones truly holds.

In Brown, a divorce decree contained an agreement by the parents that once their

daughter was eighteen months old, a standard visitation schedule would apply. The issue

there was a breastfeeding and weaning schedule that the parties had agreed on and

implemented. The father’s visitation schedule was based on how long the feeding and

weaning cycle was likely to take. Time passed, and the mother petitioned to modify the

agreed-to visitation schedule, which included overnight visits. She did so on the premise

that the World Health Organization had recommended that children under two years old

should breastfeed. The father opposed the petition because he was tired of his time with

the child being dictated by the breastfeeding issue, and he did not agree to extend that

practice beyond what they had initially agreed to.

The circuit court agreed with the father. The mother appealed. The case made it

to the supreme court, which held that no material change had occurred. Why? Because

22 the parties had clearly contemplated, when the decree was first entered, that the child may

conceivably desire to breastfeed beyond eighteen months. Brown,

, at 9–10,

(“In making our decision, it is important to this court that it was certainly

within the contemplation of the parties at the time the divorce decree was entered that the child

conceivably might desire to continue breast-feeding beyond eighteen months.”) (emphasis

added). This reasoning wholly accords with Jones. Timing is everything, so one must bear

continually in mind the critical point that in neither Jones nor Brown, for example, did the

supreme court foreclose conditions or circumstances that may arise after the entry of a

custody decree from serving as a material change for modification purposes. The supreme

court’s caselaw only holds that circumstances or facts known or contemplated when a

custody decree was entered cannot be a basis for a subsequent allegation that a material

change has occurred. See McNutt v. Yates,

,

(citing Brown and

noting that the changed conditions occurred after the decree was entered).

The true Jones rule—facts or circumstances known to the parties and to the court

when a custody order is entered cannot be used to support subsequent modifications of

custody—has been applied by this court, too, not just the supreme court. The majority’s

opinion in this case therefore crashes head-on into some of this court’s cases as well. For

example, this court correctly applied Jones in Eversole v. Eversole,

,

. In Eversole, a mother moved to Arkansas shortly after a divorce decree was

entered in Georgia. The father later complained that his visitation was inadequate and

difficult to manage. We affirmed the circuit court’s decision that the cost of travel and the

difficulty of arranging visitation around the father’s work schedule were not material changes

23 because those difficulties were known by him and contemplated by the court when the decree was

entered. That the father later “found it difficult to comply” with his own agreement was not

a material change. Id. at 10,

. Today’s majority decision runs counter to

Eversole’s primary reasoning, which was only the Jones rule properly read and applied.

Another case in which this court correctly applied Jones is Hackney v. Hackney,

,

. In Hackney, we observed that the alleged material change was

based on facts not known to the parties or the court when the decree was entered. Id. at 7,

(“[A]ny modification of appellee’s visitation was due to the child’s having

moved to Houston, which was a material change from the circumstances of the original

visitation order found in the divorce decree.”).

Just last year, this court correctly applied Jones again in Higdon v. Roberts: “When a

circuit court considers whether there has been a material change in circumstances, it

considers the facts that have changed or were not known by the court when it entered the previous

order.”

,

(emphasis added). In Higdon, the parties

agreed that the father would have primary custody and receive child support from the

mother in a certain amount. So the father’s allegation that he needed more child support

because the child was spending more time with him was not a basis for a material change

because that situation was clearly known by the parties and agreed to when the custody

order was entered. This court rightly applied Jones in Higdon. But today the majority has

strayed and issued an opinion diametrically opposed to Higdon’s reasoning.

Although Jones and related cases have been misapplied at times by this court, that is

no reason to do it again. An example or two of this court’s previous misuse of Jones is

24 instructive because it shows how troublesome that cut-and-paste precedent can be if left

unchecked. Wyatt v. Dent is an example of a court’s oversimplification—and therefore a

misapplication—of the Jones rule when it is cut and pasted from its originating context. In

Dent, the parents filed competing motions to modify custody. The father, who was the

custodial parent, petitioned to move from Arkansas to Virginia with the child because of his

wife’s new job. The mother, a noncustodial parent, alleged that “recent improvements in

her situation” plus the father’s move out of state with the child warranted a change in

custody back to her. Dent,

. The mother, a noncustodial parent,

had moved back to Arkansas after the last custody order had been entered to be closer to her

son, she was active in his education and after-school activities, and she had stable

relationships with her family and romantic partner. We held that she failed to meet her

burden of proof because a noncustodial parent moving to be closer to her son and spend

more time with him was not a material change in circumstance.

Why that holding? In part, this court held that the mother herself had created the

change postdecree when she moved to Arkansas to be closer to the child. Dent,

(“Our supreme court has been clear that relocation is not a change in

circumstances warranting a change in child custody nor are circumstances created by the

party seeking the modification.” (citing Hollandsworth v. Knyzewski,

,

(2003); Brown v. Brown,

,

). I respectfully disagree

with Dent’s statement of the law given the timing of the mother’s move. If you delete the

statement that “a party cannot allege a material change in circumstance that he himself has

created” from your lexicon given how Jones, Campbell, Hamilton, and Brown actually

25 reasoned, then the analysis is straightforward: a material change in circumstances needed to

support a petition to modify custody terms cannot be based on facts, events, or circumstances

known to the parties and court when a “final” custody determination was entered. Dent is

also an insufficient guide because Hollandsworth does not hold, as Dent says, that “relocation

is not a change in circumstances warranting a change in child custody.”

. As I will soon explain, Hollandsworth only holds that “[r]elocation of a primary

custodian and his or her children alone is not a material change in circumstance.”

Hollandsworth,

,

(emphasis added).

Another example of this court’s misapplication of Jones is Davenport v. Uselton,

. There, the parties divorced in 2008 and a custody decree was entered as a

result. Three years later, the father alleged a material change in circumstances because the

traveling distance between the parents had increased given the father’s relocation. So he

asked the court to change the custody arrangement. The court denied the request, and the

father appealed. This court held that because the father was the one who had relocated

postdecree, not the mother, he could not allege that a material change in circumstances had

occurred. We wrote, “A party should not be permitted to allege a material change of

circumstances that he himself has created.” Id. at 2. Although well meaning, there is no

such categorical rule. This court’s holding in Davenport was mistaken because there was no

evidence that the father’s move had been contemplated when the custody order was entered

three years before he petitioned the court for a modification; the move had not been

previously contemplated, much less litigated.

26 The circuit court in this case recognized what the majority has not: a new categorical

rule that a parent may never create his or her own material change in circumstances stultifies

and petrifies parents’ relationships with children and, in some sense, the coparents’

relationship, too. Parents’ life circumstances, having been frozen at one point in “litigation

time,” so to speak, will be used against them every year going forward. This must be so

regardless of the positive change that parents may create or experience for any number of

reasons, and which for any number of reasons may service a child’s best interests. Under

the new categorical rule the majority has imposed, a parent cannot as a matter of law plead

that a material change had occurred simply because he or she was the agent for some

important positive life change. A rule of family law that turns a blind judicial eye to all

positive changes in a parent’s life that may occur postdecree instead of focusing on what

facts or circumstances were extant when the decree was first entered upends the Jones rule.

2. The supreme court relocation cases do not require a reversal. The majority reverses the

circuit court’s decision because Adams cannot create his own material change of

circumstances. But no Arkansas caselaw forecloses the possibility that a parent’s relocation

that has a positive impact on a child cannot be a material change. This is that case. The

circuit court was not clearly wrong when it concluded that Adams’s relocation to Little

Rock was a material change given the whole of the record before us.

The general rule in relocation cases is that “[r]elocation of a primary custodian and

his or her children alone is not a material change in circumstance.” Hollandsworth,

,

(holding modified by Cooper v. Kalkwarf,

,

) (emphasis added). In Hollandsworth, the supreme court established a

27 presumption in favor of preserving the custodial relationship in favor of relocation when a

primary custodian wants to move with the child. See Stills v. Stills,

,

(explaining presumption established in Hollandsworth).

In Singletary v. Singletary,

,

, the supreme court held

that the Hollandsworth presumption does not apply when parents share joint custody. It

reasoned that “in a true joint-custody arrangement, both parents share equal time and

custody with the child; therefore, there is not one child-parent relationship to take

preference over the other.”

at 8–9,

. In Singletary, the parties’ divorce

decree stated that the “parties shall have joint custody . . . with [the mother] having primary

custody.”

, at 2,

. A year later, the mother alleged a

change in circumstances because she was moving to Texas due to her new husband’s job

change. The father moved for sole custody of the daughter, which the circuit court granted.

The circuit court found—and the supreme court affirmed—that the mother’s relocation and

the “parties’ inability to cooperate” were material changes in circumstance. According to

the supreme court, these facts were sufficient to support the circuit court’s conclusion that

a material change had occurred. Singletary’s rationale that a mother-child relationship has

no greater priority than a father-child relationship when the parties share joint custody is

important to note.

Then came Cooper v. Kalkwarf,

,

, in which the supreme

court clarified that the Hollandsworth presumption is raised when the parent seeking to

relocate is not just labeled the “primary” custodian but also spends significantly more time

with the child than the other parent. While retaining the Hollandsworth presumption, the

28 court acknowledged it was in the minority of states. The court noted that “the majority of

states, either by statute or by case law, now impose a best-interests test rather than a

preference or presumption in favor of a primary custodian.” Id. at 15,

.

But we have what we have. And the current state of the law does not demand the majority’s

conclusion.

In Cooper, the mother alleged that a material change in circumstance had occurred

because her husband got a better job in Texas; she therefore wanted to move the child to

Texas. The father wanted the child to remain in Little Rock. The circuit court granted

the mother’s request to modify custody. The supreme court, however, reversed and

remanded because the circuit court had erroneously applied the Hollandsworth presumption

in the mother’s favor. The supreme court did not decide whether the mother’s proposed

move was a material change; it decided only that the mother and father shared joint physical

and legal custody.

These seminal relocation cases focus on who has the legal burden of proof; and one

case, Singletary, discusses when a parent’s move materially affects the other parent’s

relationship with the child negatively. The enforceability or interpretation of divorce-

decree provisions regarding relocation was also front and center in those cases. Stills,

,

(Hollandsworth presumption is not waivable). Sometimes

the parents in the relocation cases ask if they can move even before the move occurs, which

is to say before an alleged material change based on a move has even occurred. Id.;

29 But what the relocation cases have not decided is whether a parent’s move that

simultaneously places him closer to the child and to the child’s mother is foreclosed as a matter of

law from being considered as a material change of circumstance. Furthermore, no rule of

law holds that a parent’s material change must be negative rather than positive. Here, we

have what can only be deemed a positive change from a child’s perspective. MA would get

to see her father more, and the mother has not provided a sufficient reason why he should

not get equal time. That was the circuit court’s ruling. The court was well within its

considerable discretion to decide the case that way.

In some circumstances, one parent’s move can give rise to a material change like it

did in McCoy v. Kincade,

,

. In McCoy, the mother moved away

from the children who resided in Mountain Home (presumably without prior permission

from the court). The mother, who was a joint custodian, later moved to modify custody.

The circuit court agreed with the mother that a material change had occurred and modified

the joint arrangement. The supreme court affirmed, reasoning that the mother had moved

to a city a significant distance from Mountain Home, and because of that choice, the

children were missing school activities and social events on weekends. Consequently, the

move “significantly impact[ed] the children’s lives and well-being.” Id. at 4,

. The takeaway from McCoy for this case’s purpose is that a parent’s move can, in some

circumstances, be a material change such that the modification request will be decided on

its merit.

An example of a relocation case from the court of appeals is Killingsworth v. Dittmar,

,

. In that joint-custody case, we affirmed the circuit

30 court’s decision that (1) a mother’s fifty-one-mile move within Arkansas to get a better job,

which in turn meant that her children could attend better schools, was one of several

material changes that had occurred; (2) the mother was bound by her pleadings; and (3) a

modification of the joint-custody arrangement was justified.

In this case, we can set Hollandsworth and its presumption aside because no parent has

moved with a child to a location different from where the child was living when the custody

decree was entered. Nalley chose to live in Little Rock. Her right to travel is in no way

being infringed; her right to travel is not even an issue. And Singletary, which held that the

party petitioning for a modification in a joint-custody situation must show a change in

circumstances since the last custody order was entered, is no bar to affirming the circuit

court’s order here. This is so because Adams has shown that a (positive) material change

has occurred since the court’s July 2019 custody determination. This case is unlike the

typical relocation case because no parent has moved out of state, and Adams’s move closer

to MA and her mother does not threaten or diminish the relationship that Nalley has with

MA—especially given the court’s findings that Adams would have received more time the

first time around had he lived closer to Nalley and MA. The child has remained and will

continue to remain in the same home and location that she has been in since the last custody

order was entered. The only change in her life will be that she will spend equal time with

her father. Nalley does not assert, much less has she proved, that Adams is an unfit parent.

Obviously, the circuit court found him to be fit and that more time with MA would serve

her best interest.

31 To sum up, the takeaway from the relocation cases is that a move out of state by a

parent with joint legal custody or with primary physical custody is not a material change of

circumstances per se. Whether a material change has arisen is, as always, determined on a

case-by-case basis. Here, Adams’s relocation to Little Rock was not the only change at issue

in the case. The parties could not historically agree on how to “offer flexibility to the other

party as much possible” or how to resolve conflicts about Adams’s work schedule and the

time he had available to spend with MA.

3. Diminishing parental discord is a legitimate judicial goal that supports a custody

modification. I close with the point that the circuit court’s decision to modify the decree

while continuing joint custody was made with the purpose to de-escalate the conflict

between Adams and Nalley that the “time issue” had created between them. That decision

is not clearly wrong. The supreme court has recognized that, as a general matter, de-

escalation is a legitimate reason to make a change to the exiting joint-custody arrangement.

See Pace v. Pace,

,

, 352–53 (noting with approval a

court’s decision “to lessen conflict by modifying the more contentious provisions in a

custody decree without scrapping the basic joint-custody arrangement”). Of course, each

case is driven by its own facts.

Within six months of the final decree’s entry, Adams and Nalley had resorted to

spreadsheets and swearing matches over when and how Adams could spend additional time

with MA. This conflict was part of the overall circumstances and relational environment

impacting MA. The court’s solution was to make a one week on/one week off schedule

so that each parent could have equal time with MA. And equal time makes sense in this

32 case. It is, as I have already said, this state’s public policy. See

-

101(a)(1)(A)(iii) (“In an action for divorce, an award of joint custody is favored in

Arkansas.”); see also

(a)(5) (defining joint custody as the

“approximate and reasonable equal division of time with the child by both parents as agreed

to by the parents or as ordered by the court”). Therefore, the stated public policy favoring

joint custody should be considered when a court determines whether a material change in

circumstances has occurred.

The circuit court’s decision to change a 65/35

division of time to 50/50 was not clearly wrong given the particular and main reason for

the discord when it did occur. The court’s decision is calculated to reduce the parents’

conflict, and that solution aligns with this state’s public policy and MA’s best interest.

(Recall that Nalley did not argue on appeal that a custody change was against MA’s best

interest.)

4. Conclusion. The tragic irony of today’s decision is that the law provides due

process, time, and material support to parents who have had their children taken into

temporary state custody because of parental-fitness deficits of all sorts. In those instances,

parents are asked, indeed ordered, to make positive changes in their lives so that the State

may safely reunify them with their children. Not so with fit parents like Dr. Michael Adams!

According to the majority opinion, no positive, rational change parents like him make in

their lives after a final custody decree is entered will suffice to permit a circuit court to even

reevaluate original custody terms. That is not the law, and it should not be the law.

I would affirm the circuit court’s July 2020 order. The law and facts of record amply

support the court’s decision to modify the July 2019 order in the manner it did.

33 VIRDEN, J., joins.

BART F. VIRDEN, Judge, dissenting. “If the law supposes that,” said Mr. Bumble,

squeezing his hat emphatically in both hands, “the law is a ass — a idiot.” Charles Dickens,

The Adventures of Oliver Twist (Oxford Univ. Press 1970).

Keep in mind, the “ass” refers to a donkey, and Mr. Bumble and Dickens are saying

an ass, a.k.a. a donkey, is stubborn and inflexible. Such a rigid application of the “change in

circumstances” doctrine in this case produces the same analogy.

I join in the dissent and write separately simply to write . . . simply. Judge Harrison’s

dissent, which I join, is worthy of a law review article. My opinion is to more readily point

out the practical absurdity that will result if we continue along this jurisprudential path

mapped out by the majority. Allowing an incidental but accurate statement recited in a case

to become a defining “rule” is not unique to our case at hand but should not bind us to a

wrong decision. After all, custody and visitation are never “permanent” despite that term

being used in various settings. Child custody is always subject to modification by the court.

Myers v. Myers,

,

(1944).

My point perhaps can best be made by way of two examples. Let’s take Johnny Doe.

Johnny got divorced. Johnny had a substance-abuse problem and could be somewhat

unstable. As such, Johnny got little or no visitation as per court order. Johnny goes to rehab,

goes to counseling, gets cleaned up. Johnny gets a good job, a stable home, and maybe

remarries. Johnny asks for a change of custody or visitation. Under the “rule” as applied by

the majority, Johnny is out of luck. All the positive reforms and changes in his life, even if

34 in the children’s best interest, are in vain when it comes to custody and visitation. Why?

Because he, himself, created those changes. Does that make sense?

Example number two. Mom and Dad are both good parents, but at the time of their

divorce, mom had moved a good distance away from Dad. Joint custody could not work

due to the unreasonable travel time it would impose on everyone, including and especially

the children. As such, the trial court instituted a particular visitation schedule to lessen the

impact but granted mom physical custody. Later, dad moves to a location closer to the

children. In every other respect, nothing has changed. They are both fit and proper parents

to share in raising the children. Dad seeks more time, or better yet, joint custody. The only

impediment to his getting joint custody at the time of the divorce was the geographic

distance between the parties. That impediment no longer exists, but by the majority’s

opinion, he loses because he “created the change in circumstances.” Does that make sense?

Oh, wait, that is the exact case before us.

I have no doubt that members of the majority felt constrained by precedent to reach

the result they have. The majority opinion says as much. I would, however, grant to the

trial court the great deference that we always do and affirm its decision. I respectfully dissent.

Mann & Kemp, PLLC, by: Harrison Kemp, for appellant.

LaCerra, Dickson, Hoover & Rogers, PLLC, by: Traci LaCerra, for appellee.

35