People v. Jackson
People v. Jackson
Opinion of the Court
Opinion
In a court trial appellant was found guilty of robbery and of using a firearm within the meaning of Penal Code sections 12022.5 and 1203.06, subdivision (a)(1). He was sentenced to the state prison for a middle term of three years plus two years for the enhancement pursuant to section 12022.5.
There is no question that appellant “used” the gun in committing the robbery, by pointing it at the victim when he demanded money. (People v. Chambers, 7 Cal.3d 666, 672 [102 Cal.Rptr. 776, 498 P.2d 1024].) The gun was recovered a few minutes later where appellant was observed to drop it as he fled.
The trial court found that on the night of the robbery appellant “could not have fired the weapon.”
Penal Code section 12022.5 provides: “Any person who personally uses a firearm in the commission or attempted commission of a felony, shall, upon conviction of such felony or attempted felony, in addition and consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony or attempted felony of which he has been convicted, be punished by an additional term of two years, unless use of a firearm is an element of the offense of which he was convicted.”
Nothing in this language expressly requires that the firearm be in operable condition. Appellant would add a requirement to the statute which it does not contain.
The gun in the instant case clearly met these standards. It was a firearm because designed by the manufacturer to shoot. It gave every appearance of having that capability.
Our function is to interpret section 12022.5 to achieve its individual objective. (People v. Hayden, supra, 30 Cal.App.3d at pp. 451, 452.)
The judgment is affirmed.
Stephens, J., concurred.
The record does not disclose whether the gun was loaded.
It had all the necessary parts to fire a projectile, however, and could be fired by striking the hammer directly. Only a little force would be required. Even striking the hammer with one’s hand could fire the weapon, although the hand might get cut in the process.
We regard this as a factual finding that the firearm was inoperable. The court may well have found that the unusual techniques by which the gun could be fired (fn. 2, ante) were too impractical to be accorded significant weight. However, had the court found that the gun was operable, such finding would be supported by the substantial evidence. The gun could have gone off during a struggle, for instance. (Cf. People v. Walls, 85 Cal.App.3d 447, 454 [149 Cal.Rptr. 460] (noting potential for a gun to discharge when used as a bludgeon).)
We view as specious appellant’s claim that the Rohm .38 special revolver was literally not a “firearm” because in its then condition it could not “fire” normally. The weapon
People v. Norton, 80 Cal.App.3d Supp. 14, 25 [146 Cal.Rptr. 343], cited by appellant, is consistent with Hayden. There the court merely held that in a prosecution for exhibiting a firearm (Pen. Code, § 417) the court should have instructed on the definition of a firearm, where the defendant claimed the weapon was a toy replica of a gun. But the definition approved in that opinion was a device designed to be used as a weapon from which a projectile may be expelled by the force of any explosion or other form of combustion. This is the equivalent of the “gun designed to shoot” test used in Hayden and satisfied in the instant case.
In People v. Chambers, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 672, the court said, “The obvious legislative intent to deter the use of firearms in the commission of the specified felonies requires that ‘uses’ be broadly construed.”
We find unpersuasive appellant’s attempt to reduce Hayden to absurdity by his argument that: (1) Hayden reasoning would apply to realistic looking toy guns; (2) toy guns are not firearms; therefore (3) Hayden is wrong. Hayden is obviously limited to firearms, i.e., guns manufactured and designed to be firearms.
Concurring Opinion
I concur. The uncontradicted evidence is that the gun could be fired, albeit in “some esoteric manner,” as the trial court put it. We are not bound by the trial court’s conclusion that this made the gun inoperable. To be sure, the trial court’s expressed belief that on November 3, 1977, “Mr. Jackson could not have fired the weapon,” is puzzling. My only explanation in the light of the clear evidence is that the court felt that Jackson could not have fired the weapon because he did not know how to. That, of course, is immaterial.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied July 5, 1979.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. MARVIN LESTER JACKSON, Defendant and Appellant
- Cited By
- 25 cases
- Status
- Published