Opinion

In Brandt v. Superior Court (1985) 37 Cal.3d 813 [210 Cal.Rptr. 211, 693 P.2d 796], our Supreme Court decided that, notwithstanding the limitations on the recovery of attorney fees imposed by *789section 1021 of the Code of Civil Procedure,1 an insured may recover his attorney fees as damages in an action alleging tortious breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. In the case before us, the trial court extended Brandt to support an award of attorney fees as an item of costs incurred by an insured in responding to an insurer’s unsuccessful appeal from a Brandt-type judgment in favor of the insured. For the reasons explained below, we suggest it is time for the Supreme Court to reexamine the rule announced in Brandt. But even assuming (as we must) that Brandt is still good law, we cannot agree with the trial court that Brandt permits the recovery of attorney fees on appeal.

Facts

Frank Burnaby owned a home in the Big Rock Mesa area of Malibu. In 1983, he submitted claims to various public agencies, asserting (under oath) that the now infamous Big Rock landslide had damaged his property to the tune of $1.1 million. Later in 1983, Burnaby purchased a homeowner’s insurance policy from Standard Fire Insurance Company. The application for that policy, completed and signed by Burnaby’s insurance agent and not by Burnaby, stated there had been “no losses prior to the application.” In 1984, Burnaby made a claim on his homeowner’s policy for landslide damage to his property. Standard denied the claim.

Burnaby sued Standard for breach of contract and tortious breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. At trial, Standard claimed Burnaby had misrepresented or concealed the condition of the property at the time he obtained the policy. The jury rejected Standard’s defense, found in favor of Burnaby, and awarded him $235,990.86 in contractual damages, $200,0002 in “extracontractual” damages, and $500,000 in punitive damages. On Standard’s appeal, we affirmed the judgment. Remittitur issued in 1993, after which Burnaby filed in the trial court a “Memorandum of Costs (Summary) on Appeal,” claiming $234,086.85 for attorney fees as costs. Standard moved to tax costs, claiming Burnaby was not entitled to any fees incurred in response to the appeal, and certainly not in the amount claimed. Burnaby responded with a declaration summarizing his calculation of the fee by explaining he had a contingent fee arrangement with his lawyer which increased the fee from one-third to one-half of Burnaby’s recovery in the event of an appeal, showing hourly fees of $152,274.30 for all of the time spent handling the appeal, and reiterating his demand for $234,096.85.

The trial court awarded Burnaby $152,274.30, and Standard appeals from that order.

*790Discussion

I.

In Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d 813, the insured was covered under a group disability income insurance policy issued to the insured’s employer. The insured became totally disabled and demanded the benefits due under the policy. The insurer refused to pay and the insured filed suit for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, listing as an item of damages the attorney fees he had incurred in connection with his efforts to obtain the benefits due under his insurance contract. The insurer moved to strike the claim for attorney fees and, when that motion was granted, the insured filed a petition for a writ of mandate. (Id. at pp. 815-816.) This is what the Supreme Court held:

First, the court noted there was a conflict about the recoverability of attorney fees in this context. One Court of Appeal (in Mustachio v. Ohio Farmers Ins. Co. (1975) 44 Cal.App.3d 358 [118 Cal.Rptr. 581])3 had allowed recovery but another (in Austero v. Washington National Ins. Co. (1982) 132 Cal.App.3d 408 [182 Cal.Rptr. 919])4 had not. The Supreme Court adopted the Mustachio view, holding that “[w]hen an insurer’s tortious conduct reasonably compels the insured to retain an attorney to obtain the benefits due under a policy, it follows that the insurer should be liable in a tort action for that expense. The attorney’s fees are an economic loss— damages—proximately caused by the tort. . . . These fees must be distinguished from recovery of attorney’s fees qua attorney’s fees, such as those attributable to the bringing of the bad faith action itself. What we consider here is attorney’s fees that are recoverable as damages resulting from a tort in the same way that medical fees would be part of the damages in a personal injury action.” (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 817, italics added.)5

*791Second, the Supreme Court held that section 1021 does not preclude an award of attorney fees under these circumstances.6 This was so, said the court, because they were not there dealing with “the measure and mode of compensation of attorneys” as covered by section 1021, but with damages wrongfully caused by the insurer’s improper actions. (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 817.) The court reasoned that, as in Prentice v. North Amer. Title Guar. Corp. (1963) 59 Cal.2d 618, 621 [30 Cal.Rptr. 821, 381 P.2d 645],7 “there is no recovery of attorney’s fees qua attorney’s fees.[] This is also true in actions for false arrest and malicious prosecution, where damages may include attorney’s fees incurred to obtain release from confinement or dismissal of the unjustified charges (Nelson v. Kellogg (1912) 162 Cal. 621 . . .)[8] or to defend the prior suit (Bertero v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 59 . . .).[9]” (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at pp. 817-818, fn. omitted.)

*792Third, the court made it clear that it was authorizing the recovery of only those fees incurred to obtain the policy benefits that would not have been incurred but for the insurer’s tortious conduct, and not the fees incurred in prosecuting the tortious breach of covenant claim: “The fees recoverable, however, may not exceed the amount attributable to the attorney’s efforts to obtain the rejected payment due on the insurance contract. Fees attributable to obtaining any portion of the plaintiff’s award which exceeds the amount due under the policy are not recoverable.” (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 819, italics added.)

Fourth (and it is the last point and this one that are critical in our case), the court held that, “[s]ince the attorney’s fees are recoverable as damages, the determination of the recoverable fees must be made by the trier of fact unless the parties stipulate otherwise. ... A stipulation for a postjudgment allocation and award by the trial court would normally be preferable since the determination then would be made after completion of the legal services . . . , and proof that otherwise would have been presented to the jury could be simplified because of the court’s expertise in evaluating legal services. ... If, however, the matter is to be presented to the jury, the court should instruct along the following lines: ‘If you find (1) that the plaintiff is entitled to recover on his cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and (2) that because of such breach it was reasonably necessary for the plaintiff to employ the services of an attorney to collect the benefits due under the policy, then and only then is the plaintiff entitled to an award for attorney’s fees incurred to obtain the policy benefits, which award must not include attorney’s fees incurred to recover any other portion of the verdict.” (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at pp. 819-820, italics added.)10

*793II.

For several reasons, Brandt does not support an award of fees in our case.

To begin with, the fees “attributable to the attorney’s efforts to obtain the rejected payment due on the insurance contract” (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 819) were awarded as part of the “extracontractual” damages fixed by the jury at trial and affirmed by us on the prior appeal. As Burnaby conceded in his respondent’s brief on the first appeal, the $600,000 awarded by the jury (reduced to $200,000 by the trial court) included “attorneys’ fees and emotional distress” damages. Since the special verdicts submitted to the jury (without objection by Burnaby) did not ask for an allocation of these damages, we have no way to divide the amount between fees and emotional distress damages.

As we know, however, the most Burnaby would have been entitled to for attorney fees would be the amount attributable to his attorneys’ efforts to recover the payment due under the policy. As we also know, the jury fixed Burnaby’s contract damages at about $200,000, his extracontractual damages at $600,000 and his punitive damages at $500,000. Even if we disregard the $600,000 award and consider only the reduced extracontractual amount ($200,000), it is clear that Burnaby’s noncontractual recovery was about three times the amount of his contract benefits. For all we know, therefore, Burnaby has already recovered fees sufficient to cover the cost of responding to Standard’s first appeal (and this appeal as well).

But there is another, more legalistic reason for rejecting the trial court’s award of additional fees for the appeal. There is nothing in Brandt to suggest that attorney fees on appeal are recoverable, and certainly nothing to suggest they are recoverable as costs rather than damages. Since Brandt was decided in 1985, no case—including Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co. (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1072 [234 Cal.Rptr. 835], on which Burnaby relies—has extended Brandt to fees incurred on appeal. In Downey, the trial court granted the insured’s motion to have the issue of attorney fees on its bad faith action tried after the jury’s verdict on the other issues. Not surprisingly, therefore, the trial court then granted the carrier’s motion to *794exclude evidence of the insured’s costs and fees during the first phase of the case. What was surprising, however, was that the court then ruled that the insured’s attorney fees were “ ‘not a recoverable item of damages.’ ” (Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1085.)

On appeal, the insured cited Brandt and claimed the trial court was mistaken. Division Three of our court agreed, concluding in a brief discussion of the issue (three short paragraphs) that “the trial court’s ruling was improper. [Citations.] The matter is reversed and remanded for a determination of the attorney’s fees to which [the insured] is entitled under Brandt." (Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1086.) In our case, Burnaby ignores this specific language and turns instead to the final disposition in the opinion (stated 16 pages later after the consideration of half a dozen other issues), where the court said: “With respect to [the insured’s] appeal, the judgment is reversed based on the trial court’s refusal to allow [the insured] to recover, as part of its damages, costs and attorney’s fees incurred in its lawsuit against [the insurer] to obtain the benefits of the fidelity bond. (Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d 813, 819-820.) On remand, the trial court shall conduct a hearing to determine such fees. [The insured] is also entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal. Although an appellate court may determine such fees, we believe the trial court on remand will be in a better position to do so.” Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1101.)

With respect (Downey's author has since joined Brandt's dissenter on the Supreme Court), we don’t think the dispositional paragraph in Downey means what it says. First, when addressing the precise issue, Division Three stated the correct disposition. Second, the cite to Brandt is to that portion of the opinion suggesting that a postjudgment allocation by the trial court would be preferable to a jury determination, which we view as an indication that the insured’s request for a court trial on the issue of fees following the jury’s verdict in the bad faith case was a waiver of whatever right the insured might otherwise have had to have a new jury determine the fee issue on remand. Third, there is nothing in Brandt to suggest that the Supreme Court intended that an additional item of damages be awarded following an insured’s successful effort to repel an insurer’s appeal. If Downey does mean what it says, we decline to follow it.11

We reject Burnaby’s suggestion that it would be anomalous to deny him his fees on appeal because, he claims, that is the same as telling him he must *795represent himself or find an attorney to handle the appeal for free. This argument ignores the fact that he was not entitled to recover his attorney fees incurred for the prosecution of his tort claims in the trial court, but only those fees incurred in pursuit of the benefits due under the contract. Similarly, Burnaby’s argument ignores the theory of Brandt (and the cases on which it relies)—that a plaintiff is entitled to be made whole for the harm he suffered by reason of the defendant’s tortious conduct in denying benefits due under the insurance policy. The prosecution of an appeal from an adverse judgment is not tortious conduct.12

Finally, we note that attorney fees incurred on appeal are not recoverable in any of the situations comparable to Brandt. We have searched in vain for a case in which attorney fees were awarded as an item of costs (or otherwise) on appeal when they were recovered at trial as damages and not pursuant to statute or contract.13 When fees are recovered at trial as an item of damages based upon the tort of another (as in Prentice v. North Amer. Title Guar. Corp., supra, 59 Cal.2d at p. 620), they are not recoverable on appeal.14 When fees are recovered at trial as an item of damages in a false imprisonment case (as in Nelson v. Kellogg, supra, 162 Cal. at p. 623), they *796are not recoverable on appeal.15 When fees are recovered at trial as an item of damages in a malicious prosecution action (as in Bertero v. National General Corp., supra, 13 Cal.3d at p. 59), they are not recoverable on appeal.16 And aside from the slip of the pen in Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at page 1101, when fees are recovered at trial as an item of damages in an action for the tortious breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (as in Brandt), they are not recoverable on appeal.17

For these reasons, the order denying Standard’s motion to tax costs must be reversed. Burnaby is not entitled to recover from Standard the attorney fees incurred in responding to Standard’s appeal from the judgment.

III.

In other countries, attorney fees are recovered as a matter of course and nonrecovery is the exception, not the rule. In California, we follow the “American rule,” which means everybody pays their own fees unless they agree otherwise or are entitled to claim the benefit of a statutory or judicially created exception. (Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co. (1967) 386 U.S. 714, 717-718 [18 L.Ed.2d 475, 87 S.Ct. 1404]; § 1021.) Whatever merit there may be to the criticisms regularly heaped upon the American rule (see, e.g., Symposium, Attorney Fee Shifting (1984) 47 Law & Contemp. Probs. 1), the decision to change that rule is the Legislature’s, not the courts’. For that reason, we agree with Chief Justice Lucas’s dissent *797in Brandt v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d at page 821, that courts ought to move cautiously in extending the nonstatutory bases on which awards of attorney fees may be predicated. For the same reasons, we suggest it is time for the Supreme Court to reconsider and reject the exception it adopted in Brandt. Although there may be situations in which the courts have properly exercised their inherent equitable power to award attorney fees, we do not think this is such a case.

Disposition

The order awarding attorney fees is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to enter a new order granting Standard’s motion to tax costs and denying Burnaby’s application for attorney fees. The parties are to pay their own costs of this appeal.

Ortega, J., concurred.

I concur in the opinion. However, I disagree with the majority’s suggestion that the Supreme Court reconsider Brandt; in my view, Brandt was correctly decided. In light of the duty of good faith and fair dealing owed by an insurer to its insured (Brandt v. Superior Court (1985) 37 Cal.3d 813, 817 [210 Cal.Rptr. 211, 693 P.2d 796]) and the virtual certainty an insured whose insurer breaches that duty by failing to pay amounts due under the policy will have to retain an attorney and engage in litigation in order to recover the amounts due, it is reasonable to require the insurer to pay attorney fees as damages proximately caused by the breach (ibid.).

A petition for a rehearing was denied December 19, 1995, and the opinion was modified to read as printed above. Respondent’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied February 29,1996. Mosk, J., and Kennard, J., were of the opinion that the petition should granted.