People v. Hayes
People v. Hayes
Opinion of the Court
*121*342Following a jury trial, defendant Cynthia Louise Hayes was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon ( Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1) ),
On appeal, defendant contends she was denied representation at a critical stage of the proceedings, her prison priors should be struck because the felony underlying the most recent prior was reduced to a misdemeanor after her sentencing hearing, and the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion to continue sentencing. We shall vacate the sentence, remand for resentencing, and otherwise affirm.
BACKGROUND
On September 3, 2014, between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., J.C. was driving to the home of his mother, L.B., when he spotted, in front of a home's garage, items that were taken from his property about a week ago. As J.C. pulled in to talk to the home's owner, defendant came out of the house and yelled at him. When he realized he could not talk to defendant, who was "yelling and crazy," J.C. drove two miles up the road to his mother's house. The encounter with defendant lasted no more than five minutes.
Shortly after J.C. arrived at his mother's home, defendant pulled up in a pickup truck and started honking the horn. J.C. went outside, accused defendant of stealing his property, and told her to leave. Defendant responded by yelling at J.C. and punching him in the face. L.B. came out of the house and told defendant to leave. Defendant kept yelling, went to L.B.'s 2004 *343Mustang, and scratched the passenger-side door with her keys. When L.B. pushed defendant away from the car, defendant punched her, giving L.B. a black eye. L.B. and defendant engaged in a struggle until L.B.'s husband pulled defendant off of L.B.
J.C. and L.B. yelled at defendant to leave. Defendant got into her truck and drove it straight at J.C. and L.B., coming within six to eight inches of L.B. before hitting a tree and a metal satellite pole. Defendant backed up and again tried to hit L.B. and J.C. but missed, striking L.B.'s car instead.
Defendant pulled out toward the road and struck a fence. She did not leave until J.C. took a shovel out of the back of her truck and smashed her windshield.
L.B.'s car sustained $2,231.82 in damage.
*122DISCUSSION
I
Defendant contends her convictions should be reversed because she was completely denied legal representation at a critical stage.
A
On the first day of trial, the trial court held a hearing in chambers where it asked defendant whether she wanted to admit the prison priors or have a trial on them. During a discussion with the court on her rights with respect to the allegations, defendant said, "I don't understand. I am at a total loss at this. He didn't even call any of my witnesses or nothing for me." The court, with defense counsel's and the prosecutor's agreement, bifurcated the allegations. Defendant replied that she did not understand what bifurcation meant and reiterated her complaint about defense counsel not calling any witnesses. Defense counsel then requested an in camera discussion outside the prosecutor's presence, which the court granted.
Defense counsel made the following statement at the in camera hearing:
"I was appointed to represent Ms. Hayes in I believe November of last year.[
"Then at the trial readiness conference once the Court, the people confirmed that they had their witnesses ready and they were ready to proceed for trial, that she indicated that she wanted to tell me what really happened and she began to say that she was present there was an assault that she was actually the victim of the assault and she gave me a list of witnesses who would verify that.
"I spoke to some of the witnesses that I could get a hold of and that was, I believe your Honor was on the trial readiness conference of this matter was -- I am sorry, your Honor."
After the court informed counsel that date was January 8, 2016, counsel continued:
"There had been a no time waiver. I indicated to her that this was late in the process and that we were going to trial on the 21st and basically she had given me less than two weeks to prepare this for trial and that she was giving me a different version of the facts. I don't know what the truth is at this point and it places me in an ethical dilemma about whether or not I am going to present or purge her testimony and the ethics of my profession are I cannot do that.
"So I have tried to explain this to Ms. Hayes about her witnesses, about the new version of what she is telling me and that it places me in a very prickly position as her advocate.
"There is -- in any event, your Honor, that is where I am with the case, at this point. I can have her testimony in the narrative and I am -- I have indicated to her that I have that her witnesses will not help her because I don't believe that some of the people she is alleging were there were actually there, because there is no *123indication in the discovery anywhere that the people she is indicating that are witnesses for her were actually at the incident involved."
After determining defense counsel had nothing more to add, the court called the prosecutor back into chambers.
On January 27, 2016, after the first witness testified, the trial court informed defendant of her right to testify as follows:
*345"All right. Ms. Hayes, you don't have to make this decision right now. You have a Constitutional right to testify in this case. You also have a Constitutional right not to testify. You have a privilege against self-incrimination, no one can call you as a witness. You have a right to testify over your attorney's recommendation not to or objection to.
"Your attorney has indicated that he has an ethical concern that he put on this record that prohibit[s] him, based on what he has put on the record, from participating in the examination of you in front of a jury. So if you do choose to testify, then basically Mr. Nelson[
"Mr. Neiman[
"Again, I don't know the underlying facts or circumstances, I just know what your attorney has put on the record. So I just wanted to clarify all of that with you here on the record so you can then at the conclusion of Mr. Neiman's case, outside the presence of the jury, you can let me know whether or not you wish to testify. I believe that is going to happen fairly quickly because he has two witnesses, he has the alleged victim, her name I can't recall."
The prosecutor gave L.B.'s name, and the court told defendant that a body shop estimator will testify as well, so defendant would have to make her decision at around 10:30 a.m. Defendant said she understood and exclaimed, "I just don't understand why I can't have any other witnesses."
At the conclusion of the prosecution's case, defense counsel stated defendant would not be testifying.
After the verdict but before sentencing, the trial court relieved Nelson as defense counsel and appointed new counsel for defendant. New counsel subsequently filed a new trial motion alleging several grounds including *346ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant filed a declaration in support of the motion. She stated in her declaration that when Nelson conveyed the prosecution's offer, she rejected it, telling Nelson, "... I wasn't taking time for something I didn't do and that I was not there." On December 21, 2015, when she began to talk about the case with Nelson, "he told me I had lied to him and he was not going to put me on the stand." Defendant gave Nelson a list of witnesses before the January 8, 2016, trial readiness conference, but learned that "[o]f the five witnesses on my *124list Mr. Nelson spoke briefly with one of them. Neither Mr. Nelson or a defense investigator spoke with the others." On the first day of trial, January 21, 2016, defendant told Nelson she wanted to testify. According to the declaration, Nelson "told me if I did testify I would be committing perjury and he could not allow that and if he did he could lose his license. Additionally, three of the people from the witness list were present and Mr. Nelson said he would not have them testify because [sic ] they were not credible."
The trial court denied the new trial motion.
B
A defendant has a constitutional right to testify in his or her own defense, but does not have a right to testify falsely. ( Nix v. Whiteside (1986)
" '[A]n attorney owes no duty to offer on his client's behalf testimony which is untrue.' [Citations.] Stated slightly differently, an attorney, including a criminal defense attorney, has a 'special duty ... to prevent and disclose frauds upon the court....' [Citation.]" ( People v. Riel (2000)
The defendant in Riel entered a plea of guilty and later moved for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence, that is, information from a potential witness that would be favorable to the defense. ( Riel, supra , 22 Cal.4th at p. 1215,
In People v. Bolton (2008)
The trial court relieved Cline and forced Bolton to make a choice between his right to counsel and his right to a speedy trial. ( Bolton , supra , 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 356,
Relying primarily on Riel and Bolton , defendant asserts Nelson's claim of an ethical dilemma regarding her potential testimony was baseless because he had "no firm basis to believe" she would commit perjury if she testified. She finds this deprived her of her right to assistance of counsel during the in camera proceeding. Finding this to be a critical stage of the proceedings, defendant concludes reversal is mandatory.
In People v. Johnson (1998)
Defendant asserts the Johnson court's reference to defense counsel knowing or suspecting defendant will give perjured testimony is either dicta or no longer good law after Riel .
*349In Johnson, "[d]efense counsel told the court he had 'an ethical conflict' with Johnson about Johnson's desire to take the stand and testify. Defense counsel explained, 'I cannot disclose to the court privileged communications relating to that, but I'm in a position where I am not willing to call Mr. Johnson as a witness despite his desire to testify.' In response to the court's question, Johnson indicated defense counsel had accurately described the situation and defense counsel indicated he would '[n]ot voluntarily' call Johnson as a witness." ( Johnson, supra , 62 Cal.App.4th at p. 613,
The Johnson court's reference to counsel knowing or suspecting the defendant giving perjured testimony was not dicta. The defense counsel in Johnson informed the trial court that the defendant testifying would create an ethical conflict with his client, but did not specify how the defendant would perjure himself, counsel's confidence in this assertion, or what evidence he had to justify it. If the phrase "knows or suspects" is limited to knows, then the statement provided by counsel would not support the narrative testimony approach suggested by the Johnson court. Johnson supports the use of narrative testimony when defense counsel knows or suspects the defendant will give perjured testimony.
Riel does not, as defendant suggests, limit Johnson . Riel did not address presenting narrative testimony but rather not presenting the allegedly perjured testimony at all. The Supreme Court's approach in Riel , where counsel must present evidence unless it is known to be false, parallels Johnson , which sanctioned the use of narrative testimony where counsel knows or suspects defendant will commit perjury, but precludes invoking the conflict to prevent the defendant from testifying.
*127Bolton reinforces Johnson's continued validity. Discussing what counsel should do when the defendant is suspected of intending to commit perjury, the Bolton court stated: "In [ Johnson ], this court considered the options available to a criminal defense attorney when the defendant asserts his or her right to testify, and the attorney knows or suspects that the defendant intends to give perjured testimony. [Citation.] After reviewing various options, including withdrawing from representation, the Johnson court concluded that *350calling the defendant to the witness stand and permitting the defendant to 'testify in a free narrative manner' is the solution that 'best accommodates the competing interests of the defendant's constitutional right to testify and the attorney's ethical obligations.' [Citation.] [¶] We reaffirm the conclusion of the Johnson court that where an attorney knows or suspects that his client intends to give false testimony, the 'narrative approach' best accommodates the interests of both the defendant and the attorney, who is obligated 'not to participate in the presentation of perjured testimony.' [Citation.]" ( Bolton , supra , 166 Cal.App.4th at pp. 357-358,
Trial counsel did not know defendant was going to commit perjury, but suspected it and gave reasons for that suspicion. Those reasons, defendant's sudden and dramatic change in her narrative of events and counsel's difficulty in finding the supporting witnesses she claimed to have, support that suspicion and the trial court's deference to it. Allowing defendant to testify in narrative form and informing her of that decision did not deprive her of the right to counsel.
II
DISPOSITION
The sentence is reversed and the matter remanded for a new sentencing hearing. In all other respects, the conviction is affirmed.
We concur:
Butz, J.
Mauro, J.
Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
This hearing was held on January 21, 2016.
Defense counsel.
The prosecutor.
See footnote *, ante .
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.