Border v. Kuznetz

Opinion

Appellant-plaintiff appeals from a default judgment entered against him when he was unable to proceed at trial.1 This *Supp. 16occurred when the trial court denied various motions to relieve him from default in filing a timely witness statement (Code Civ. Proc., § 1825.1 and rule 1721, Cal. Rules of Court),2 and for a continuance and for permission to call plaintiff as a witness. He claims that the trial court abused its discretion. We cannot find any such abuse and affirm the judgment.

The action was subject to the Pilot Project for Economical Litigation (§§ 1823-1833.2 and rules 1701-1751). Section 1825.1 and rule 1721 provide that each party shall file with the court a statement containing the names and addresses of witnesses the party intends to call and a description of physical and documentary evidence. The statute and rule require the statement to be filed within 45 days after the case is at issue. This action, in which appellant sought to recover damages for injuries allegedly sustained in an automobile accident, was “at issue,” as that term is defined in rule 1721 (c), on November 28, 1978, and the witness statement was due to be filed by January 12, 1979. Appellant failed to file such a statement. Respondent timely filed her statement on January 8, 1979. The matter was called for trial on May 31, 1979, notice of trial having been received by appellant on February 23, 1979.

When the parties appeared in the master calendar division on May 31, 1979, appellant’s counsel handed to counsel for respondent a witness statement listing a doctor and appellant as witnesses together with medical bills and a report as documentary evidence. The master calendar court denied a motion for relief from default or a continuance, without prejudice to their renewal in the trial court. The trial court denied similar motions and also denied appellant’s request that she and her doctor be called as witnesses. Appellant declined the court’s offer that he call respondent as a witness, stating that it would be fruitless. The court ordered judgment for respondent in light of appellant’s inability to proceed.

The sole question presented to us is whether these rulings constituted an abuse of discretion. Section 1825.3 and rule 1725 provide that at trial a party may call as witnesses only those persons disclosed in the witness statement and may introduce only physical evidence and documents identified therein, unless relief is granted for any of the causes *Supp. 17specified in section 473. The advisory committee comment to rule 1725 makes it clear that the rule is intended to apply to those cases, such as here, where no statement at all has been filed as well as to those cases where an incomplete statement was on file. The comment says that in either situation “the introduction of additional evidence is permitted only upon a sufficient showing of mistake, inadvertence surprise or excusable neglect and only upon such terms as may be just.... ”

Trying to establish his right to relief under section 473, appellant argued that his counsel’s twin brother underwent an operation in January 1979 and was found to have inoperable throat cancer. Since that time, counsel stated, he was compelled to devote a good deal of time in assisting his family in this crisis. Similarly, it was argued that the office was open on a part-time basis with the mail being opened and screened by a secretary who also had a medical crisis in her family when her brother was hospitalized from January through April 1979. Counsel stated that he was unable to keep up with the required demands of his practice and that he had previously answered a request for statement of damages,3 sent interrogatories to respondent and had the matter set for trial. Counsel also argued that he had never litigated a matter under the pilot project and that neither he nor any member of his office was familiar with the rules promulgated thereunder.4 Failure to file the statement was attributed to office confusion caused by the attempt to handle a volume of cases on a part-time emergency basis, combined with a lack of experience with the pilot project procedures.

In opposition to appellant’s motions, respondent stated that on October 27, 1978, Carol Mulrooney, secretary to appellant’s counsel telephoned to request that respondent answer interrogatories previously propounded by appellant. She was told that interrogatories were not allowed under the pilot project and that she should become familiar with the rules. Counsel also said that at a later date the same secretary inquired as to a date for the taking of a deposition and was again referred *Supp. 18to the rules; presumably, those precluding discovery in this litigation. (Rule 1719. See § 1825.) (We have called for and examined the municipal court file. We judicially note that the at-issue memorandum signed by appellant’s counsel on November 8, 1978, expressly states, in capital letters at a place approximately one inch above the space for counsel’s signature, “All parties should be familiar with the rules for trial courts in pilot project for economical litigation (Calif. Rules of Court, Rules 1701 and following)).”

Principal reliance is placed by appellant upon Stub v. Harrison (1939) 35 Cal.App.2d 685 [96 P.2d 979], There it was held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting relief from a default occasioned by a serious injury occurring to the son of defense counsel just prior to the time a defense pleading should have been filed. In affirming the order granting relief from default the court adverted to the remedial philosophy behind section 473, the fact that appellate courts are more inclined to affirm orders granting relief from default than those denying them, and the principle that the section is to be liberally construed particularly where an omission on the part of an attorney might otherwise penalize a litigant. We agree with these principles, and, had the trial court here granted relief from default we would have been most hesitant to upset that ruling, since it would appear to lie well within the limits of the court’s discretion.

But, as Stub v. Harrison points out, even the fact that an appellate court would have reached a conclusion opposed to thát of the trial court (and we do not intimate that we would have ruled differently in this case) “would not necessarily be indicative of an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court....” (35 Cal.App.2d at p. 689.) This proposition applies to rulings under section 473 where the trial court has denied motions for relief from default in the late filing of required pleadings. (A & B Metal Products v. MacArthur Properties, Inc. (1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 642, 648, 650 [89 Cal.Rptr. 873].)

So, in this case we cannot say that there was an abuse of discretion. Appellant’s counsel concededly knew of the rules. His personal misfortune extended over such a long period of time that there was opportunity to secure other counsel, or to ask for relief from default prior to trial. Further, the fact that respondent’s counsel suggested, as an alternative in the event the court was inclined to grant some relief, that sanctions be imposed did not require the motions to be granted. As the advisory committee comment makes clear, the imposition of sanctions *Supp. 19as a condition of relief from default first requires a sufficient showing of mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect. That is lacking here.

The judgment is affirmed. Respondent to recover her costs on appeal.

Dowds, J., concurred.

The majority opinion states the facts and the law admirably but, in my judgment, arrives at the wrong conclusion. Simply stated, is it an abuse of discretion to deny relief under Code of Civil Procedure section 473 to a litigant who files his statement listing witnesses and evidence on the day of trial rather than 45 days after the case is at issue? Under the facts of this case, my answer to this question is yes.

The applicable law is well stated in 5 Witkin, California Procedure (2d ed. 1971) page 3737 as follows: “(1) Policy Influencing Reversal. Where the lower court denies relief the two basic principles (see supra, §162) may come into conflict; i.e., the tendency to uphold the trial court’s determination is opposed to the tendency to permit a trial on the merits.

“In borderline cases the second principle has the greater weight, and, accordingly, the lower court’s order denying relief is often reversed. The opinions in these cases sometimes note that there is no showing that the opening of the default will seriously prejudice the adverse party, and this seems to be an important consideration. Another justification for the reversal is that minor inconvenience or loss resulting from the delay may be alleviated by the court’s power to impose terms and conditions. (See Mitchell v. Calif. etc. S.S. Co. (1909) 156 C. 576, 579, 105 P. 590; Waite v. Southern Pac. Co. (1923) 192 C. 467, 470, 221 P. 204 [‘any doubts which may exist should be resolved in favor of the application, to the end of securing a trial upon the merits’]; Brill v. Fox (1931) 211 C. 739, 744, 297 P. 25; Riskin v. Towers (1944) 24 C.2d 274, 279, 148 P.2d 611; Karlein v. Karlein (1951) 103 C.A.2d 496, 498, 229 P.2d 831; Brasher v. White (1921) 53 C.A. 545, 557, 200 P. 657; Toon v. Pickwick Stages (1924) 66 C.A. 450, 454, 226 P. 628; Buck v. Buck (1954) 126 C.A.2d 137, 141, 271 P.2d 628, supra, § 137; Bice v. Stevens (1958) 160 C.A.2d 222, 233, 325 P.2d 244; Van Dyke v. MacMillan (1958) 162 C.A.2d 594, 598, 328 P.2d 215, supra, § 143; Beckett Co. v. Bobbit (1960) 180 C.A.2d Supp., 921, 927, 4 C.R. 833 [facts undis*Supp. 20puted, and excuse of reliance on opposing attorney’s agreement good]; Daley v. Butte (1964) 227 C.A.2d 380, 390, 38 C.R. 693, supra, §147, citing the text.)” For illustrative purposes only, in Waite v. Southern Pacific Co. (1923) 192 Cal. 467 [221 P. 204] defense counsel, although advised that plaintiff would attempt to obtain a default, insisted that the action belonged in federal court and declined to answer in state court. After the federal court had declined to take jurisdiction, defendant moved unsuccessfully to set aside the default judgment. The Supreme Court held that in the absence of prejudice to the plaintiff, the trial court erred in denying relief. The discretion to deny relief has been further described by the Supreme Court in Brill v. Fox (1931) 211 Cal. 739, 743-744 [297 P. 25] as follows: “The legal principles underlying the granting of motions to set aside defaults are comparatively simple, and have been frequently announced by this court. The question is primarily one within the discretion of the trial court, but this discretion is not capricious or arbitrary, but it is an impartial discretion guided and controlled in its exercise by fixed legal principles.

“‘It is not a mental discretion, to be exercised ex gratia, but a legal discretion, to be exercised in conformity with the spirit of the law, and in a manner to subserve and not to impede or defeat the ends of substantial justice.’ (Bailey v. Taaffe, 29 Cal. 422, 424, quoted with approval in Waite v. Southern Pac. Co., 192 Cal. 467, 470 [221 Pac. 204].) It is also well settled that it is the policy of the law to bring about a trial on the merits wherever possible, so that any doubts which may exist should be resolved in favor of the application, to the end of securing a trial upon the merits. (Jergins v. Schenck, 162 Cal. 747, 748 [124 Pac. 426]; Waite v. Southern Pac. Co., supra.) Although it is true that courts of appeal have shown great reluctance in cases of this kind to disturb the order of the trial court, it is equally true that denials of such relief by the trial court are scanned more carefully than cases where the trial court has granted the relief, to the end that wherever possible cases may be heard on their merits.”

The engrossed statement on appeal in our case contains no showing of prejudice to the defendant either from the late filing of the witness statement or from a short continuance. The case was barely one year old and defendant had made her first appearance nine and one-half months earlier. There was no indication that a short delay would be harmful to anyone. Defendant in opposition to plaintiff’s motions suggested an alternative of sanctions should the court grant plaintiff relief.

*Supp. 21At oral argument, counsel for defendant admitted that a continuance would have obviated any prejudice to her and went so far as to acknowledge that he might have granted plaintiff a continuance if requested the night before trial.

In my view, depriving this plaintiff of his day in court, on the facts shown by this record, was an abuse of discretion.

I would reverse the judgment.