FILED OCT 15 2019 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: BAP No. NV-19-1008-LBKu

RICK DAVID BELCASTRO, Bk. No. 2:17-bk-11115-abl

Debtor. Adv. No. 2:17-ap-01197-abl

GREGORY KELLY, MEMORANDUM* Appellant.

Argued and Submitted on September 26, 2019 at Pasadena, California

Filed – October 15, 2019

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada

Honorable August B. Landis, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Appearances: Appellant Gregory Kelly argued pro se.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. Before: LAFFERTY, BRAND, and KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION

Gregory Kelly appeals the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of his

adversary proceeding against Debtor under §§ 523 and 727.1 Debtor died

during the pendency of that proceeding, and Mr. Kelly was formally

served with a notice of death. Mr. Kelly admits he was aware of Civil Rule

25, which requires a motion to substitute a successor to be filed within 90

days of the notice of death. He did not timely file such a motion or request

an extension of the time to do so. The bankruptcy court thus dismissed the

adversary proceeding with prejudice and denied Mr. Kelly’s subsequent

motion for reconsideration.

Finding no error in the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of Civil

Rule 25 or abuse of discretion in its denial of reconsideration, we AFFIRM.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND 2

Debtor Rick David Belcastro filed a chapter 7 petition in March 2017.

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code,

. All “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 2 Mr. Kelly did not provide a complete record on appeal. We have thus exercised our discretion to review the bankruptcy court’s electronic docket and pleadings. See O'Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.),

, 957–58 (9th Cir. 1989); Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood),

, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).

2 Mr. Kelly, as assignee of a $36,083 unsecured debt owed by Debtor, filed a

timely complaint objecting to dischargeability of that debt under

§ 523(a)(2)(A) and seeking denial of Debtor’s discharge under

§§ 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), and (a)(4)(A). Debtor filed an answer, and the matter

was set for trial.

In January 2018, during the pendency of the adversary proceeding,

Debtor passed away. On March 30, 2018, Debtor’s counsel, Scott Cantor,

filed a Suggestion of Death informing the court that Mr. Belcastro was

deceased. It is undisputed that the parties to the adversary proceeding,

including Mr. Kelly, were served electronically with the Suggestion of

Death. Thereafter, Mr. Cantor moved to withdraw as counsel for the

Debtor; the bankruptcy court entered an order granting the motion on

August 30, 2018.

In the meantime, Mr. Kelly filed a motion for partial summary

judgment seeking entry of judgment on the § 727(a)(4) claim for false oath.

No opposition was filed, and at the initial hearing on the motion on

September 4, 2018, the bankruptcy court deemed the matter submitted and

indicated it would announce its oral ruling on September 24, 2018, the date

set for trial. The court also commented: “The Court notes that . . . the only

substantive issue that’s raised by this adversary proceeding and the motion

for summary judgment is whether or not a decedent ought to get a chapter

7 discharge in his bankruptcy case. I'll deal with that on the date and time

3 that I’ve referenced on the record.” Hr’g Tr. (Sept. 4, 2018) at 4:7-11.

At the September 24 hearing, the bankruptcy court found that

Mr. Kelly’s summary judgment evidence established by a preponderance

of the evidence the elements of the § 727(a)(4)(A) claim and that no genuine

issue of material fact remained for trial.3 The court, however, declined to

enter an order granting summary judgment on that claim. The court

instead dismissed the entire complaint with prejudice because Mr. Kelly

had failed to move for substitution of a proper party within 90 days after

being served with the Suggestion of Death as required by Civil Rule 25(a),

applicable in bankruptcy via Rule 7025.4 The court entered an order

dismissing the adversary proceeding on September 25, 2018.

Thereafter, Mr. Kelly filed three motions. First, he filed a timely

motion for reconsideration. In the motion, Mr. Kelly stated that he had

been aware of Civil Rule 25 since March 30, 2018 (the date the Suggestion

of Death was filed). He indicated that he chose not to file a motion for

substitution because: (1) the Suggestion of Death had not been served on

nonparties as required by Civil Rule 25, so he believed the 90-day time

period had not been triggered; and (2) he had been unable to identify a

3 A § 727 claim is not extinguished upon the death of a chapter 7 debtor. KOB v. Brand (In re Brand),

(Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2016) (citing Hawkins v. Eads (In re Eads),

(Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1991)). 4 As the Suggestion of Death had been filed and served on March 30, 2018, the court found that the 90-day deadline expired June 28, 2018.

4 “legitimate substitute party” to represent Debtor’s probate estate in the

adversary proceeding. He noted that neither the original nor the successor

personal representative, nor the attorney for the Debtor’s probate estate,

had been served with the Suggestion of Death,5 and, in any event, none of

those individuals wanted to be involved in the adversary proceeding, so he

believed they would have opposed any motion to substitute. He attached a

copy of an email he had sent to the attorney for the probate estate on

March 31, 2018, and her response dated April 2, 2018, in which she

indicated that the probate estate would not be involved in the bankruptcy

unless so directed by the chapter 7 trustee. He asserted that his failure to

file a motion to substitute was due to excusable neglect such that the

bankruptcy court should extend the 90-day deadline.

Mr. Kelly also complained that he had been unfairly blindsided by

the court’s ruling because the bankruptcy court never mentioned Civil Rule

25 at the September 4 hearing or a September 12 pre-trial conference,6 so he

never had an opportunity to present his arguments regarding his

noncompliance with the rule.

Mr. Kelly also filed a timely motion for a new trial or an amendment

5 Copies of Nevada state court documents attached to the motion for reconsideration indicated that the first personal representative was appointed on March 23, 2018, and the successor personal representative on July 25, 2018. 6 For reasons that are not clear, there is no record of such a pre-trial conference on the court’s docket.

5 to the judgment under Civil Rule 59 and a motion to extend the time to file

a motion to substitute the proper party.

The court denied all three motions on the record at a hearing on

December 18, 2018, entering a written order on December 27, 2018.

Mr. Kelly timely appealed.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under

and

157(b)(2)(I) and (J). We have jurisdiction under

.

ISSUES

Did the bankruptcy court err in dismissing the adversary proceeding

for Mr. Kelly’s failure timely to substitute a party in accordance with Civil

Rule 25 after the death of Debtor-Defendant?

Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in denying

reconsideration?

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

“The proper interpretation of Rule 25(a) is a question of law that we

review de novo. Factual findings relevant to the application of Rule 25(a)

are reviewed for clear error.” Barlow v. Ground,

(9th Cir.

1994) (citations omitted).

“De novo review requires that we consider a matter anew, as if no

decision had been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re Francis),

(9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citations omitted).

6 Factual findings are clearly erroneous if they are illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz),

(9th Cir. 2010). If two views of the evidence are

possible, the court’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City,

(1985).

We review for abuse of discretion a bankruptcy court’s denial of a

motion for reconsideration. See Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.,

(9th Cir. 2010); Tennant v. Rojas (In re Tennant),

(9th Cir. BAP 2004). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies

the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or if its

factual findings are illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences

that may be drawn from the facts in the record. TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v.

Edriver Inc.,

(9th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Hinkson,

(9th Cir. 2009) (en banc)).

DISCUSSION

A. The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing the adversary proceeding due to Mr. Kelly’s failure timely to substitute a party in accordance with Civil Rule 25.

Civil Rule 25, entitled “Substitution of Parties,” sets forth the

procedures to be followed in the event of the death of a party. Specifically,

subsection (a) of that rule provides, in relevant part:

7 (a) Death.

(1) Substitution if the Claim Is Not Extinguished. If a party dies and the claim is not extinguished, the court may order substitution of the proper party. A motion for substitution may be made by any party or by the decedent’s successor or representative. If the motion is not made within 90 days after service of a statement noting the death, the action by or against the decedent must be dismissed.

....

(3) Service. A motion to substitute, together with a notice of hearing, must be served on the parties as provided in Rule 5 and on nonparties as provided in Rule 4. A statement noting death must be served in the same manner. Service may be made in any judicial district.

As can be seen, the rule itself is silent as to which party has the

burden to file the statement noting death or the motion to substitute. The

advisory committee notes to this rule explain:

A motion to substitute may be made by any party or by the representative of the deceased party without awaiting the suggestion of death. Indeed, the motion will usually be so made. If a party or the representative of the deceased party desires to limit the time within which another may make the motion, he may do so by suggesting the death upon the record.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 advisory committee’s note.

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that the 90-day deadline

for filing a motion to substitute is not triggered until two affirmative steps

8 have occurred. Barlow,

. “First, a party must formally suggest

the death of the party on the record. Second, the suggesting party must

serve other parties and nonparty successors or representatives of the

deceased with a suggestion of death in the same manner as required for

service of the motion to substitute.”

(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1);

additional citations omitted).7

In Barlow, the plaintiff died during the pendency of his civil rights

action against the City of San Diego. The City thereafter suggested the

plaintiff’s death on the record and served his counsel by first class mail.

After the 90-day period for filing motion to substitute had expired, the City

moved to have the case dismissed for plaintiff’s counsel’s failure timely to

substitute the proper party, and the district court granted the motion. The

issue on appeal was whether service by mail of the suggestion of death on

the attorney for the decedent’s estate triggered the 90-day deadline. The

Circuit held that it did not, because service on the attorney did not comply

with Civil Rule 4. It held that the deadline would “not be triggered against

[the decedent’s] estate until the appropriate representative of the estate is

served a suggestion of death in the manner provided by Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 4.” Barlow, 39 F.3d at 233–34.

7 We note that Civil Rule 25(a) contains no requirement that a motion to substitute must be filed by the suggesting party and in fact provides that such a motion may be filed by “any party.”

9 Mr. Kelly relies on Barlow for his conclusion that the 90-day deadline

to file a motion to substitute was not triggered because the personal

representative was not served with the Suggestion of Death. But Barlow is

distinguishable. In that case, it was undisputed that the City (the

suggesting party) knew the identity of the executor of the decedent’s estate.

. Accordingly, Barlow provides no guidance as to how to proceed

when the representative of the decedent is unknown, nor did the case

address who has the burden to ascertain and disclose the identity of the

personal representative. See

(noting that the court of appeals did

not need to address the question of how to proceed when the appropriate

representative could not be ascertained when the suggestion of death was

filed).

In a more recent case that involved an unascertained personal

representative, the bankruptcy court for the Central District of California

held that, in such a circumstance, the plaintiff had the burden to discover

the identity of that individual and file the motion to substitute; its failure to

do so in a timely manner warranted dismissal of the adversary proceeding

as to the deceased debtor. In re Brand,

.

In Brand, married joint debtors were defendants in a § 727 action.

During the pendency of the action, the debtor husband died. When that

fact was brought to the court’s attention, it issued an order continuing trial,

giving notice of the husband’s passing, and inviting parties to file

10 appropriate motions. The court served the order on the parties to the § 727

action but not on any nonparty representatives of the husband’s estate

because there were no ascertained nonparties to the litigation. Id. at 42-43.

When two months passed with no motions filed, the court issued a second

order informing the parties that their trial briefs needed to address the

effect of the death of the husband on the pending action and the effect of

any party’s failure to file any dispositive motion regarding his death. Id. at

38. But no motions were filed before the expiration of the 90-day deadline

under Civil Rule 25, which the court found had been triggered by its order

notifying the parties of the husband’s death. Id. at 41. Accordingly, the

bankruptcy court dismissed the § 727 action with prejudice as to the

husband. Id. at 39.

The bankruptcy court in Brand acknowledged that the Ninth Circuit

in Barlow had held that service on nonparty successors or representatives

was required to trigger the 90-day deadline. But it pointed out that the

panel in that appeal had expressly declined to address the situation where

the appropriate nonparties could not be ascertained at the time the

suggestion of death was filed. Id. The court noted the absence of any

binding authority on the issue and went on to analyze cases from courts in

other circuits, which had come to different conclusions as to who has the

burden to ascertain the identity of the nonparty representative of a

decedent’s estate, specifically, Unicorn Tales v. Banerjee,

(2d Cir.

11 1998); McSurely v. McLellan,

(D.C. Cir. 1985); and Rende v. Kay,

(D.C. Cir. 1969).

In Rende, the D.C. Circuit held that in circumstances where the

appropriate nonparties are unascertained, the plaintiff should not have the

burden to locate the representative of the estate, and therefore the 90-day

deadline is not triggered unless the suggestion of death identifies the

representative or successor of the estate who could be substituted as a

party for the deceased.

. See also McSurely,

(same). The Rende court’s decision was driven in part by a concern that

holding otherwise would “open the door to a tactical maneuver to place

upon the plaintiff the burden of locating the representative of the estate

within 90 days.” In re Rende,

. In contrast, the Second Circuit

in Unicorn Tales noted that the text of Civil Rule 25 does not require the

identity of the representative to be included on the notice of death, nor the

decedent’s estate to be probated before notice of death can be given, nor a

representative to be selected before notice can be given. 138 F.3d at 470. As

such, notice to the nonparty representative is not required to trigger the 90-

day deadline. Id. The Second Circuit noted that in the situation where there

was an “inability or significant difficulty” in identifying the decedent’s

legal representative or successor, a motion could be brought under Civil

Rule 6(b) to enlarge the time in which to file a motion for substitution. Id.

Ultimately, the bankruptcy court in Brand concluded that Unicorn

12 Tales was more persuasive based on (1) the plain language of the statute;

and (2) the general principle that it is the plaintiff’s burden to prosecute its

case. Thus, the court held, the plaintiff had the burden to ascertain the

identity of the representative and to file a motion to substitute. It noted that

other courts had identified possible solutions to the dilemma presented

when a decedent’s successor is unascertained, such as filing a motion to

substitute along with discovery requests to ascertain the appropriate

person. The court declined to opine on the propriety of a specific solution,

however, because in the case before it, the plaintiff had participated in

several hearings and had been served with two orders asking the parties to

file appropriate motions but had not taken any action. In re Brand,

.

Although the facts of Brand differ slightly from the facts presented

here, we find the reasoning of In re Brand and the case it relies on to be

persuasive and applicable.

By his own admission, Mr. Kelly knew the identities of the personal

representatives and counsel for the probate estate by March 31, 2018 at the

latest. He did not disclose that information to the bankruptcy court. And

although the probate estate’s counsel indicated that the personal

representative did not want to participate in the bankruptcy case, Mr. Kelly

never availed himself of the opportunity to inform the court of the situation

or to ask the bankruptcy court to extend the 90-day deadline or to clarify

13 whether such an extension was necessary in the circumstances.

Mr. Kelly asserts that In re Brand is distinguishable because

Mr. Cantor knew the identity of the personal representative for Debtor’s

estate when he filed the Suggestion of Death but failed to serve her. In the

same vein, Mr. Kelly argues that the bankruptcy court erred in finding that

when the Suggestion of Death was filed, no non-party had been

ascertained.8 But Mr. Kelly points to no evidence in the record that Mr.

Cantor knew the identity of the personal representative.9 Nor is there

anything in the record showing that the bankruptcy court had been

informed of the identity of that individual. In short, on the record before it,

the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that the 90-day deadline for

filing a motion to substitute had expired, thus mandating dismissal of the

adversary proceeding.

Mr. Kelly also complains that, because the court first raised Civil Rule

25 on the date set for trial, he was not afforded an opportunity to testify as

to his reasons for not filing a motion to substitute. Mr. Kelly’s argument

has some facial appeal, given that he had no notice that the bankruptcy

8 According to the bankruptcy court, “[w]hen the suggestion of death was filed in this case, no non-party, required to be served under Civil Rule 4, had been ascertained, and the only parties to this adversary proceeding were Kelly and Belcastro. The suggestion of death at ECF 73 does not identify a successor to decedent Belcastro.” Hr’g Tr. (Sept. 24, 2018) at 8:20-24; ER Ex. J. 9 At oral argument of this appeal, Mr. Kelly conceded he had not presented any such evidence to the bankruptcy court.

14 court intended to dismiss the adversary proceeding. Ideally, the court

would have given Mr. Kelly some advance warning that it was considering

dismissal, perhaps on the record at the September 4 status conference or by

issuing an order to show cause. But Mr. Kelly’s timely motion for

reconsideration afforded him the opportunity to present his explanation

and arguments. Accordingly, to the extent the bankruptcy court erred in

failing to give advance notice, such error was harmless.10

B. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying reconsideration.

Although Mr. Kelly’s motion for reconsideration did not specify the

authority he relied on, we construe the motion (as did the bankruptcy

court) as a motion to alter or amend judgment under Civil Rule 59(e),

applicable in bankruptcy proceedings by Rule 9023. Reconsideration under

Civil Rule 59(e) is an “extraordinary remedy, to be used sparingly in the

interests of finality and conservation of judicial resources.” Kona Enters.,

Inc. v. Estate of Bishop,

, 890 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted).

“[A] motion for reconsideration should not be granted, absent highly

10 It does not appear that Mr. Kelly requested an opportunity to explain his failure to file a motion to substitute. He was present at the September 4 and September 24 hearings and, although he included in his excerpts partial transcripts of both hearings, those transcripts contain only the court’s comments (September 4) and ruling (September 24). When an appellant fails to include the entire record, we are entitled to presume that he does not regard the missing items as helpful to his appeal. Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis),

(9th Cir. BAP 1994), aff’d,

(9th Cir. 1996) (table).

15 unusual circumstances, unless the [trial] court is presented with newly

discovered evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an intervening

change in the controlling law.” Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Mucos Pharma

GmbH & Co.,

(9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 389 Orange St.

Partners v. Arnold,

(9th Cir. 1999)). A party may not use a

motion for reconsideration as a vehicle to present a new legal theory for the

first time, to raise legal arguments which could have been raised in

connection with the original motion, or to rehash the same arguments

presented the first time or simply express the opinion that the court was

wrong. Wall St. Plaza, LLC v. JSJF Corp. (In re JSJF Corp.),

(9th Cir. BAP 2006), aff’d and remanded, 277 Fed. App’x 718 (9th Cir. 2008).

The bankruptcy court denied the motion for reconsideration because

it found that Mr. Kelly had not established any grounds for relief under

Civil Rule 59. First, it found that none of the evidence submitted with

Mr. Kelly’s motion qualified as “newly discovered.” Second, it found that

there was no intervening change in controlling law, and finally, that

Mr. Kelly had not satisfied his burden of proving the court committed clear

error in entering its order and judgment dismissing the adversary

proceeding.

On appeal, Mr. Kelly has not articulated any coherent argument as to

how the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in denying reconsideration.

He argues that, in the motion, he provided evidence of the identity of the

16 personal representative and demonstrated that she had not been served

with the Suggestion of Death, but he does not explain why this matters

under the relevant authorities in the absence of any evidence that

Mr. Cantor knew the identify of the personal representative when he filed

the Suggestion of Death. Mr. Kelly has not convinced us that the

bankruptcy court’s interpretation or application of Civil Rule 25 under the

facts before it was so clearly erroneous under the relevant standard as to

constitute reversible error, or that the court clearly erred in its factual

findings.

Mr. Kelly also argues that his failure to file a motion to substitute was

due to excusable neglect. Although he made this argument in his motion

for reconsideration and motion to substitute, the bankruptcy court

apparently made no finding as to excusable neglect.11 But even if a

bankruptcy court does not make formal findings, we may still review its

ruling “if a complete understanding of the issues may be obtained from the

record as a whole or if there can be no genuine dispute about omitted

findings.” Veal v. Am. Home Mortg. Serv., Inc. (In re Veal),

, 919-

20 (9th Cir. BAP 2011) (citations omitted).

11 Again, we have only a partial transcript of the December 18, 2018 hearing at which the court delivered its oral ruling on the motion for reconsideration. The transcript appears to be missing what occurred at the beginning and end of the hearing, and there is an omission from page 5 of the partial transcript showing that two minutes of the hearing, from 3:34 p.m. to 3:36 p.m., were not requested to be transcribed.

17 Relief from judgment on grounds of excusable neglect is authorized

under Civil Rule 60(b)(1), applicable via Rule 9024.12 Excusable neglect is

also a ground for granting an untimely motion to extend a deadline under

Rule 9006(b)(1).13 The trial court is to determine excusable neglect under

the equitable analysis set forth in Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs.

Ltd. P’ship,

(1993), which takes into account all the

surrounding circumstances. These include: (1) the danger of prejudice to

the parties, (2) the length of the delay and its potential impact on judicial

proceedings, (3) the reason for the delay, and (4) whether the party seeking

12 Civil Rule 60(b) provides, in relevant part:

(b) Grounds for Relief from a Final Judgment, Order, or Proceeding. On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons:

(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect[.] 13 That rule provides:

Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subdivision, when an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified period by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if the request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order or (2) on motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.

Rule 9006(b)(1).

18 to be excused from neglect acted in good faith.

; Briones v. Riviera

Hotel & Casino,

, 381–82 (9th Cir. 1997) (equitable test set forth

in Pioneer applies to motions for relief under Civil Rule 60(b)). The court is

to determine the issue of excusable neglect within the context of the

particular case before it. Pincay v. Andrews,

(9th Cir. 2004).

Mr. Kelly did not fully develop his excusable neglect argument,

either in the bankruptcy court or on appeal. His sole argument as to

excusable neglect addresses only the third factor, the reason for the delay,

which is his assumption that the 90-day deadline of Civil Rule 25 was

never triggered and, in any event, there was no one who would have

agreed to substitute into the adversary proceeding as defendant.

Mr. Kelly’s argument assumes Mr. Cantor knew the identity of the

personal representative, but, as noted, he presented no evidence to support

this assumption. The record shows that Mr. Kelly knew about the rule but

simply assumed he was not required to take any action to preserve his

rights in the period following the filing of the Suggestion of Death, and he

has provided no other explanation for why he did not bring any of the

salient facts to the court’s attention before the deadline expired. It is

difficult to see how Mr. Kelly’s intentional failure to take any action

amounts to “neglect” at all, let alone excusable neglect. See Jacobson v.

Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors (In re Mahoney Hawkes),

(1st Cir. BAP 2002) (creditor’s deliberate decision not to file timely a proof

19 of claim was not excusable neglect). Mr. Kelly simply has not met his

burden to demonstrate that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in

denying reconsideration on any ground.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM.

20