Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp.
Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp.
Opinion of the Court
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT
On January 15, 2013, Martin Vogel filed a complaint against Rite Aid Corporation, dba Rite Aid # 05585, Thrifty Payless, Inc., dba Rite Aid # 05585, and William J. Knight, trustee of the William J. Knight Living Trust dated May 11, 2000 (“Knight”), alleging violations of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.; the California Unruh Civil Rights Act (“the Unruh Act”), California Civil Code § 51; the California Disabled Persons Act (“the CDPA”), California Civil Code § 54; and California Health and Safety Code § 19953.
I. FACTS ALLEGED IN THE COMPLAINT
Vogel is a T-3 paraplegic due to a motorcycle accident in 1986.
Vogel visited Rite Aid and encountered both physical and intangible barriers that interfered with or thwarted his ability to use and enjoy the goods, services, privileges, and accommodations offered at the facility.
Vogel alleges that he was deterred from visiting Rite Aid on other occasions because he knew Rite Aid’s goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations were unavailable to physically disabled patrons like him.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard Governing Motions for Entry of Default Judgment
A court may enter judgment against parties whose default has been taken pursuant to Rule 55(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See PepsiCo, Inc. v. California Security Cans., 238 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1174 (C.D.Cal. 2002); Kloepping v. Fireman’s Fund, No. C 94-2684 TEH, 1996 WL 75314, *2 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 13, 1996).
Granting or denying a motion for default judgment is a matter within the court’s discretion. Elektra Entertainment Group Inc. v. Bryant, No. CV 03-6381 GAF (JTLx), 2004 WL 783123, *1 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 13, 2004); see also Sony Music Entm’t Inc. v. Elias, No. CV 03-6387 DT (RCX), 2004 WL 141959, *3 (C.D.Cal. Jan. 20, 2004). The Ninth Circuit has directed that courts consider the following factors in deciding whether to enter default judgment: (1) the possibility of prejudice to plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claims, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning the material facts; (6) whether defendant’s default was the product of excusable neglect, and (7) the strong public policy favoring decisions on the merits. See Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986); see also Bryant, 2004 WL 783123 at *1-2.
Once a party’s default has been entered, the factual allegations of the complaint, except those concerning damages, are deemed to have been admitted by the non-responding party. See Fed. R.Civ. Proc. 8(b)(6); see also, e.g., Geddes v. United Fin.Group, 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977) (stating the general rule that “upon default[,] the factual allegations of the complaint, except those relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true”). The court, however, must still “consider whether the unchallenged facts constitute a legitimate cause of action, since a party in default does not admit mere conclusions of law.” 10A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 3d § 2688, at 63 (1998) (footnote omitted); see also Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) (“[Njecessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default”); Doe v. Qi, 349 F.Supp.2d 1258, 1272 (N.D.Cal. 2004) (“[Although] the factual allegations of [the] complaint together with other competent evidence submitted by the moving party are normally taken as true ... this Court must still review the facts to insure that the Plaintiffs have properly stated claims for relief’).
If the court determines that the allegations in the complaint are sufficient to establish liability, it must then determine the “amount and character” of the relief that should be awarded. 10A
B. Procedural Requirements
Before a court can enter default judgment against a defendant, the plaintiff must satisfy the procedural requirements for default judgments set forth in Rules 54(c)
Vogel has satisfied these requirements. His motion states that the clerk entered Knight’s default on the complaint on March 13, 2013.
C. The Eitel Factors
The court must next determine whether, applying the Eitel factors, granting Vogel’s
1. Possibility of Prejudice to Plaintiff
The first Eitel factor considers whether a plaintiff will suffer prejudice if a default judgment is not entered. PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177. Vogel contends that he has been, and continues to, suffer discrimination due to physical disability because of Knight’s failure to comply with the ADAAG and California Building Code requirements in violation of the ADA, the Unruh Act, and the CDPA.
2. The Merits of Vogel’s Substantive Claim and Sufficiency of the Complaint
The second and third Eitel factors “require that a plaintiff state a claim on which [it] may recover.” PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1175; see also Discovery Commc’n, Inc. v. Animal Planet, Inc., 172 F.Supp.2d 1282, 1288 (C.D.Cal. 2001) (“The Ninth Circuit has suggested that the [] two Eitel factor[s] involving the substantive merits of Plaintiffs claims and the sufficiency of the complaint [] ‘require that plaintiffs allegations state a claim on which [it] may recover,’ ” quoting Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1388 (9th Cir. 1978)). As mentioned, Vogel’s complaint pleads causes of action for violation of the ADA, the Unruh Act, the CDPA, and the California Health and Safety Code. His motion addresses only the claims for violation of the ADA and the Unruh Act. Because the court determines that Vogel has stated a claim under these two statutes and that he can recover all of his requested relief based on Knight’s violation of these two statutes, it evaluates only these two claims.
a. Discrimination Under Title III of the ADA
Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination by public accommodations. It provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). Vogel alleges that Knight owns, operates, and/or leases the Rite Aid.
“To prevail on a Title III discrimination claim, the plaintiff must show that (1) [he] is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) the defendant is a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation; and (3) the plaintiff was denied public accommodations by the defendant because of his disability.” Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal alteration orig
i. Whether Vogel Has Standing to Bring his ADA Claim
As with all causes of action, a plaintiff must have Aticle III standing to bring a claim under the ADA. To establish Article III standing, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he or she has suffered an injury in fact, that the injury is traceable to the defendant’s challenged conduct, and that the injury can be redressed by a favorable decision. Hubbard v. Rite Aid Corp., 433 F.Supp.2d 1150, 1162 (S.D.Cal. 2006). Vogel has Article III standing because he alleges that he was denied access to the services of Rite Ad and deterred from seeking those services in the future; this allegation is accepted as true by virtue of Knight’s default. Rite Ad’s architectural barriers were purportedly the cause of the denial of access, and Knight allegedly knew of it. Finally, an award of statutory damages and an injunction would redress Vogel’s alleged injuries.
Where a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief, he must also demonstrate a significant possibility of future harm. See San Diego County Gun Rights Comm. v. Reno, 98 F.3d 1121, 1126 (9th Cir. 1996). “In the ADA context, in determining the likelihood that a plaintiff will return to defendant’s facility, courts have examined such factors as (1) the proximity of the place of public accommodation to plaintiff’s residence, (2) plaintiffs past patronage of defendant’s business, (3) the definitiveness of plaintiffs plans to return, and (4) the plaintiffs frequency of travel near defendant.” Hubbard, 433 F.Supp.2d at 1162. Athough Vogel does not allege an intent to return to the Store, this is not fatal to his case. Indeed, “[d]emonstrating an intent to return to a non-compliant accommodation is but one way for an injured plaintiff to establish Aticle III standing to pursue injunctive relief. A disabled individual also suffers a cognizable injury if he is deterred from visiting a noncompliant public accommodation because he has encountered barriers related to his disability there.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 949 (9th Cir. 2011) (emphasis added); see also Doran v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 1034, 1042 n. 5 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Once a disabled individual has encountered or become aware of alleged ADA violations that deter his patronage of or otherwise interfere with his access to a place of public accommodation, he has already suffered an injury in fact traceable to the defendant’s conduct and capable of being redressed by the courts, and so he possesses standing under Aticle III ... ”); Pickern v. Holiday Quality Foods Inc., 293 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2002) (“We hold that a disabled individual who is currently deterred from patronizing a public accommodation due to a defendant’s failure to comply with the ADA has suffered ‘actual injury’ ”). Since Vogel has alleged that he was twice deterred and continues to be deterred from visiting Rite Ad,
The ADA defines disability as “[a] physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities ... [,] a record of such an impairment[,] or being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). Major life activities as defined by the ADA include walking and standing. Id., § 12102(2). Vogel asserts in his declaration that he is a paraplegic, is “unable to walk or stand, and requirefs] the use of a wheelchair when traveling about in public.”
iii. Whether Vogel Has Shown that the Store is a Place of Public Accommodation
A sales establishment is a place of public accommodation. Id., § 12181(7)(E). Vogel asserts that Rite Aid is a sales establishment open to the public, and is intended for nonresidential use.
iv.Whether Vogel Has Shown that the Store’s Architectural Barriers Denied Him Public Accommodations Due to His Disability
The next two elements of an ADA architectural barriers claim evaluate whether architectural barriers worked to discriminate against the plaintiff on account of his physical disability. Vogel states in his declaration that he visited Rite Aid on at least one occasion.
Vogel contends these barriers violate the ADAAG.
v. Whether Vogel Has Shown the Removal of These Barriers is Readily Achievable
Whether removal of a barrier is readily achievable involves consideration of four factors:
“A) the nature and cost of the action needed ...; B) the overall financial resources of the facility or facilities involved in the action; the number of persons employed at such facility; the effect on expenses and resources, or the impact otherwise of such action upon the operation of the facility; C) the overall financial resources of the covered entity; the overall size of the business of a covered entity with respect to the number of its employees; the number, type, and location of its facilities; and D) the type of operation or operations of the covered entity, including the composition, structure, and functions of the workforce of such entity; the geographic separateness, administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities in question to the covered entity.” Hubbard, 433 F.Supp.2d at 1168 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9)).
The Ninth Circuit has yet to decide who has the burden of proving that removal of an architectural barrier is readily achievable. Various district courts throughout the circuit, however, have applied the Tenth Circuit’s burden-shifting framework, as articulated in Colorado Cross Disability v. Hermanson Family, Ltd., 264 F.3d 999 (10th Cir. 2001). There the court held that the “[p]laintiff bears the initial burden of production to present evidence that a suggested method of barrier removal is readily achievable.” Id. at 1006. If the plaintiff makes this showing, the burden shifts to the defendant, who “bears the ultimate burden of persuasion regarding [his] affirmative defense that a suggested method of barrier removal is not readily achievable.” Id.; see Beahm, 2011 WL 5508893 at *2 (noting that district courts in the Ninth Circuit often apply the Colorado Cross framework); see also Hubbard, 433 F.Supp.2d at 1168 (noting that defendants bear the ultimate burden of proving that removal is not readily achievable); Sceper v. Trucks Plus, No. Civ S-09-0801 GEB EFB, 2009 WL 3763823, *3 (E.D.Cal. Nov. 3, 2009) (agreeing with the District of Arizona that until the Ninth Circuit provides additional and specific instruction to lower courts, it will follow the overwhelming majority of federal courts that apply the burden-shifting framework, especially in the context of a default judgment where defendants have
Vogel provides little information about any of these factors. He does, however, allege that Knight knew of the architectural barriers at Rite Aid and has the financial resources to remove the barriers without difficulty or expense, yet has refused to either remove the barriers, make the services available through alternative methods, or seek an exemption.
Vogel’s allegation that removal of the barriers was readily achievable is sufficient to satisfy his burden of production. See, e.g., Johnson v. Hall, 2012 WL 1604715, *3 (E.D.Cal. May 7, 2012) (holding that plaintiffs allegation that architectural barriers “are readily removable” and that he sought injunctive relief to remove all readily achievable barriers” satisfied his burden); Beahm, 2011 WL 5508893 at *3 (holding that plaintiffs allegations that architectural barriers were readily removable was sufficient because plaintiffs allegations were taken as true on default); see also Sceper, 2009 WL 3763823 at *4 (granting default judgment on plaintiffs ADA claim even though plaintiff did not specifically allege that removal of barriers was readily achievable, but instead alleged that defendants were required to remove architectural barriers). Knight, for his part, has failed to meet his burden because he failed to appear and defend. The court thus concludes that Vogel has established the fifth and final element of his Title III discrimination claim. Vogel has stated a cause of action under the ADA.
b. Discrimination Under the California Unruh Civil Rights Act
The Unruh Act provides that “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their ... disability, [or] medical condition ... are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever.” Cal. Civ.Code § 51(b). Unlike the ADA, the Unruh Act permits the recovery of monetary damages, in the form of actual and treble damages or statutory damages of $4,000 per violation. See M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d at 731 (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a)). A violation of the ADA necessarily violates the Unruh Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f), and, although required if not based on an ADA violation, “no showing of inten
c. Conclusion Regarding Second and Third Eitel Factors
Taking the facts alleged in the complaint as true, the court concludes that Vogel has stated a claim for disability discrimination under both the ADA and the Unruh Civil Rights Act. The second and third Eitel factors thus favor entry of default judgment on these claims.
3. The Sum of Money at Stake
The fourth Eitel factor balances “the amount of money at stake in relation to the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct.” PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1175; see also Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. Default judgment is disfavored where the sum of money at stake is too large or unreasonable in relation to defendant’s conduct. See Truong Giang Corp. v. Twinstar Tea Corp., No. C 06-03594 JSW, 2007 WL 1545173, *12 (N.D.Cal. May 29, 2007) (citing Totten v. Hurrell, No. 00-2718, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20259, *2 (ND.Cal. Nov. 28, 2001)).
Vogel seeks a judgment of $13,739.20, including statutory damages, attorneys’ fees and costs.
4. The Possibility of Dispute
The next Eitel factor considers the possibility that material facts are disputed. PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. As discussed, Vogel has adequately alleged disability discrimination in violation of the ADA and the Unruh Act by enumerating the architectural barriers present at Rite Aid in his complaint. Knight has failed to appear and has therefore admitted all material facts alleged in Vogel’s pleading. See, e.g., PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177 (“Upon entry of default, all well-pleaded facts in the complaint are taken as true, except those relating to damages,” citing
5.Possibility of Excusable Neglect
The seventh Eitel factor considers whether a defendant’s default may have resulted from excusable neglect. PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; see also Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. The possibility of excusable neglect in this case is remote. There is no indication that Knight allowed the trust’s default to be taken as the result of excusable neglect. The record indicates that Knight had adequate notice he had been sued in his capacity as trustee— Knight was properly served with the summons and complaint,
6.Policy Favoring Decisions on the Merits
“Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472. The mere enactment of Rule 55(b) indicates, however, that “this preference, standing alone, is not dispositive.” PepsiCo, 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177 (quoting Kloepping, 1996 WL 75314 at *3); id. (“Defendant’s failure to answer Plaintiffs’ Complaint makes a decision on the merits impractical, if not impossible”). Since Knight failed to appear and defend, the seventh Eitel factor does not preclude the entry of default judgment against him.
7.Conclusion Regarding the Eitel Factors
Aside from the policy of deciding cases on the merits, all of the Eitel factors weigh in favor of the entry of default judgment. Consequently, the court finds it appropriate to grant Vogel’s motion for default judgment against Knight.
D. The Character and Amount of Plaintiffs Recovery
As mentioned, Vogel seeks injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees and costs under the ADA and Unruh Act, and statutory damages under the Unruh Act.
1. Statutory Damages
Vogel seeks $12,000 in statutory damages under the Unruh Act.
“A plaintiff demonstrates that he or she was deterred from accessing a place of public accommodation on a particular occasion only if both of the following apply: (1) The plaintiff had actual knowledge of a violation or violations that prevented or reasonably dissuaded the
plaintiff from accessing a place of public accommodation that the plaintiff intended to use on a particular occasion; (2) The violation or violations would have actually denied the plaintiff full and equal access if the plaintiff had accessed the place of public accommodation on that particular occasion.” Cal. Civ.Code § 55.56(c).
The Ninth Circuit has stated that a plaintiff can recover statutory damages even if he did not enter the facility. Hubbard v. Genuine Parts Co., No. 03 CV 00196 J JAH, 2003 WL 24219646, *2 (S.D.Cal. May 1, 2003) (citing Paul McNally Realty, 216 F.3d at 835).
Vogel has submitted a declaration that provides affirmative evidence of his damages. He states that he visited Rite Aid once, encountered access barriers and was deterred from visiting twice thereafter because he had personal knowledge of the barriers.
Although Vogel has shown that he suffered three violations of the Unruh Act, the court must consider whether to reduce the award in light of statutory requirements and case law. The California Supreme Court has stated in dicta that there may be a point at which statutory damages for each offense will be so high that equity and constitutional constraints cabin a defendant’s liability under the Unruh Act. Angelucci v. Century Supper Club, 41 Cal.4th 160, 179-80, 59 Cal.Rptr.3d 142, 158 P.3d 718 (2007). An award of $12,000 does not appear to trigger such concerns, however, as courts frequently make an award of this magnitude under the Unruh Act. See e.g., Feezor v. Del Taco, Inc., 431
2. Injunctive Relief
Vogel also seeks injunctive relief under the ADA and the Unruh Act compelling Knight to remove the architectural barriers at Rite Aid.
As noted, Vogel has stated a viable Title III discrimination claim. There are various architectural barriers at Rite Aid that violate the ADAAG, and the removal of those barriers by Knight is readily achievable so long as Knight, in his capacity as landlord, has the ability under the lease agreement and state law to access the premises and make the physical changes necessary to remove the specific barriers about which Vogel complains. See 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9) (whether the removal of barriers is readily achievable depends, inter alia, on the “administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities in question to the covered entity”); see Disabled Rights Action Committee v. Las Vegas Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861, 880 (9th Cir. 2004) (discussing § 12181(9), noting that defendants entered into a short-term license to use an arena at the University of Las Vegas for the purpose of conducting a rodeo, stating that their “Title III obligation would be determined with respect to the short term nature of [their] relationship with the Center,” and noting that “[m]eaningful relief could ... be granted by enjoining [them] from making certain kinds of operational decisions regarding conditions over which they have control— e.g., enjoining them from removing accessible floor seating, or requiring the erection of temporary ramps or lifts”).
Injunctive relief compelling Knight to remove barriers at Rite Aid to the extent he has the legal right to do so under the lease and state law so that the facility is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities is therefore appropriate. Specifically, Knight is enjoined to
3. Attorneys’ Fees
Vogel also requests $1, 320 in attorneys’ fees pursuant to Local Rule 55-3.
4. Costs
Vogel also seeks to recover costs of $419.20.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, the court grants Vogel’s motion for default judgment against Knight. The court awards Vogel $12,000 in statutory damages, $1,320 in attorneys’ fees and $419.20 in costs. The court will also enter an injunction against Knight, compelling him to reduce all access aisle slopes and cross-slopes that exceed 2.0% by installing ramps, create a van-accessible parking space that is appropriately labeled, install compliant restroom door handles, post a compliant sign on the restroom door, insulate pipes under restroom sinks, and reposition the paper towel and disposable seat cover dispensers in the restroom, to the extent he has the power to do so under the terms of any applicable lease agreement and state law.
. Complaint, Docket No. 1 (Jan. 15, 2013).
. Default By Clerk as to William J. Knight, Trustee of the William J. Knight Living Trust dated May 11, 2000 ("Knight Default"), Docket No. 10 (Mar. 13, 2013).
. Motion for Default Judgment (“Motion”), Docket No. 21 (Apr. 25, 2013).
. Order Re: Joint Stipulation for Dismissal, Docket No. 25 (May 15, 2013).
. Motion at 8.
. Complaint, ¶ 8.
. Id.
.Id... ¶ 7.
. Id., ¶ 9.
. Id.
. Id., V 10.
. Id.
. Id., ¶11.
. Id.
. Id., ¶ 13.
. Id.
. Id., ¶¶ 17, 36, 43.
. Rule 54(c) states that "judgment by default shall not be different in kind from or exceed in amount that prayed for in the demand for judgment." Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 54(c).
. Rule 55(a) provides that the clerk must enter the party's default "[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise.” Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 55(a). Rule 55(b)(2) requires service on the defaulting party if that party has appeared in the action. Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 55(b)(2) ("If the party against whom a default judgment is sought has appeared personally or by a representative, that party or its representative must be served with written notice of the application at least 3 days before the hearing”); see also, e.g., In re Roxford Foods, Inc., 12 F.3d 875, 879 (9th Cir. 1993) (noting that Rule 55(b)(2) notice "is only required where the party has made an appearance”). As Knight has not appeared, service was not required.
. Motion at 2; see also Knight Default.
. Id.
. Compare id. at 7 with Complaint, ¶¶ 1, 3-4 (Prayer).
. Proof of Service of Motion for Default Judgment ("Motion POS”), Docket No. 21-3 (Apr. 25, 2013).
. Complaint, ¶¶ 15-51.
. Id., ¶ 7.
. Id.. ¶ 11.
. Declaration of Martin Vogel in Support of Motion for Default Judgment ("Vogel Decl.”), Docket No. 21-2 (Apr. 25, 2013), ¶ 2.
. Complaint, ¶ 9.
. Id.
. Vogel Decl., ¶ 3.
. Id.
. Complaint, ¶ 10.
. Vogel Decl., ¶ 3.
. Motion at 2.
.In Molski v. Foley Estates Vineyard and Winery, LLC, 531 F.3d 1043, 1048 (9th Cir. 2008), the Ninth Circuit declined to apply the burden-shifting analysis of Colorado Cross in the context of removal of barriers within historical buildings. Molski appears to be limited to the historic building context, as the Ninth Circuit’s rationale for putting the entire burden on the defendant was that the ADA guidelines for historic buildings place the burden on the "party with the best access to information regarding the historical significance of the building" rather than "on the party advocating for remedial measures.” Id. The decision does not address non-historic building compliance and is not controlling in this case. See Johnson, 2011 WL 5508893 at *2.
. Complaint, ¶¶ 13, 21.
. Id., ¶ 20.
. Motion at 8.
. Proof of Service, Docket No. 4 (Feb. 22, 2013).
. Application for Clerk to Enter Default, Docket No. 8 (Mar. 12, 2013).
. Motion POS.
. Motion at 7-8.
. Id. at 7.
. Vogel Decl., ¶¶ 3, 5.
. Motion at 7.
. Id. at 7.
. Id.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Martin VOGEL v. RITE AID CORP. dba Rite Aid 05585 Thrifty Payless, Inc. dba Rite Aid 05585 William J. Knight, Trustee of the William J. Knight Living Trust Dated May 11, 2000
- Cited By
- 156 cases
- Status
- Published