1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JUAN MATIAS TORRES, CASE NO. 1:16-cv-1525-NONE-JLT (PC)

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO DECLARE DEFENDANTS’ 13 v. DECLARATIONS SHAMS; AND

14 CONNIE GIPSON, et al., FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO GRANT DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR 15 SUMMARY JUDGMENT Defendants. 16 (Docs. 99, 105)

17 FOURTEEN-DAY DEADLINE 18 Plaintiff is a state inmate proceeding on a First Amendment retaliation claim against 19 defendants B. Babineaux-Prince, T. Galaviz, C. Henderson, A. Mayo, J.C. Smith, and D. Weaver. 20 Plaintiff alleges that, in retaliation for his filing of an inmate grievance, the defendants, who were 21 members of an Institutional Classification Committee that was held in December 2013, approved 22 plaintiff for a transfer to another institution. 23 Defendants have filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing, first, that there is no 24 genuine dispute of material fact as to plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim and, second, 25 that they are entitled to qualified immunity. Plaintiff opposes the motion. He also moves to declare 26 the defendants’ declarations a sham. These motions are fully briefed and ready for disposition. 27 ///

28 1 I. Undisputed Facts

2 1. At all times relevant to this action, plaintiff was a state inmate housed at California

3 State Prison in Corcoran, California (“CSP-Cor”). (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) [Doc. 16 at 3-4].)

4 2. As a validated gang member, plaintiff was required to be housed in the Security

5 Housing Unit (“SHU”). See FAC at 4; Decl. of J. Smith in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Doc.

6 99-4) Ex. A.

7 a. Criteria for Placement in the Security Housing Unit

8 3. In December 2013, the SHU at CSP-Cor was being used primarily for inmates in

9 the mental health services delivery system. Decl. of T. Galaviz in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J.

10 (Doc. 99-5) ¶ 6; Smith Decl. ¶ 4; Decl. of C. Henderson in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Doc.

11 99-6) ¶ 4; Decl. of A. Mayo in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Doc. 99-9) ¶ 4; Decl. of B. Weaver

12 in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (Doc. 99-8) ¶ 4; Decl. of D. Prince in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. Summ.

13 J. (Doc. 99-7) ⁋ 4; Pl.’s Dep. at 64:9-18.

14 4. In December 2013, plaintiff was not enrolled in the mental health services delivery

15 system. Galaviz Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. B; Smith Decl. ¶ 4; Henderson Decl. ¶ 4; Mayo Decl. ¶ 4; Weaver

16 Decl. ¶ 4; Prince Decl. ¶ 4; Pl.’s Dep. at 64:9-18.

17 5. In December 2013, the SHU at California State Prison in Sacramento (“CSP-Sac”)

18 was being used primarily for inmates with high risk medical needs, such as HIV. Galaviz Decl. ⁋ 6;

19 Smith Decl. ¶ 4; Henderson Decl. ¶ 4; Mayo Decl. ¶ 4; Weaver Decl. ¶ 4; Prince Decl. ¶ 4.

20 6. In December 2013, plaintiff did not fit the criteria to be housed at CSP-Sac’s SHU.

21 That is, he did not have a high risk medical need. Galaviz Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. B; Smith Decl. ¶ 4;

22 Henderson Decl. ¶ 4; Mayo Decl. ¶ 4; Weaver Decl. ¶ 4; Prince Decl. ¶ 4; Pl.’s Dep. at 64:19-21.

23 b. The July 9, 2013, Rules Violation Report and Plaintiff’s First ICC Appearance

24 7. On July 9, 2013, plaintiff was issued a Rules Violation Report (“RVR”) for

25 participating in a hunger strike. FAC at 3-4; Pl.’s Dep. Ex. D.

26 8. On July 19, 2013, plaintiff was found guilty of the RVR following a hearing. Pl.’s

27 Dep. Ex. D.

28 1 9. On July 25, 2013, plaintiff appeared before an Institutional Classification

2 Committee (“ICC”), which recommended that plaintiff remain in the CSP-Cor SHU pending a

3 transfer to the Pelican Bay State Prison (“Pelican Bay”) SHU. FAC at 4.

4 10. The July 25 ICC decision was based on plaintiff’s “validation as an Associate of the

5 Northern Structure prison gang, which poses a threat to the safety and security of the institution.”

6 Galaviz Decl., Ex. A.

7 11. The members of the ICC were aware of plaintiff’s pending RVR for participation in

8 the hunger strike. Galaviz Decl., Ex. A.

9 12. On August 23, 2013, plaintiff’s transfer to Pelican Bay was endorsed. FAC at 9.

10 This transfer approval expired on December 21, 2013. FAC at 9, 10.

11 c. Plaintiff’s Inmate Grievance Contesting the July 9 RVR

12 13. On August 11, 2013, plaintiff filed an inmate grievance contesting the July 9 RVR.

13 FAC at 4; Pl.’s Dep., Ex. D.

14 14. Plaintiff’s inmate grievance was granted at the second level of review, and on

15 November 18, 2013, defendants Associate Warden Smith and Captain Weaver signed an order

16 expunging the RVR from plaintiff’s Central File. Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 6.

17 15. None of the defendants ever approached plaintiff to discuss the grievance he filed

18 regarding the RVR. Pl.’s Dep. at 55:8-12.

19 d. Plaintiff’s Second ICC Appearance

20 16. On December 24, 2013, plaintiff appeared before a second ICC. FAC at 10.

21 17. Prior to the December 24 ICC, plaintiff submitted a hardship request to stay at CSP-

22 Cor or to be transferred to CSP-Sac, where he would be closer to his family. Pl.’s Dep. at 24:18—

23 25:6. Several of plaintiff’s family members sent letters in support of plaintiff’s hardship request.

24 Pl.’s Opp’n Exs. 11-13.

25 18. Defendant Chief Deputy Warden J. Smith served as the chairperson of the December

26 24 ICC. Smith Decl. ⁋ 2, Ex. A. Defendants Galaviz, who previously participated in the July 25

27 ICC, also participated in the December 24 ICC. Galaviz Decl. ⁋ 4. Defendant C. Henderson

28 participated in the hearing as a sergeant to address questions or issues raised regarding inmates’ 1 housing situations at the time. Henderson Decl. ⁋⁋ 2-3. Defendant D. Prince participated in the

2 hearing as a licensed clinical social worker to address questions or issues raised regarding inmates’

3 mental health. Prince Decl. ⁋⁋ 2-3. Defendant Mayo participated in the hearing as the Assistant

4 Institutional Gang Investigator to address questions or issues raised regarding gang status and gang

5 activity. Mayo Decl. ⁋⁋ 2-3. Lastly, defendant B. Weaver participated at the hearing was the

6 recorder to record the outcome of the proceeding. Weaver Decl. ⁋⁋ 2-3.

7 19. The members of the December 24 ICC were aware of plaintiff’s RVR and that it

8 had since been dismissed. Smith Decl. Ex. A.

9 20. Like the July 25 ICC, the December 24 ICC recommended that plaintiff remain at

10 CSO-Cor’s SHU pending a transfer to the Pelican Bay SHU because of his gang validation and

11 concerns about the threat to the safety and security of the institution. See Smith Decl. Ex. A.

12 21. Defendants deny that their recommendation to transfer plaintiff was motivated by

13 retaliation. Galaviz Decl. ¶ 7; Smith Decl. ¶ 5, Henderson Decl. ¶ 5; Mayo Decl. ¶ 5; Weaver Decl.

14 ¶ 5; Prince Decl. ¶ 5.

15 22. Despite the fact that the transfer recommendation of both the July 25 ICC and the

16 December 24 ICC was premised on plaintiff’s gang validation, plaintiff ascribes retaliatory motive

17 to the latter ICC members because they “had the authority to do whatever they want.” Pl.’s Dep.

18 Tr. at 66:7-16.

19 e. Plaintiff’s Inmate Grievance Contesting the Denial of Hardship Transfer

20 Request

21 23. Plaintiff submitted an inmate grievance regarding the denial of his hardship transfer

22 request. See Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 8.

23 24. At the second level response, defendant Smith informed plaintiff that “[t]he ability

24 to be housed in an institution close to your family is important to the California Department of

25 Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) as it affords you the opportunity to maintain personal

26 contact with family. Unfortunately, there are many factors, which influence our ability to keep you

27 close to family. Due to the population pressures in the CDCR, it is not always possible to house

28 you close to home.” Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 8. 1 f. Plaintiff’s Transfer to Pelican Bay

2 25. On January 14, 2014, plaintiff was transferred to the Pelican Bay SHU. FAC at 14.

3 26. On July 23, 2014, the Pelican Bay ICC recommended that plaintiff be sent back to

4 the CSP-Cor SHU after considering plaintiff’s hardship request. Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 9.

5 27. Plaintiff was returned to the CSP-Cor SHU on December 19, 2014. Pl.’s Opp’n Ex.

6 17.

7 II. Legal Standards on Motion for Summary Judgment

8 Any party may move for summary judgment, and the court shall grant summary judgment

9 if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

10 entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (quotation marks omitted); Washington

11 Mut. Inc. v. U.S.,

, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). Each party’s position, whether it be that a

12 fact is disputed or undisputed, must be supported by (1) citing to particular parts of materials in the

13 record, including but not limited to depositions, documents, declarations, or discovery; or (2)

14 showing that the materials cited do not establish the presence or absence of a genuine dispute or

15 that the opposing party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact. Fed. R. Civ. P.

16 56(c)(1) (quotation marks omitted). The Court may consider other materials in the record not cited

17 to by the parties, but it is not required to do so. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3); Carmen v. San Francisco

18 Unified Sch. Dist.,

, 1031 (9th Cir. 2001); accord Simmons v. Navajo Cnty., Ariz.,

19

(9th Cir. 2010).

20 Defendants do not bear the burden of proof at trial and in moving for summary judgment,

21 they need only prove an absence of evidence to support plaintiff’s case. In re Oracle Corp. Sec.

F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

(1986)).

23 If defendants meet their initial burden, the burden then shifts to plaintiff “to designate specific facts

24 demonstrating the existence of genuine issues for trial.” In re Oracle Corp., 627 F.3d at 387 (citing

25 Celotex Corp.,

). This requires plaintiff to “show more than the mere existence of a

26 scintilla of evidence.”

(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

(1986)).

27 In judging the evidence at the summary judgment stage, the court may not make credibility

28 determinations or weigh conflicting evidence, Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc.,

, 1 984 (9th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted), and it must draw all inferences in the

2 light most favorable to the nonmoving party and determine whether a genuine issue of material fact

3 precludes entry of judgment, Comite de Jornaleros de Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo Beach,

4

(9th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

5 The court determines only whether there is a genuine issue for trial. Thomas v. Ponder, 611

(9th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

7 III. Plaintiff’s Motion to Declare Defendants’ Declarations Shams

8 Plaintiff moves to have the defendants’ declarations filed in support of their summary

9 judgment motion be declared shams. This motion is premised on the claim that the declarations

10 provide one explanation for the transfer decision, while plaintiff was previously provided a different

11 decision by defendant Smith. Specifically, defendant Smith told plaintiff that the decision to deny

12 his hardship transfer request was because of population pressures in the California Department of

13 Corrections and Rehabilitation. See Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 8. In their declarations, defendants state that

14 the December 24 ICC decision to transfer plaintiff to the Pelican Bay SHU was because the CSP-

15 Cor and CSP-Sac SHUs were being primarily used to house inmates in the mental health services

16 delivery system and to house inmates with high risk medical needs, respectively. Plaintiff claims

17 that this discrepancy means that the defendants’ “stories [are] chang[ing].”

18 “[ ]The Ninth Circuit has held that ‘a party cannot create an issue of fact by [submission of]

19 an affidavit contradicting his prior deposition testimony’ where the court determines that the later

20 affidavit is merely ‘‘sham’ testimony that flatly contradicts earlier testimony.’ ” Ana Mora et al. v.

21 City of Garden Grove et al.,

, at *7 (C.D. Cal. May 1, 2020) (citing to Kennedy

22 v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co.,

, 266 (9th Cir. 1999)). “The rationale underlying the sham

23 affidavit rule is that a party ought not be allowed to manufacture a bogus dispute with himself to

24 defeat summary judgment.” Nelson v. City of Davis,

(9th Cir. 2009).

25 On consideration of plaintiff’s motion, the Court concludes that the sham affidavit rule is

26 inapplicable here. First, the original statement attributed to defendant Smith was made in the

27 context of a second level response to an administrative grievance; it was not testimony given under

28 oath. Second, the sham affidavit rule is not intended to compare one defendant’s statements—here, 1 Smith—to statements made by other defendants—Galaviz, Henderson, Prince, Weaver, and Mayo.

2 Third, these other five defendants are not accused of contradicting any of their own prior statements.

3 Lastly, there is in fact no contradiction between Smith’s previous statement and his declaration.

4 That is, Smith’s response to plaintiff’s administrative grievance references “many factors,”

5 including population pressures, in making housing decisions. In his declaration, Smith references

6 the priority use of CSP-Cor and CSP-Sac’s SHUs for inmates with mental health and medical needs.

7 There is nothing contradictory in these statements since the priority use of those SHUs would

8 suggest that there are space limitations due to preference given to certain groups of prisoners over

9 others. For these reasons, plaintiff’s motion will be denied.

10 IV. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment

11 A. Legal Standard for First Amendment Retaliation

12 A retaliation claim has five elements. Brodheim v. Cry,

(9th Cir.

13 2009). First, the plaintiff must allege that the retaliated-against conduct is protected. The filing of

14 an inmate grievance is protected conduct. Rhodes v. Robinson,

(9th Cir. 2005).

15 Second, the plaintiff must claim the defendant took adverse action against the plaintiff.

16 Rhodes,

. The adverse action need not be an independent constitutional violation.

17 Pratt v. Rowland,

(9th Cir. 1995). “[T]he mere threat of harm can be an adverse

18 action....” Brodheim,

.

19 Third, the plaintiff must allege a causal connection between the adverse action and the

20 protected conduct. Because direct evidence of retaliatory intent rarely can be pleaded in a

21 complaint, allegation of a chronology of events from which retaliation can be inferred is sufficient

22 to survive dismissal. See Pratt,

(“timing can properly be considered as

23 circumstantial evidence of retaliatory intent”); Murphy v. Lane,

(7th Cir.

24 1987).

25 Fourth, the plaintiff must allege that the “official’s acts would chill or silence a person of

26 ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities.” Robinson,

(internal

27 quotation marks and emphasis omitted). “[A] plaintiff who fails to allege a chilling effect may

28 still state a claim if he alleges he suffered some other harm,” Brodheim,

, that is 1 “more than minimal,” Robinson,

n.11. That the retaliatory conduct did not chill

2 the plaintiff from suing the alleged retaliator does not defeat the retaliation claim at the motion to

3 dismiss stage.

.

4 Fifth, the plaintiff must allege “that the prison authorities’ retaliatory action did not

5 advance legitimate goals of the correctional institution....” Rizzo v. Dawson,

, 532

6 (9th Cir. 1985). A plaintiff successfully pleads this element by alleging, in addition to a

7 retaliatory motive, that the defendant’s actions were arbitrary and capricious,

or that they

8 were “unnecessary to the maintenance of order in the institution,” Franklin v. Murphy,

(9th Cir. 1984).

10 B. Analysis

11 Defendants move for summary judgment on the ground that there is no dispute of material

12 fact as to whether their recommendation to transfer plaintiff to the Pelican Bay SHU was in

13 retaliation for plaintiff’s August 11, 2013, inmate grievance. They contend that plaintiff is unable

14 to show retaliatory motive since there is no direct or causal link between the grievance and the

15 transfer recommendation, which itself was merely an approval of a previous transfer

16 recommendation. Defendants also argue that there were legitimate penological reasons to transfer

17 plaintiff to Pelican Bay, including safety concerns and space limitations at the CSP-Cor and CSP-

18 Sac SHUs due to their primary use designations for which plaintiff did not qualify.

19 The Court begins its analysis by highlighting that the July 25 ICC recommended that

20 plaintiff be transferred to the Pelican Bay SHU because of his gang validation and concerns about

21 the threat to the safety and security of the institution, and the December 24 ICC made an identical

22 recommendation for the same reasons. Only the second ICC decision, though, is the focus of this

23 action because, in the intervening months, plaintiff submitted a hardship transfer request to be

24 transferred to CSP-Sac so that he could be closer to his family. The December 24 ICC denied the

25 hardship request while recommending a transfer to the Pelican Bay SHU.

26 In his opposition to the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, plaintiff dedicates

27 significant space challenging the denial of his hardship request. He argues that he qualified for it

28 under applicable institutional regulations and relies on the fact that, shortly after his transfer to 1 Pelican Bay, the Pelican Bay ICC granted plaintiff’s hardship transfer back to CSP-Cor. To the

2 extent that plaintiff claims his constitutional rights were violated by the defendants’ alleged failure

3 to comply with institutional regulations when they denied his request despite his apparent

4 qualification, this claim is not cognizable in a civil rights complaint. See Bostic v. Carlson, 884

, 1270 (9th Cir. 1989), overruled on other grounds, Nettles v. Grounds,

(9th

6 Cir. 2016); Ybarra v. Bastian,

(9th Cir. 1981). In any event, this action proceeds

7 only on a First Amendment retaliation claim, and any attempt to argue other claims is improper.

8 (Docs. 18, 34, 40.)

9 In another instance of focusing solely on the denial of the hardship request, plaintiff takes

10 issue with defendant Smith’s statement in his response at the second level of review of plaintiff’s

11 grievance challenging the denial of his request. There, Smith indicated that the denial was based,

12 in part, on population pressures in the CDCR. To contradict this assertion, plaintiff relies on a news

13 article in which it is claimed that there are 2,000 gang members in CSP-Cor and California

14 Correctional Institution (“CCI”) in Tehachapi. Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 19. This article, in conjunction with

15 the defendants’ interrogatory response that there are 1,024 SHU beds at CSP-Cor’s 4A Yard, is

16 apparently intended to undermine Smith’s statement by arguing that gang members are routinely

17 housed in the SHU and that the claim of “population pressures” is bogus.

18 There are several problems with plaintiff’s reliance on this article. First, it is dated July 2013

19 and does not give any indication of the conditions at CSP-Cor and CSP-Sac in December 2013.

20 Second, it is hearsay in that it is being offered for the truth of the matters asserted. Fed. R. Evid.

21 802. Third, assuming that there were 2,000 verified gang members at CSP-Cor and CCI in

22 December 2013, and further assuming that these gang members were evenly divided between the

23 two institution, these facts would not necessarily undermine Smith’s statement about population

24 pressures. Rather, it appears that it would bolster the concerns about safety and space issues in light

25 of the limited SHU beds. And as defendants point out, plaintiff makes the erroneous assumption

26 that validated gang members comprise a group that is separate and distinct from those requiring

27 mental health care or those with high risk medical needs. In fact, these groups could and do overlap.

28 A more important takeaway from this line of argument, however, is that plaintiff does not 1 meet his burden on summary judgment by highlighting why the defendants should have granted his

2 hardship request. Rather, he is required to produce evidence showing that their decision to deny

3 that request and to recommend transfer to Pelican Bay SHU was motivated by protected conduct—

4 here, his filing of an inmate grievance challenging the hunger strike RVR. Plaintiff has not met that

5 burden here.

6 On review of plaintiff’s evidence, it is clear that the gravamen of plaintiff’s argument is

7 that, because there was “no justifiable reason” for the denial of his hardship transfer request, the

8 defendants’ recommendation to transfer plaintiff to the Pelican Bay SHU must have been motivated

9 by retaliatory intent stemming from the filing of the inmate grievance. But despite his repeated

10 insistence that these events are related, he fails to submit any evidence of a plausible retaliatory

11 motive or a causal link. At best, plaintiff relies on the timing between the filing of his grievance

12 and the December 24 ICC hearing. Pratt,

(“timing can properly be considered as

13 circumstantial evidence of retaliatory intent.”) While timing may provide a causal connection

14 between protected conduct and an adverse action, the 4.5 months at issue here is an insufficient

15 link to raise the suspicion of retaliatory motive. See Quiroz v. Horel,

, 1127

16 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016) (citing Clark County School District v. Breeden,

, 273-74

17 (2001) (per curiam) (citing cases finding periods of three and four months too long)). Moreover,

18 circumstantial evidence of timing, without more, is insufficient. See id.; see also O’Brien v. Gularte,

19

, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 2, 2019) (“Timing alone ... is generally not enough to support

20 an inference that prison officials took an adverse action against a prisoner in retaliation for the

21 prisoner’s participation in protected conduct.”).

22 Notably, plaintiff does not cite to any other connection between the December 24 ICC

23 decision and his inmate grievance. He readily admits that none of the defendants discussed the

24 grievance with him or expressed any dissatisfaction with it; he has no other indication that any of

25 the defendants were displeased by the inmate grievance; and he acknowledges that two of the

26 defendants (Smith and Weaver) approved the expungement of the RVR from plaintiff’s Central

27 File. Plaintiff is thus left with mere speculation, which is insufficient at the summary judgment

28 stage. Wood v. Yordy,

(9th Cir. 2014) (affirming grant of summary judgment 1 when there was no evidence that defendants knew about plaintiff’s prior lawsuit, or that defendants’

2 disparaging remarks were made in reference to prior lawsuit).

3 In addition, though it is possible to construe some of plaintiff’s arguments concerning the

4 denial of his hardship request as arguments intended to undermine the legitimate penological

5 reasons proffered by the defendants, none of these arguments is availing. For instance, in their

6 declarations, defendants justified their decision to transfer plaintiff to the Pelican Bay SHU by

7 citing space issues resulting from the primary use of the CSP-Cor and CSP-Sac SHUs, and plaintiff

8 rebuts by pointing out that none of these factors prevented his transfer back to CSP-Cor by the

9 Pelican Bay ICC. But it is not enough that a later ICC found it possible to grant plaintiff’s hardship

10 request and transfer him back; plaintiff is required to show that the penological reasons factored in

11 by the defendants were improper at the time the decision was made. Furthermore, plaintiff’s

12 reliance on the aforementioned news article to rebut the defendants’ reference to safety and security

13 issues fails for the reasons discussed supra. Plaintiff has therefore not met his burden to rebut the

14 legitimate penological reasons provided by the defendants, particularly in light of the deference and

15 flexibility this court must provide “to prison officials in the evaluation of proffered legitimate

16 penological reasons for conduct alleged to be retaliatory.” Pratt,

(quoting Sandin v.

17 Conner,

(1995)).

18 In sum, the Court concludes that plaintiff has not met his burden in producing evidence to

19 show a dispute of material fact, and defendants’ motion for summary judgment should be granted.

20 In light of this recommendation, the Court declines to consider defendants’ alternative ground for

21 summary judgment based on qualified immunity.

22 V. Conclusion

23 Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES plaintiff’s motion to declare defendants’

24 declarations a sham; and

25 The Court RECOMMENDS that defendants’ motion for summary judgment be granted

26 and judgment be entered for them on plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim.

27 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District

28 Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title

(b)(l). Within 1 fourteen days after being served with these Findings and Recommendations, the parties may file

2 written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate

3 Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The parties are advised that failure to file objections

4 within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772

(9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan,

(9th Cir. 1991)).

6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7

8 Dated: February 3, 2021 /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 9

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