The Best Label Company v. Custom Label & Decal, LLC
Trial Court Opinion
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN JOSE DIVISION 12 THE BEST LABEL COMPANY, LLC, Case No. 19-CV-03051-LHK 13 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE 14 v. PLAINTIFF AND FOR LEAVE TO FILE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT 15 CUSTOM LABEL & DECAL, LLC, et al., 16 Defendants.
18 Before the Court is Plaintiff The Best Label Company, LLC’s (“Plaintiff”) motion to substitute Resource Label Group, LLC (“RLG”) as plaintiff and motion for leave to file a first amended complaint. ECF No. 64-1 (“Mot.”).1 Having considered the parties’ submissions, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to substitute plaintiff and for leave to file a first amended complaint.
23 I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff’s motion to substitute plaintiff and for leave to file a first amended complaint contains a notice of motion that is contained in a separate document from the points and authorities in support of the motion. ECF No. 64, at 3. Civil Local Rule 7-2(b) provides that the notice of motion and points and authorities must be contained in one document with the same pagination.
A. Factual Background Plaintiff is a custom label maker. ECF No. 1-1, at 3 (“Compl.”). In November of 2018, Plaintiff acquired Best Label Company, Inc. (“Best Label”). Id. Defendant Daniel Crammer was employed at Best Label prior to the sale, and after the sale Crammer sought employment with Defendant Custom Label & Decal, LLC (“Custom Label”). Plaintiff alleges that before Crammer resigned from Plaintiff and joined Custom Label, Crammer engaged in a number of wrongful acts, including (1) soliciting Best Label employees to leave and join Custom Label; (2) taking confidential company information; and (3) taking a company laptop. Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Scott McKean became an employee of Plaintiff after the acquisition of Best Label, but then left to join Custom Label. Id. at 4 Plaintiff alleges that McKean engaged in a number of wrongful acts after leaving Plaintiff, including making false statements to Plaintiff’s prospective and current customers and attempting to “pass off” Custom Label as Plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Gareth Cole, another former employee of Plaintiff, engaged in similar unlawful acts after leaving employment at Plaintiff to work at Custom Label. Id. Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Travis Gilkey, a former General Manager at Best Label, assisted Crammer, Cole, and McKean in their misconduct. Id. at 5.
Finally, Plaintiff alleges that on September 30, 2019, after the commencement of the instant case, Plaintiff merged with RLG, a Delaware limited liability company. Mot. at 2.
B. Procedural Background Plaintiff filed a complaint in California Superior Court on May 3, 2019. Compl. at 1.
Plaintiff’s complaint alleges claims for (1) misappropriation of trade secrets; (2) breach of the duty of loyalty; (3) defamation and disparagement; (4) common law unfair competition; (5) unlawful interference with prospective economic advantage; (6) statutory unfair competition; (7) claim and delivery; (8) conversion; (9) violation of California Penal Code Section 502; (10) trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); and (11) common law trademark infringement. Id. at 17–26. On June 3, 2019, Defendants removed the instant case to federal court. Id. On July 2, 2019, Defendants Cole, Custom Label, Gilkey, and McKean filed an answer. ECF No. 15. On July 15, 2019, Defendant Crammer filed an answer. ECF No. 20.
2 On September 15, 2020, Plaintiff filed the instant motion. ECF No. 64. In connection with the instant motion, Plaintiff filed a request for judicial notice. ECF No. 64-3. On September 29, 2020, Defendants Cole, Custom Label, Gilkey, and McKean filed an opposition. ECF No. 65.
5 In connection with their opposition, Defendants filed a request for judicial notice. ECF No. 66.
6 On September 29, 2020, Defendant Crammer filed a joinder in Defendants’ opposition. ECF No. 67. On November 5, 2020, Plaintiff filed a reply. ECF No. 68.
8 C. Requests for Judicial Notice 9 In connection with Plaintiff’s motion to substitute plaintiff and for leave to file a first amended complaint, Plaintiff requests judicial notice of two documents: (1) “State of Delaware Certificate of Merger of Domestic Limited Liability Companies”; and (2) “California Certificate of Registration.” ECF No. 64-3, at 4–12 (“RJN”). Defendants do not oppose this request.
13 The Court may take judicial notice of matters that are either “generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction” or “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Moreover, courts may consider materials referenced in the complaint under the incorporation by reference doctrine, even if plaintiff failed to attach those materials to the complaint. Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005). Public records, including judgments and other publicly filed documents, are proper subjects of judicial notice. See, e.g., United States v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007). However, to the extent any facts in documents subject to judicial notice are subject to reasonable dispute, the Court will not take judicial notice of those facts. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002).
24 As matters of public record, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s documents are the proper subject of judicial notice. The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice.
26 In connection with their opposition to Plaintiff’s motion, Defendants request judicial notice of two documents: “Application to Register a Foreign Limited Liability Company”; and “Certificate of Cancellation.” ECF No. 66, at 3–7. Plaintiff does not oppose this request. As matters of public record, the Court finds that these documents are the proper subject of judicial notice. The Court therefore GRANTS Defendants’ request for judicial notice.
5 II. LEGAL STANDARD 6 Under Rule 25(c), “[i]f an interest is transferred, the action may be continued by or against the original party unless the court, on motion, orders the transferee to be substituted in the action or joined with the original party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(c). “Rule 25(c) is not designed to create new relationships among parties to a suit but is designed to allow the action to continue unabated when an interest in the lawsuit changes hands.” In re Bernal, 207 F.3d 595, 598 (9th Cir. 2000). The decision to allow substitution under Rule 25(c) rests within the discretion of the district court. Id. 12 As a general matter, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend shall be freely given “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). The Court considers five factors in assessing a motion for leave to amend: “bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, futility of amendment, and whether the plaintiff has previously amended the complaint.” Johnson v. Buckley, 356 F.3d 1067, 1077 (9th Cir. 2004). However, where a party moves to amend after the Court’s deadline for filing motions or amending the pleadings, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 governs, and the party must show good cause and obtain the judge’s consent to modify the deadlines set by the Court. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). “The ‘good cause’ standard primarily considers the diligence of the party seeking the amendment. Carelessness is not compatible with a finding of diligence and offers no reason to grant relief.” Hannon v. Chater, 887 F. Supp. 1303, 1319 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (internal alterations and quotations omitted) (quoting Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607–08 (9th Cir. 1992)).
24 III. DISCUSSION 25 A. Plaintiff has not Established that RLG may be Substituted as Plaintiff 26 Plaintiff moves to substitute RLG as plaintiff under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(c).
1 Mot. at 3. Plaintiff first argues that Plaintiff has merged into RLG and Plaintiff’s interest in this litigation has therefore been transferred to RLG. Second, Plaintiff argues that substituting RLG for Plaintiff would facilitate litigation because Defendants are attempting to block discovery by arguing that Plaintiff is not entitled to conduct discovery past the date it merged into RLG. Mot.
5 at 4. Defendants argue that Plaintiff has produced insufficient evidence that a merger took place between Plaintiff and RLG, and therefore the motion for substitution should be denied. Opp. at 12.
8 Rule 25(c) provides that “[i]f an interest is transferred, the action may be continued by or against the original party unless the court, on motion, orders the transferee to be substituted in the action or joined with the original party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(c). “Rule 25(c) is not designed to create new relationships among parties to a suit but is designed to allow the action to continue unabated when an interest in the lawsuit changes hands.” In re Bernal, 207 F.3d at 598. Thus, whether the Court should exercise its discretion and allow a substitution turns on whether the substitution will facilitate the case. Id. 15 Defendants argue that Plaintiff has presented insufficient evidence that there has been a “transfer of interest” subject to Rule 25(c). Under Rule 25(c), a “transfer of interest” “require[s] that the assets as well as liabilities be transferred.” Bullets2Bandges, LLC v. Caliber Corporation, 2019 WL 5684400, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 2019). Defendants argue that Plaintiff has refused to produce the “Merger Agreement” for the alleged merger between Plaintiff and RLG, and therefore Plaintiff has failed to provide evidence establishing that a statutorily defined merger has occurred.
21 Moreover, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has provided insufficient evidence that Plaintiff transferred its interest in this lawsuit to RLG. In response, Plaintiff argues that it has provided (1) a “Certificate of Merger” between the companies, filed in Delaware; (2) a “Fictitious Business Name Records listing Best Label Company as a fictitious business name filed by RLG”; (3) a “Certificate of Cancellation” for Plaintiff; and (4) the registration of RLG to do business in California. Reply at 5. Plaintiff argues that these documents demonstrate that Plaintiff and RLG merged, and that under California and Delaware law Plaintiff’s interest transferred automatically to RLG.
3 However, Plaintiff has not produced a single case to support Plaintiff’s contention that these documents, absent an Asset Purchase Agreement or other source of information regarding the terms of the merger, are sufficient to demonstrate that there was a “transfer of interest” between Plaintiff and RLG pursuant to Rule 25(c). The sole case that Plaintiff cites states that “[c]ertified copies of the documents of merger and filing were introduced as an exhibit” in order to demonstrate that a third-party “succeeded to all the rights, assets and liabilities” of the plaintiff.
9 Feener Business Schools, Inc. v. Speedwriting Pub. Co., 249 F.2d 609, 611 (1st Cir. 1957). In the instant case, Plaintiff has not produced the “documents of merger.” Indeed, when other courts have faced the same issue, they have examined the Asset Purchase Agreement or Merger Agreement to determine whether there was a “transfer of interest.” See Bullets2Bandages, LLC, 2019 WL 5684400, at *3 (examining the Asset Purchase Agreement to determine whether a third- party accepted Plaintiff’s liabilities); Munoz v. PHH Mortgage Corporation, 2020 WL 1547441, at *5–6 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2020) (examining a Merger Agreement to determine whether there was a statutorily defined merger and interest was transferred).
17 Without an Asset Purchase Agreement or a single case to support the contention that a “Certificate of Merger” is sufficient to demonstrate that a transfer of interest took place between Plaintiff and RLG, Plaintiff has failed to establish that RLG may be substituted for Plaintiff under Rule 25(c). Accordingly, the Court denies Plaintiff’s motion to substitute RLG as plaintiff in this action.
22 B. Plaintiff Has Not Shown “Good Cause” to Modify the Court’s Schedule 23 Plaintiff also seeks leave to amend its complaint in order to add a claim for relief under the Defend Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1836 (“DTSA”). Mot. at 6. Defendants oppose this request on the grounds that it is (1) untimely; (2) Plaintiff has failed to show good cause; and (3) it would prejudice Defendants. Opp. at 11–12.
1 Pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course, either twenty-one days after serving the pleading or within twenty-one days after service of a responsive pleading or a motion under 12(b), (e), or (f), whichever is earlier. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). Otherwise, a party may only amend its complaint with the opposing party’s permission or with leave from the court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Rule 15(a)(2) provides that leave to amend should be freely given “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). In general, the Court considers five factors in assessing a motion for leave to amend: “bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, futility of amendment, and whether the [party] has previously amended the [pleading].” Johnson v. Buckley, 356 F.3d 1067, 1077 (9th Cir. 2004).
11 However, where a party seeks leave to amend a pleading after the Court’s deadline for amending pleadings has passed, Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16. Under Rule 16, the party must show good cause and obtain the judge’s consent in order to modify the deadlines set by the Court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). “The ‘good cause’ standard primarily considers the diligence of the party seeking the amendment.” Hannon, 887 F. 16
8 Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for leave to amend the complaint in order to add a claim || for relief under the DTSA is denied.
10 |} IV. CONCLUSION 11 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's motion to substitute plaintiff and ‘12 || for leave to file a first amended complaint.
Y 14 || ITISSO ORDERED.
Oo |} Dated: March 16, 2021 NL oh.
Foy HM LUCY F¥ KOH 18 United States District Judge 28 Case No. 19-CV-03051-LHK ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE PLAINTIFF AND FOR LEAVE TO FILE FIRST
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