1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8

9

10 G & G CLOSED CIRCUIT EVENTS, LLC, 11 Plaintiff, No. C 20-07576 WHA

12 v.

13 JESUS SEGURA, ORDER GRANTING DEFAULT JUDGMENT 14 Defendant.

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17

18 INTROUDCTION 19 Plaintiff brings this action against defendant restaurant owner for unlawfully intercepting 20 and broadcasting a boxing match for which plaintiff owned exclusive distribution rights. 21 Default has been entered against defendant, and plaintiff now moves for default judgment. For 22 the following reasons, the motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. 23 STATEMENT 24 Plaintiff G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC, a commercial distributor and licensor of 25 closed-circuit sports and entertainment programming, owned the rights to the Saul Alvarez v. 26 Sergey Kovalev Championship Fight Program, telecasted nationwide on November 2, 2019. 27 Plaintiff sublicensed the program — which included the main event, the undercard bouts, and 1 inter-match commentary — to various commercial entities (bars and restaurants) throughout 2 California. Defendant Jesus Segura owns and operates La Selva Taqueria at 1049 23rd Street, 3 Richmond, California 94804. The complaint alleges Segura, who did not acquire a sublicense 4 from plaintiff, unlawfully intercepted and exhibited the program at his restaurant (Compl. ¶¶ 7, 5 15-16, 20). 6 Plaintiff filed this action in October 2020, and personally served defendant in January 7 2021. Plaintiff alleged violations of

and 605, conversion, and California 8 Business and Professions Code Section 17200 (Compl.; Dkt. No. 12). Segura has failed to 9 answer the complaint by the required deadline and has not presently appeared. Accordingly, 10 the clerk entered defendant against defendant in February 2021 (Dkt. No. 17). Plaintiff now 11 moves for default judgment and seeks to recover damages under Section 605 (or, in the 12 alternative, Section 553), and conversion. Plaintiff seeks $29,600: $4,200 in statutory 13 damages and $24,000 in enhanced damages for violations of Section 605 (or Section 553), and 14 $1,400 in damages for conversion. Plaintiff’s motion also asserts the right to recover costs and 15 attorney’s fees (Br. 14). Oral argument was held telephonically due to the COVID-19 16 epidemic on July 22; neither defendant nor any representative for defendant appeared despite 17 being served notice of the hearing. 18 ANALYSIS 19 A court has discretion to grant default judgment against a party that fails to plead or 20 otherwise defend against a claim for relief. See FRCP 55; Aldabe v. Aldabe,

, 21 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). Before ruling on default judgment, a court must determine whether it has 22 proper subject-matter and personal jurisdiction over the action, as well as the adequacy of 23 service of process. See SEC. v. Ross,

, 1138–39 (9th Cir. 2007); In re Tuli, 172

, 712–13 (9th Cir. 1999). Upon satisfying the jurisdictional elements, a court then 25 considers the seven Eitel factors: (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits 26 of plaintiff’s substantive claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the sum of money at 27 stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the 1 Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. Eitel v. McCool,

, 1471–72 2 (9th Cir. 1986). All factual allegations, except those for damages, are taken as true. See 3 TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal,

, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). Nevertheless, 4 “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are 5 not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am.,

(9th Cir. 6 1992). Furthermore, a defendant “is not held to admit facts that are not well-pleaded or to 7 admit conclusions of law.” DirecTV, Inc. v. Hoa Huynh,

(9th Cir. 2007). 8 1. JURISDICTION. 9 District courts have subject-matter jurisdiction over civil actions arising under federal 10 law. 28 U.S.C § 1331. Supplemental jurisdiction extends to all other claims related to a civil 11 action if (1) a district court has proper subject-matter jurisdiction and (2) if those additional 12 claims form part of the same case or controversy. Id. at § 1367. Plaintiff here asserts federal 13 claims under the Communications Act of 1934 and the Cable & Television Consumer 14 Protection and Competition Act of 1992, and supplemental jurisdiction covers the state law 15 claims. 16 A district court may exercise personal jurisdiction over an individual who is voluntarily 17 in the forum state and receives personal service of process.

; 18 Burnham v. Sup.Ct.,

(1990). Plaintiff has met this requirement by 19 personally serving defendant while he was at La Selva (Dkt. No. 12). Venue is also 20 appropriate here. 21 2. EITEL FACTORS. 22 With the threshold jurisdictional requirements satisfied, this order now applies the Eitel 23 factors, and finds that they support default judgment on two of plaintiff’s claims. 24 The first factor, prejudice to plaintiff, and the seventh factor, the policy favoring 25 decisions on the merits, both support their opposing positions and largely cancel each other 26 out. Plaintiff would be prejudiced if left without a remedy given defendant’s failure to appear 27 or otherwise defend this action, but this order finds the prejudice, if not viewed in the 1 moderate monetary relief. See J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Concepcion, No. C 10-05092 2 WHA,

(N.D. Cal. June 7, 2011). There is an obvious policy preferring 3 decisions on the merits in federal court, and actions such as this one are targeted to avoid actual 4 litigation. Considering the first and seventh factor in the aggregate, these two factors are 5 neutral. 6 The sum of money at stake, the fourth Eitel factor, is moderate, which generally favors 7 plaintiff. Plaintiff seeks $29,600, certainly not a pittance, but restrained in comparison to the 8 defendant’s potential exposure from the claims alleged in the complaint. However, even a 9 $29,600 award could dramatically impact small businesses like Segura’s taqueria appears to 10 be. The fourth factor thus moderately favors plaintiff. 11 The fifth factor (possibility of a material factual dispute) is neutral. Defendant has not 12 answered the complaint or otherwise defended against this action, so the possibility of a 13 dispute is unknown. The sixth factor (default due to excusable neglect) favors plaintiff. 14 Plaintiff filed this action in October 2020, defendant was personally served, and this is the 15 fourth default judgment sought against defendant. 16 Lastly, this order considers the second and third Eitel factors together because examining 17 the merits of a substantive claim and the sufficiency of a complaint share the same 18 requirement, i.e., stating a claim “on which the plaintiff may recover.” See Kloepping v. 19 Fireman’s Fund,

at *2 (N.D. Cal. 1996) (Judge Thelton E. Henderson) (citing 20 Danning v. Lavine,

(9th Cir. 1978)). Plaintiff properly states a claim for 21 Section 553 and conversion, but not for Section 605. 22 To state a claim under either

or 605, a plaintiff must demonstrate a 23 proprietary interest in a program that the defendant unlawfully intercepted. Section 553 24 prohibits unauthorized intercepting or receiving or assisting in intercepting or receiving any 25 communications service offered over a cable system, while Section 605, in relevant part, 26 prohibits the unlawful interception of radio communications. In other words, Section 553 27 prohibits intercepting a cable signal, and — after Congress amended the statute in the 1980s — 1 transmission. See DirecTV, Inc. v. Webb,

(9th Cir. 2008). A defendant thus 2 cannot violate both statutes through a single act of interception. Cf. Kingvision Pay–Per–View 3 Ltd. v. Lake Alice Bar,

, 349 n. 1 (9th Cir. 1999). The other noteworthy 4 difference between the two provisions concerns damages: in contrast with Section 553, 5 Section 605 provides a higher minimum damages award and mandates an attorney’s fees 6 award. 7 Plaintiff sufficiently states it has an exclusive program license and that defendant 8 unlawfully intercepted and exhibited the program at his restaurant La Selva Taqueria. As is 9 common for these types of complaints, however, the pleading omits any details clarifying 10 whether the type of communication intercepted was a satellite transmission or a cable signal. 11 Plaintiff contends that, unlike in previous default judgments actions (including before the 12 undersigned), the complaint here “has cured the earlier deficiency and does allege that 13 Defendant intercepted, received and/or published a satellite transmission, such that the Court 14 may properly find liability under 47 U.S.C. § 605” (Br. 5). The brief then cites two portions of 15 the complaint as support: 16 19. The Program originated via satellite uplink and was subsequently re-transmitted to cable systems and satellite 17 companies to Plaintiff’s sub-licensees. 18 … 19 23. Title

(a) prohibits the unauthorized interception, receipt, publication and use of 20 communications, including satellite television signals, such as the transmission of the program . . . . 21 22 Neither of these allegations, taken as true, specify whether Segura intercepted a satellite 23 transmission or a cable signal. They merely assert that a satellite uplink was involved at some 24 point in distributing the program, which is inapposite here. Plaintiff relies on artful pleading 25 because it cannot explicitly allege Segura intercepted a satellite transmission, hence the 26 inclusion of the Section 553 claim. Given the mandatory attorney’s fees and higher damages 27 threshold, applying Section 605 rather than Section 553 increases the risk of a material factual 1 for which it can recover for the unlawful interception of its program. But plaintiff has not 2 provided sufficient evidence ruling out that the communication intercepted was a cable 3 transmission (as opposed to a satellite transmission). When assessing which scenario is more 4 likely, where plaintiff does not allege seeing a satellite dish, and given that Section 605 sets out 5 harsher penalties, liability is more appropriately analyzed under Section 553. See Concepcion, 6

, at *4. Accordingly, this order finds that plaintiff has not adequately stated 7 a claim under Section 605 but has sufficiently stated a claim under Section 553. 8 Plaintiff has also properly stated a claim for relief for conversion, the measure of 9 damages determined by California Civil Code § 3336. The elements for conversion in 10 California are: (1) ownership or right to possession of property; (2) wrongful disposition of the 11 property right; and (3) damages. See Bank of N.Y. v. Fremont Gen. Corp.,

, 914 12 (9th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff claims ownership of the nationwide distribution rights of the 13 program, the wrongful interception of the program by defendants, and damages (Compl. ¶¶ 14 33–36). 15 In sum, the Eitel factors weigh in favor of entering default judgment against defendants 16 for plaintiff’s Section 553 and conversion claims, but not for its Section 605 claim. 17 3. RELIEF REQUESTED. 18 Under Section 553, a plaintiff is entitled to damages of no less than $250, but no more 19 than $10,000. Enhanced damages of up to $50,000 may be awarded if the conduct was 20 “committed willfully and for the purposes of commercial advantage or financial gain.” 47

(c)(3)(B). Plaintiff requests: $4,200 in actual damages and $24,000 in enhanced 22 damages pursuant to Section 605 (analyzed below pursuant to Section 553); $1,400 in damages 23 from the conversion claim; and the opportunity to submit attorney’s fees and costs. A plaintiff 24 is required to prove all damages sought in the complaint. TeleVideo, 826 F.2d at 917–18. 25 Additionally, no relief sought may be different in kind, or exceed in amount, that which is 26 demanded in the pleadings. See FRCP 54(c). 27 To prove up damages, plaintiff submitted the declaration of John Poblete, a private 1 display. During his twelve minutes of observation, Mr. Poblete reported 33 to 42 people at any 2 given time inside the restaurant, which was equipped with a seventy-inch projection screen and 3 twenty-four-inch tabletop television. Mr. Poblete states that the Esparaza/Estrada bout had just 4 concluded, with inter-fight commentary filling time before the next match. The photos of the 5 restaurant attached to his declaration, however, do not show the televisions he described 6 (Poblete Decl). 7 This order pauses here to note that neither Mr. Poblete’s written description nor the 8 photographs he provided of the restaurant provide any information regarding the method of 9 interception employed by defendant, such as the presence of a satellite dish or cable box — 10 indicating that, even if plaintiff included Mr. Poblete’s investigation in its pleadings, Section 11 605 would still not be the appropriate standard for liability. 12 For evidence of damages for conversion, plaintiff explains that a license fee for an 13 establishment comparable to La Selva would have cost $1,400 (Br. 14; Plaintiff Decl Exh. 2, 14 Dkt. No. 21-2). In sum, plaintiff, despite some missing details, has sufficiently demonstrated 15 damages should be awarded. 16 To determine the appropriate scope of damages under Section 553, this order draws from 17 two sources — the three previous orders granting default judgment awards against defendant 18 and three recent default judgments awarded to plaintiff in our district. 19 First, this action marks the fourth time default judgment has been sought against 20 defendant. The previous default judgments provided relief as follows: 21 • In J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Sergura (Segura I), No. C 12- 01702 JSW,

(N.D. Cal. Apr. 21, 2014), 22 Judge Jeffrey White awarded plaintiff $1,200 in statutory damages and $2,400 in enhanced damages pursuant to Section 23 553. Plaintiff did not request attorney’s fees. 24 • In J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Segura Cervantes (Segura II), No. C 14-03954 JSW, Dkt. No. 22 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2015), 25 Judge Jeffrey White awarded plaintiff $3,000 in statutory damages ($2,200 per the licensing fee and $800 to deter future 26 acts) and $6,000 in enhanced damages pursuant to Section 553. Attorney’s fees were not awarded. 27 Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers awarded $5,400 in statutory 1 damages (3x the licensing fee) and $12,000 in enhanced damages pursuant to Section 605, and awarded attorney’s fees 2 and costs. 3 The damages levied against defendant in prior actions average out to $3,200 in statutory 4 damages and $6,800 in enhanced damages.1 5 Second, plaintiff is a common litigant in our district and has been granted three default 6 judgment awards similar to the instant request over the past two years. Recognizing the 7 inherent fact that relief varies according to the facts of the case, this order considers these well- 8 reasoned orders granting plaintiff default judgment: 9 • In G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Zapata, No. C 18- 01103 EJD, Dkt. No. 47 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2019), Judge 10 Edward Davila awarded plaintiff $3,200 in statutory damages and no enhanced damages pursuant to Section 605, and granted 11 attorney’s fees and costs. 12 • In G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Miller, No. C 20- 03545 SVK, Dkt. No. 31 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2021), Magistrate 13 Judge Susan van Keulen awarded plaintiff $800 in statutory damages and no enhanced damages pursuant to Section 553, 14 and permitted plaintiff to submit evidence regarding attorney’s fees. 15 • In G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Macias, No. C 20- 16 02916 BLF,

(N.D. Cal. May 21, 2021), Judge Beth Freeman awarded plaintiff $875 in statutory 17 damages and $1,750 in enhanced damages pursuant to Section 553, and permitted plaintiff to submit evidence regarding 18 attorney’s fees. 19 The math for these three recent actions breaks down to an average of $1,625 in statutory 20 damages and $583.33 in enhanced damages. 21 Considering these six cases as indicative of the contemporary state of the law for the 22 instant motion, this order deems an appropriate measure for statutory damages under Section 23 553(c)(3)(A)(ii) to be the cost of a sublicense for the telecast, and accordingly AWARDS $1,400 24 to plaintiff — the cost of a sublicense for a restaurant with comparable capacity to La Selva 25 (Br. 14; Gagliardi Decl. Exh. 2). This order declines to apply a multiplier to the statutory 26 27 1 damages award, instead addressing factors warranting a multiplier in an analysis of enhanced 2 damages. 3 An award of enhanced damages requires willful infringement for commercial gain. The 4 three previous default judgment awards entered against defendant belie any realistic doubt that 5 defendant’s infringement fails this requirement. However, Plaintiff admits that many of the 6 hallmark factors for enhanced damages (cover charges, increase food prices, advertising) are 7 missing (Br. 12). Other factors, such as number of patrons (33 to 42 people in the restaurant) 8 and televisions used (a seventy-inch projection screen and twenty-four-inch tabletop 9 television), provide some moderate support for plaintiff’s position (Poblete Decl. 1). 10 Plaintiff’s primary argument for enhanced damages, however, is that defendant’s “significant 11 piracy history” warrants imposing enhanced damages with sufficient deterrent effect (Br. 12– 12 13). This order accordingly AWARDS $2,800 in enhanced damages, twice the amount of the 13 sublicense, to impose a sufficient deterrent. This order finds any award beyond this amount 14 would be excessive. 15 Plaintiff also seeks an award pursuant to its conversion claim. As stated, the sublicense 16 fee for a commercial entity of La Selva’s capacity would have been $1,400. Plaintiff’s request 17 is appropriate, and this order accordingly AWARDS $1,400 in damages for conversion. 18 Lastly, plaintiff requests attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to Section 553(c)(2) and 19 requests the opportunity to submit evidence in support of its request. This request to supply 20 requisite evidence is GRANTED. 21 CONCLUSION 22 To the extent stated above, plaintiff’s default judgment motion pursuant to its claims for 23 conversion and Section 553 is Granted. 24 Plaintiff’s default judgment motion pursuant to Section 605 is DENIED. 25 Plaintiff is AWARDED $5,600 in damages ($1,400 in Section 553 statutory damages, 26 $2,800 in Section 553 enhanced damages, and $1,400 in conversion damages). 27 1 Plaintiff SHALL file a properly supported request for reasonable attorney’s fees within 2 FOURTEEN DAYs of the filing of this order. 3 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 8 Dated: July 26, 2021 ? Pee 10 { A ~ WILLIAM ALSUP 11 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 12

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