(PC) Henderson v. Castillo

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA CURTIS LEE HENDERSON, SR., Case No. 1:20-cv-01199-AWI-SKO (PC) Plaintiff, 8 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ v. PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS (Doc. 34) S. CASTILLO, et al., ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 10 FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT (Doc. 35) Defendants.

11 ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S “CROSS- MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT” 12 (Doc 37) 13 ORDER FINDING PLAINTIFF’S “NOTICE OF PENDING ISSUES” MOOT (Doc. 42) Pending before the Court are Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss filed August 26, 2021 (Doc.

34), Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment filed September 3, 2021 (Doc. 35), Plaintiff’s “Cross Motion for Summary Judgement and Opposition to Defendants Motion for Partial Dismiss[al] of the Complaint” filed September 9, 2021 (Doc. 37), and Plaintiff’s “Notice of Pending Issues” filed February 24, 2022 (Doc. No. 42). The Court will address each in turn.

I. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 34) Defendants seek dismissal of Plaintiff’s claim under California’s Bane Civil Rights Act against Defendants in their individual capacities, on the basis Plaintiff did not allege timely and proper compliance with the claim presentation provisions of California’s Government Claims Act. (Doc. 34-1 at 1-2.) Defendants argue Plaintiff did not allege compliance with the claim requirements, there is no record of Plaintiff filing a state claim against Defendants, and because more than one year has passed following the event giving rise to Plaintiff’s claim, Plaintiff is barred from seeking tort relief under state law as granting leave to amend would be futile. (Doc.

1 Plaintiff opposes the motion to dismiss by asserting Defendants’ pleading is “actually” a motion for summary judgment that must be denied because Defendants failed to include a Rand notice and Defendants’ motion “does not raise any factual dispute for trial” nor does it raise any “’well-researched response’ that disputes” his complaint. (Doc. 37 at 4.) Plaintiff contends Defendants’ motion serves to “create a delay, and harasses this pro se litigant with frivolous paper work.” (Doc. 37 at 5.)

7 Relevant Procedural Background 8 On March 15, 2021, the Court screened Plaintiff’s complaint. Magistrate Judge Sheila K.

9 Oberto found Plaintiff stated cognizable deliberate indifference and Bane Act claims against Defendants Castillo and Tyler in their individual capacities; the remainder of Plaintiff’s claims were found to be not cognizable. Plaintiff was directed to file a first amended complaint or to notify the court of his desire to proceed only on the claims found cognizable. (Doc. 20.) On April 15, 2021, Plaintiff filed a notice to proceed on the cognizable claims. (Doc. 23.) Service was subsequently executed (Doc. 28), and Defendants ultimately filed the instant motion on August 26, 2021. (Doc. 34.)

16 Factual Background 17 Plaintiff’s claims stem from incidents at Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran (SATF). (Doc. 1 at 1.) Plaintiff has “severe disabilities,” and he uses a “walker and wheelchair for mobility.” (Id. at 3.) In addition, he wears a patch over one eye due to diplopia, and he wears adult diapers due to incontinence. (Id.) Plaintiff states that he has been the “victim of sexual abuse … and physical violence by a cell partner.” (Id.) Because of this, Plaintiff has been housed in single-person cell for two years. (Id.) Plaintiff’s doctor has recommended continuation of his single-cell status. (Id. at 4.)

24 On July 26, 2020, Defendant Correctional Officer Castillo told Plaintiff that he would need to “double cell[]” or be issued a rules violation report (RVR). (Doc. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff told the officer about his disabilities, though Castillo “already had prior knowledge” of his disabilities and related accommodations. (Id.) Plaintiff also provided Castillo with “the memorandum … by the director … clarifying the obligation of staff to consider the vulnerability of inmates with medical conditions who need single-cell status.” (Id.) Nevertheless, Plaintiff was issued and convicted of an RVR. (Id.) At the hearing on the RVR, Plaintiff “explained … everything” to the hearing officer, Defendant Correctional Lieutenant Tyler, but to no avail. (Id. at 4.) Tyler told Plaintiff that he would “be written up again if” he refused to take a cellmate.

5 Plaintiff states that the “rules violation was retaliation for … protected conduct.” (Doc. 1 at 4.) He alleges that, as a result of the RVR conviction, he lost 61 days of good-time credits and 30 days of yard privileges “to chill or silence” him. (Id.) He further alleges that the defendants retaliated “to disrupt litigation in a pending case.” (Id.) 9 Applicable Legal Standard 10 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.” Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). In resolving a 12(b)(6) motion, the Court’s review is generally limited to the “allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly subject to judicial notice.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 14 F.3d 1025, 1030-31 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Daniels-Hall v. Nat'l Educ. Ass'n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010) (the court need not accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice). Dismissal is proper if there is a “lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988) (citation omitted).

20 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 22 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The Court “accept[s] as true all well-pleaded allegations of material fact, and construe[s] them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d at 998 (citation omitted). In addition, the Court construes pleadings of pro se prisoners liberally and affords them the benefit of any doubt. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). However, “the liberal pleading standard … applies only to a plaintiff’s factual allegations,” not his legal theories. Neitze v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 330 n.9 (1989).

1 Request for Judicial Notice 2 “[A]s a general rule, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001). However, a court may consider matters of judicial notice when ruling on a motion to dismiss without converting the motion into a motion for summary judgment. Id. Judicial notice under Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits a court to notice an adjudicative fact if it is “not subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). A fact is “not subject to reasonable dispute” if it is “generally known” or “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(1)-(2). A court may, therefore, “‘take judicial notice of matters of public record outside the pleadings’ and consider them for purposes of [a] motion to dismiss.” Mir v. Little Co. of Mary Hosp., 844 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1988).

13 Defendants ask the Court to take judicial notice of the absence of any government claim filed by Plaintiff by virtue of the Declaration of Abigail Navarro executed August 19, 2021. (Doc.

15 34-2.) Plaintiff’s opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss does not address Defendants’ request for judicial notice. (Doc. 37.)

17 More particularly, Navarro declares: (1) she is a senior legal analyst with the Correctional Law Section (CLS) at the Office of the Attorney General (AGO); (2) the AGO operates in conjunction with the Government Claims Program (GCP) within the Department of General Services in review of government claims; (3) she is familiar with how the GCP operates and maintains its records in its Standardized Insurance Management System (SIMS) computer database; (4) CLS has direct read-only access and permission to download records in GCP’s SIMS database; (5) she has been trained by GCP’s staff concerning access of the documentation; (6) serves as a custodian of records maintained by GCP and accessed by CLS; (7) is authorized to verify records maintained with GCP’s SIMS database; and that (8) a diligent search revealed she was “unable to locate any claims that have been filed with, or presented to, the GCP that match” the date of the incident, July 26, 2020, and Curtis Lee Henderson, Sr. (Doc. 34-2 at 4.)

28 Included with Defendants’ request is a “Certification of Access to GCP’s Computer Database” executed by Nicholas Wagner, Staff Services Manager, Government Claims Program, Office of Risk and Insurance Management, California Department of General Services, wherein he attests that the GCP has granted direct read-only access to the AGO and permits downloading of GCP records. Wagner attests all computer database entries are made by GCP staff in the ordinary course of GCP’s business, and the database is reliably used to store and maintain the GCP’s government claims records and to produce printouts of those records. (Doc. 34-2 at 5.)

7 A review of Exhibit 1 reveals Navarro’s declaration that Plaintiff did not file a claim is a fact not subject to reasonable dispute as Navarro’s sources – the GCP’s SIMS computer database and its records maintained thereon - are accurate and cannot reasonably be questioned as a matter of public record. Buckelew v. Gore, No. 20-cv-00158-WQH-JLB, 2020 WL 418166 at *15 (S.D. Cal. Jul. 21, 2020) (“The Court finds that the absence of any government claim filed by Plaintiff against Defendants in the County of San Diego’s claims records is a matter of public record that is not reasonably subject to dispute).

14 Accordingly, Defendants’ request for judicial notice is granted.

15 Discussion 16 Initially, the Court notes Plaintiff’s characterization that Defendants’ motion to dismiss is “actually” a summary judgment motion is erroneous. Defendants plainly move for partial dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) rather than Rule 56. Hence, despite Plaintiff’s assertion to the contrary, a Rand warning is not required.

20 In his complaint, Plaintiff alleged a violation of the “Tom Bane Civil Rights Act § 52.1.”

21 As to that claim, Plaintiff claimed only that he had exhausted his administrative remedies available at the institution.1 (Doc. 1 at 5.) Following screening of Plaintiff’s complaint, and relevant to this motion, the Court found Plaintiff had stated a cognizable Bane Act claim. (Doc.

24 20 at 7-8.)

26 1 The “obligation to comply with the Government Claims Act” is independent of the obligation to exhaust administrative remedies pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act. McCoy v. Torres, No. 1:19cv01023-NONE-JLT (PC), 2020 WL 5257842, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:19cv01023-NONE-JLT (PC), 2021 WL 111748 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2021) (citing McPherson v. Alamo, No. 3:15-cv-03145-EMC, 2016 WL 7157634, at *6 1 The California Bane Civil Rights Act (Bane Act) provides a cause of action when “a person interferes by threat, intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threat, intimidation, or coercion, with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual … of rights secured by the Constitution,” the California Constitution, or other federal or state laws. Cal. Civ. Code § 5 52.1(a)-(b).

6 The California Government Claims Act requires that a tort claim against a public entity or its employees be presented to the California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board no more than six months after the cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov't Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 945.4, 950–950.2. Presentation of a written claim, and action on or rejection of the claim are conditions precedent to suit. State v. Superior Ct. of Kings County (Bodde), 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1239 (2004). However, “[t]imely claim presentation is not merely a procedural requirement, but is . . . a condition precedent to a plaintiff maintaining an action against [a public entity] and thus [is] an element of the plaintiff’s cause of action.” Shirk v. Visalia Unified Sch. Dist., 42 Cal.4th 14 201, 209 (2007); see DiCampli-Mintz v. County of Santa Clara, 55 Cal.4th 983, 991 (2012). The “failure to timely present a claim for money or damages to a public entity bars a plaintiff from filing a lawsuit against that entity.” Bodde, 32 Cal.4th at 1239; Karim-Panahi v. L.A. Police Dep 't, 839 F.2d 621, 627 (9th Cir. 1988). This requirement applies to both individual and official capacity claims against employees of public entities. See Cal. Gov't Code § 950.2.

19 Further, to state a tort claim against a public employee, a plaintiff must also allege compliance with the California Tort Claims Act. Cal. Gov't Code § 950.6; Bodde, 32 Cal. 4th at 1244. “[F]ailure to allege facts demonstrating or excusing compliance with the requirement subjects a complaint to [dismissal] for failure to state a cause of action.” Bodde, 32 Cal. 4th at 1239; see also Stockett v. Ass'n of Cal. Water Agencies Joint Powers Ins. Auth., 34 Cal. 4th 441, 446–47 (2004) (state claims may also be dismissed if the allegations in the complaint are not fairly reflected in the state tort claim). The requirement that a plaintiff must affirmatively allege compliance with the Government Claims Act applies to state law claims brought in federal court.

27 Karim-Panahi, 839 F.2d at 627.

28 Here, Plaintiff purports to raise a state law claim against a correctional lieutenant and a correctional officer employed at SATF, each of whom is covered by the Government Claims Act.

2 The complaint, however, does not assert compliance nor does it allege facts demonstrating Plaintiff complied with the tort claims act prior to asserting his state law claim against Defendants. Nor has Plaintiff addressed the required compliance in any way in his opposition to Defendants’ motion (Doc. 37). Plaintiff’s failures in this regard bar recovery and subject his claim to dismissal. Bodde, 32 Cal. 4th at 1239; Karim-Panahi, 839 F.2d at 627. Simply put, Plaintiff has not complied with the Government Claims Act.

8 Further, while the Court might otherwise permit Plaintiff to amend his complaint to sufficiently show he complied with the Government Claims Act or was otherwise excused from compliance, Defendants contend such amendment would be futile and dismissal of the claim is appropriate.

12 Plaintiff’s claim arose from acts that occurred on July 26, 2020. Plaintiff was required to present a claim within six months of that date. He did not do so. (See Doc. 34-2, Ex. 1.)

14 Moreover, there exists a one-year deadline to submit a written application with the Board for leave to present a late claim. That deadline in Plaintiff’s case was July 26, 2021. There is no indication Plaintiff sought such leave.2 Thus, Plaintiff is now precluded from seeking leave to present a late claim. See Hartmann v. CDCR, 707 F.3d 1114, 1130 (9th Cir. 2013) (“A district court may deny leave to amend when amendment would be futile”).

19 In sum, Plaintiff has not complied with the Government Claims Act by presenting a claim within six months of the accrual of his cause of action against Defendants, nor can he seek leave to present a late claim given the passage of more than 18 months beyond the one-year deadline for doing so. As a result, granting Plaintiff leave to amend his complaint to allege compliance with the Government Claims Act requirements would be. The Court will grant Defendants’ partial motion to dismiss as to Plaintiff’s state law claim. Karim-Panahi, 839 F.2d at 627.

27 2 The authority to grant judicial relief from the claim presentation requirements is reserved to the California Superior Courts. See Cal. Gov. Code § 946.6; Gogol v. Tafoya, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28 18995, *16-*17 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 29, 2021); Hill v. City of Clovis, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32001, 1 II. Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment (Doc. 35) 2 Plaintiff claims he is entitled to default judgment because Defendants “are in default for failure to file a responsible pleading to the complaint.” (Doc. 35 at 2.) More particularly, Plaintiff argues Defendants were originally ordered to file a responsive pleading on or before June 28, 2021. (Id.) Defendants received a 60-day extension of time to August 27, 2021, to file a responsive pleading, but failed to do so. (Id.) Plaintiff states his letter to defense counsel attempting to “meet and confer on common grounds to reach a settlement agreement” was ignored. (Id.) 9 Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiff’s motion on September 9, 2021. Defendants argue Plaintiff’s motion is subject to denial on procedural and factual grounds. Specifically, Defendants assert Plaintiff was required to obtain a clerk’s entry of default prior to moving for default judgment, and because he has failed to do so his motion should be denied. (Doc. 36 at 2.)

13 Further, Defendants argue they filed a timely responsive pleading in the form of their partial motion to dismiss dated August 26, 2021. Thus, because Defendants timely filed a responsive pleading, there is no basis upon which to issue default judgment. (Id.) 16 Applicable Legal Standards 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 provides that “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party's default.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a); see also Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. v. Eclat Computerized Techs., Inc., 840 F.2d 685, 689 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding that default cannot be entered if the defendant has filed a response indicating its intent to defend the action). Once default has been entered, the plaintiff may apply to the Court for entry of default judgment pursuant to Rule 55(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Obtaining a default judgment is a “two-step process,” consisting of: (1) seeking a clerk's entry of default, and (2) filing a motion for the entry of default judgment. See Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471 (9th Cir. 1986); accord Symantec Corp. v. Global Impact, Inc., 559 27 F.3d 922, 923 (9th Cir. 2009).

1 Discussion 2 First, Plaintiff has not sought a clerk’s entry of default as required. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a); Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471. Because Plaintiff has failed to comply with the first step of the requirements for obtaining default judgment, he is not entitled to default judgment.

5 Second, Defendants have not “failed to plead or otherwise defend” against Plaintiff’s complaint. On April 19, 2021, the Court issued its order finding service of the complaint appropriate and directing e-service on Defendants. (Doc. 24.) Waivers of service were returned executed on May 14, 2021. (Doc. 28.) An answer or motion under Rule 12 was to be filed no later than June 28, 2021. (Id.) On June 18, 2021, Defendants sought a 60-day extension of time within which to respond to the complaint; the Court granted the extension of time to and including August 27, 2021. (Docs. 32, 33.) Defendants filed a motion to partially dismiss the complaint on August 26, 2021. (Doc. 34.) Because Defendants have appeared in this action by way of filing a timely partial motion to dismiss, the Court cannot find that Defendants have failed to defend this action.

15 For the foregoing reasons, under Rule 55, Plaintiff is not entitled to entry of default or default judgment against Defendants and his motion will be denied.

18 III. Plaintiff’s “Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment” (Doc. 37) 19 As noted above, Plaintiff filed a “Cross Motion for Summary Judgement and Opposition to Defendants Motion for Partial Dismiss[al] of the Complaint” on September 9, 2021. (Doc. 37.)

21 Plaintiff contends Defendants “do not dispute the facts in the complaint” and he seeks judgment be entered in his favor in the sum of $75,000, the expungement of rule violation report log number 7018980, and restoration of all credits. (Doc. 37 at 1.) Plaintiff provides a “Statement of Undisputed Facts” at pages 2 and 3 of his filing, before concluding, “Defendants due not dispute any grounds for relief that are in the complaint. Therefore, no issues exist for trial and as a mater of law plaintiff is intitled to summary judgment in his favor.” (Doc. 37 at 3.)

27 Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiff’s summary judgment motion. (Doc. 39.) In their opposition, Defendants contend Plaintiff’s motion is procedurally deficient as Plaintiff failed to support his factual position with citation to admissible evidence subjecting the motion to dismissal. (Doc. 39 at 2-3.) Additionally, Defendants assert there is no merit to Plaintiff’s claim that Defendants have admitted the truth of the allegations of Plaintiff’s complaint where Defendants have not yet filed an answer to the complaint. (Id. at 3.) Further, Defendants contend Plaintiff’s motion should be denied because it is premature because, in light of their pending motion to dismiss, “the case is not at issue and the scope of Plaintiff’s claims and the issues remain unknown.” (Id. at 3.) Lastly, Defendants assert that because Plaintiff’s motion lacks citation to any admissible evidence, where the record does not contain such evidence, Defendants did not file a statement of undisputed facts accompanying their opposition as none is required in this instance. (Id. at 3-4.)

11 Applicable Legal Standards 12 Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party “initially bears the burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). The moving party may accomplish this by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations . . ., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials,” or by showing that such materials “do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B). When the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, “the moving party need only prove that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Oracle Corp., 627 F.3d at 387 (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B).

25 Summary judgment should be entered against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 322–23. In such a circumstance, summary judgment should be granted, “so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for the entry of summary judgment . . . is satisfied.” Id. at 323.

4 Discussion 5 Initially, the Court finds Plaintiff’s motion is not a “cross” motion in the sense that Defendants did not file a motion for summary judgment. Rather, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Defendant moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s Bane Act claim. As noted above, Defendants’ motion is a proper response.

9 Moreover, given the procedural posture of this case, summary judgment is premature.

10 Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment asserts there are no genuine issues of material fact, yet Plaintiff, as the moving party, provides no citation to materials developed in the record (e.g., depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations, admissions, interrogatory answers) establishing the absence of a genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B). Nor could he where discovery has not yet commenced.

15 Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment, while inclusive of a statement of undisputed facts, is devoid of any supporting documentation and offers only unsupported legal conclusions.

17 (Doc. 37.) Plaintiff has not met his burden as moving party and is not entitled to summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B). Hence, Plaintiff’s motion will be denied.

19 IV. Plaintiff’s Notice of Pending Issues (Doc. 42) 20 On February 24, 2022, Plaintiff filed a document entitled “Plaintiff’s Notice of Pending Issues” (Doc. 42) wherein he states Defendants’ motion to dismiss and his opposition thereto “have been pending in this court for more than 180 days” and that because he has a duty to prosecute the case, Plaintiff “hereby gives such notice and request the court deny defendants motion and grant plaintiff’s opposition.” (Doc. 42 at 2.)

25 Because the Court has now addressed Defendants’ pending motion for partial dismissal, Plaintiff’s “notice and request” is moot.

27 // // 1 ORDER 2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 3 1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 34) is GRANTED and Plaintiff's state law claim 4 is dismissed with prejudice; 5 2. Plaintiffs Motion for Default Judgment (Doc. 35) is DENIED; 6 3. Plaintiff's “Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment” (Doc. 37) is DENIED: and 7 4. Plaintiffs “Notice of Pending Issues” (Doc. 42) is now MOOT.

9 IT IS SO ORDERED.

19 | Dated: _March 9, 2022 — 7 : 7 Cb bod — SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE