1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JUSTINE SINCLAIR, et al., Case No. 23-cv-02690-HSG

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION TO SEAL 9 v. Re: Dkt. No. 93 10 AGILE WEB STUDIOS, et al., 11 Defendants.

12 13 Before the Court is Plaintiffs Justine Sinclair and DreamOway Inc.’s administrative motion 14 to seal. Dkt. No. 93. The Court DENIES the motion. 15 I. LEGAL STANDARD 16 Courts generally apply a “compelling reasons” standard when considering motions to seal 17 documents. Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n,

(9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Kamakana 18 v. City & Cty. of Honolulu,

, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006)). “This standard derives from the 19 common law right ‘to inspect and copy public records and documents, including judicial records 20 and documents.’” Id. (quoting Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1178). “[A] strong presumption in favor of 21 access is the starting point.” Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1178 (quotations omitted). To overcome this 22 strong presumption, the party seeking to seal a judicial record attached to a dispositive motion 23 must “articulate compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings that outweigh the 24 general history of access and the public policies favoring disclosure, such as the public interest in 25 understanding the judicial process” and “significant public events.” Id. at 1178–79 (quotations 26 omitted). “In general, ‘compelling reasons’ sufficient to outweigh the public’s interest in 27 disclosure and justify sealing court records exist when such ‘court files might have become a 1 scandal, circulate libelous statements, or release trade secrets.” Id. at 1179 (quoting Nixon v. 2 Warner Commc’ns, Inc.,

(1978)). “The mere fact that the production of records 3 may lead to a litigant’s embarrassment, incrimination, or exposure to further litigation will not, 4 without more, compel the court to seal its records.”

5 The Court must “balance[] the competing interests of the public and the party who seeks to 6 keep certain judicial records secret. After considering these interests, if the court decides to seal 7 certain judicial records, it must base its decision on a compelling reason and articulate the factual 8 basis for its ruling, without relying on hypothesis or conjecture.”

Civil Local Rule 79-5 9 supplements the compelling reasons standard set forth in Kamakana: the party seeking to file a 10 document or portions of it under seal “must explore all reasonable alternatives to filing documents 11 under seal, minimize the number of documents filed under seal, and avoid wherever possible 12 sealing entire documents . . . .” Civil L.R. 79-5(a). The party must further explain the interests 13 that warrant sealing, the injury that will result if sealing is declined, and why a less restrictive 14 alternative to sealing is not sufficient. See Civil L.R. 79-5(c). 15 Records attached to nondispositive motions must meet the lower “good cause” standard of 16 Rule 26(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as such records “are often unrelated, or only 17 tangentially related, to the underlying cause of action.” See Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179–80 18 (quotations omitted). This requires a “particularized showing” that “specific prejudice or harm 19 will result” if the information is disclosed. Phillips ex rel. Estates of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 20

, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). “Broad allegations of 21 harm, unsubstantiated by specific examples of articulated reasoning” will not suffice. Beckman 22 Indus., Inc. v. Int’l Ins. Co.,

(9th Cir. 1992) (quotation omitted). 23 II. DISCUSSION 24 Plaintiffs’ motion seeks to seal a report prepared for Plaintiffs by Creative Solutions 25 Investigative Services, a private investigator (“the report”). Dkt. No. 93 (“Mot.”) at 3. Plaintiffs 26 argue that the report contains privileged attorney-client communications and attorney work 27 product, as well as personally identifiable information pertaining to third parties, such as phone 1 Defendants.

The motion asserts that the entire report should be sealed because it is 2 “impossible at this point to determine which information in the [report] is relevant to Plaintiffs, 3 Defendants, or this litigation.” Id. at 5. 4 The Court, notes, however, that on more than one occasion since filing this sealing motion, 5 Plaintiffs have publicly filed at least one page of the report as an exhibit to various other motions. 6 See Dkt. Nos. 138-5 (Exhibit ISO September 27, 2024, Administrative Motion to Approve 7 Alternative Service of Defendant), 153-2 at 12 (Exhibit ISO December 20, 2024, Administrative 8 Motion to Allow Plaintiffs to Serve Documents Via Electronic Mail). Accordingly, given 9 Plaintiffs’ repeated public disclosure of part of the report, the Court finds that Plaintiffs do not 10 convincingly explain why the entire document should be sealed. See Ehret v. Uber Tech., Inc., 11 No. 14- cv-00113,

, at *3 (N.D. Cal. December 2, 2015) (denying motion to 12 seal because “there is little privacy interest [where] Plaintiff has already publicly filed exhibits”); 13 see also Civ. L-R 79-5(a) (requiring a party to “avoid wherever possible sealing entire documents 14 (as opposed to merely redacting the truly sensitive information in a document)”). Other parts of 15 the report likely contain information that satisfies the compelling reasons standard, including, and 16 especially, any personally identifiable information pertaining to third parties. See Nursing Home 17 Pension Fund v. Oracle Corp., No. C01-00988 MJJ,

, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 18 2007) (“The Ninth Circuit has found that compelling reasons exist to keep personal information 19 confidential to protect an individual’s privacy interest and to prevent exposure to harm or identity 20 theft.”). However, it is Plaintiffs’ duty to propose a sealing order that is “narrowly tailored” to 21 material that is properly sealable. See Civ. L-R 79-5(c). By seeking to seal an entire document 22 which they have already partially disclosed to the public, without identifying the specific portions 23 of the report that are properly subject to sealing, Plaintiffs fail to meet the “narrowly tailored” 24 standard. The motion to seal the entire private investigator report is thus denied. 25 III. CONCLUSION 26 The Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion to seal, Dkt. No. 93. The Court DIRECTS 27 Plaintiffs to file within 10 days of this order a renewed motion targeted to seal only the specific, 1 information of third parties and any other truly sensitive information. See Civ. L.R. 79-5. 2 || Plaintiffs must specify each portion of the report that is subject to sealing and provide a targeted 3 || explanation as to why that particular information should be sealed. Any renewed motion must not 4 seek to seal portions of the report already publicly disclosed by Plaintiffs. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || Dated: 3/4/2025

HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR. 8 United States District Judge 9 10 11 12

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