(PS) Favis v. Mallori

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA STEPHEN FAVIS, Case No. 2:25-cv-1030-DAD-JDP (PS) 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER DARYL MALLORI, et al., 15 Defendants.

18 Plaintiff brings this action against two of his neighbors, Daryl Mallori and Isabella Shin, and their landlord, Myeong Bae Kim. The complaint alleges that Mallori and Shin obtained a restraining order against plaintiff by false pretenses. Despite plaintiff’s protestation that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply, and that he seeks to bring this action based on the doctrine of extrinsic evidence, this case runs square into the Rooker-Feldman wall. I will therefore dismiss the complaint with leave to amend. I will also grant plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma pauperis, ECF No. 2, which makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(a)(1) and (2).

26 Screening and Pleading Requirements 27 A complaint must contain a short and plain statement that plaintiff is entitled to relief, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), and provide “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). The plausibility standard does not require detailed allegations, but legal conclusions do not suffice. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 3 662, 678 (2009). If the allegations “do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct,” the complaint states no claim. Id. at 679. The complaint need not identify “a precise legal theory.” Kobold v. Good Samaritan Reg’l Med. Ctr., 832 F.3d 1024, 1038 (9th Cir. 2016). Instead, what plaintiff must state is a “claim”—a set of “allegations that give rise to an enforceable right to relief.” Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1264 n.2 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (citations omitted).

9 The court must construe a pro se litigant’s complaint liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 10 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam). The court may dismiss a pro se litigant’s complaint “if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2017).

13 However, “‘a liberal interpretation of a civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled.’” Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 122 F.3d 1251, 1257 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)).

16 Analysis 17 Plaintiff alleges that in March 2025, he submitted a noise complaint regarding his neighbors, defendants Mallori and Shin. ECF No. 1 at 3. A few days later, plaintiff and his wife met up with Mallori and Shin, at which time Mallori and Shin “responded to [plaintiff’s] complaint with hostile, retaliatory, and threatening behavior.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that the incident turned physical, and he sustained a herniated T9-T10 thoracic spinal disc injury. Id. 22 A week following the altercation, Mallori and Shin filed for a restraining order against plaintiff, and, according to plaintiff, in doing so relied on false statements and omissions. Id. In response, he filed for a cross-protective order and moved to compel production of video evidence of the altercation. Id. Plaintiff was not provided with the video evidence, and Judge Acero of the Sacramento County Superior Court granted Mallori and Shin’s restraining order after viewing the video. Id. at 3-4.

1 Plaintiff asserts several causes of action: violation of due process and retaliation (42 2 U.S.C. § 1983); conspiracy to interfere with civil rights (42 U.S.C. § 1985(2)); abuse of process (California Civil Code § 47); fraud on the court (California Penal Code §§ 118, 132, 134); and suppression of evidence and obstruction (California Civil Procedure Code § 2025.450 & California Evidence Code § 210). Id. at 4-5. As relief, plaintiff asks that this court declare the restraining order “void and unenforceable.” Id. at 5.

7 The complaint is defective for several reasons: (1) plaintiff alleges no claims against defendant Kim; (2) the complaint alleges no cognizable federal claims; and (3) the claims are barred by legal doctrines that prevents federal courts from interfering with state court judgments.

10 In light of the foregoing, the court should also decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s state law claims.

12 As an initial matter, plaintiff asserts no claims against his landlord, defendant Kim.

13 Plaintiff must allege with at least some degree of particularity overt acts of defendant Kim that support his claims. See Jones v. Cmty. Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984) (“The plaintiff must allege with at least some degree of particularity overt acts which defendants engaged in that support the plaintiff’s claim.”).

17 Second, plaintiff’s federal claims—violation of due process and retaliation under 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983 and conspiracy to interfere with civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2)—are inadequately alleged. To state a § 1983 claim, plaintiff must allege facts showing that he was deprived of a federal or constitutional right and that “the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). “[T]he under- color-of-state-law element of § 1983 excludes from its reach ‘merely private conduct, no matter how discriminatory or wrongful.’” American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 50 (1999) (quoting Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1002 (1982)). The complaint includes no allegations that plaintiff’s neighbors and landlord were acting under the color of state law.

26 Liability exists for conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2) if 27 [T]wo or more persons conspire for the purpose of impeding, hindering, obstructing, or defeating, in any manner, the due course 28 of justice in any State or Territory, with intent to deny to any citizen 1 the equal protection of the laws, or to injure him or his property for lawfully enforcing, or attempting to enforce, the right of any 2 person, or class of persons, to the equal protection of the laws.

3 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2). A conspiracy claim under § 1985(2) requires a direct or indirect purpose of depriving a person of the equal protection of the laws, or the equal privileges or immunities under the laws, and a class race-based animus. See Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1028 (9th Cir. 1985) (en banc). Here, plaintiff has not alleged any facts demonstrating that there was a conspiracy or that any actions taken by defendants were racially motivated. Therefore, plaintiff has failed to state a claim.

9 Finally, and most fundamentally, this court lacks jurisdiction because of the Rooker- Feldman doctrine. “The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is a well-established jurisdictional rule prohibiting federal courts from exercising appellate review over final state court judgments.”

12 Reusser v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 525 F.3d 855, 858-59 (9th Cir. 2008) (collecting cases). “The clearest case for dismissal based on the Rooker-Feldman doctrine occurs when a federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an allegedly erroneous decision by a state court, and seeks relief from a state court judgment based on that decision.” Id. (quoting Henrichs v. Valley View Dev., 474 F.3d 16 609, 613 (9th Cir. 2007)). When a federal court refuses to hear an appeal because of Rooker- Feldman, “it must also refuse to decide any issue raised in the suit that is inextricably intertwined with an issue resolved by the state court in its judicial decision.” Doe v. Mann, 415 F.3d 1038, 1043 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

20 Despite Rooker-Feldman, “[i]t has long been the law that a plaintiff in federal court can seek to set aside a state court judgment obtained through extrinsic fraud.” Kougasian v. TMSL, Inc., 359 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2004). Extrinsic fraud is “conduct which prevents a party from presenting his claim in court.” Davis v. Davis, No. 18-cv-00094-RS, 2018 WL 3069308, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 25, 2018) (citations omitted). “[F]or Rooker-Feldman to apply, a plaintiff must seek not only to set aside a state court judgment; he or she must also allege a legal error by the state court as the basis for that relief.” Kougasian, 359 F.3d at 1140 (citing Noel v. Hall, 341 27 F.3d 1148, 1164 (9th Cir. 2003)). And “[a] plaintiff alleging extrinsic fraud on a state court is not alleging a legal error by the state court; rather, he or she is alleging a wrongful act by the adverse party.” Id. at 1140-41 (citing Noel, 341 F.3d at 1164). So when “a federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an allegedly illegal act or omission by an adverse party, Rooker-Feldman does not bar jurisdiction.” Noel, 341 F.3d at 1164.

5 The gravamen of plaintiff’s complaint is that the state court made a legal error in authorizing the restraining order because it did not let him view the video evidence submitted by Mallori and Shin. As relief, plaintiff specifically asks this court to invalid the state court’s judgment. See ECF No. 1 at 4. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine squarely prohibits this. And as to plaintiff’s claim that the extrinsic evidence doctrine provides an exception to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the court is not persuaded. The complaint alleges that the court made an error by not providing him with the video, not that he was prevented from presenting his claim in court. See id. at 3.

13 Plaintiff’s remaining causes of action allege violations of California law. Because the complaint fails to establish diversity jurisdiction, the court’s jurisdiction depends on whether the plaintiff asserts a claim arising under federal law.1 See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332; see also Bautista v. Pan Am. World Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that the complaint must specifically allege diverse citizenship of all parties to invoke diversity jurisdiction). Since plaintiff has not stated a federal claim, I recommend that the court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s state law claims and dismiss those claims without prejudice. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) (district court may decline supplemental jurisdiction over claim where “court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction”); Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988) (“[I]n the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.”); United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966) (“Needless decisions 28 1 The complaint does not allege diversity of the parties.

1 | of state law should be avoided both as a matter of comity and to promote justice between the | parties, by procuring for them a surer-footed reading of the applicable law.”).

3 I will allow plaintiff a chance to amend his complaint before recommending that this | action be dismissed. Plaintiff should also take care to add specific factual allegations against each | defendant. If plaintiff decides to file an amended complaint, the amended complaint will | supersede the current one. See Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2012) | banc). This means that the amended complaint will need to be complete on its face without | reference to the prior pleading. See E.D. Cal. Local Rule 220. Once an amended complaint is | filed, the current one no longer serves any function. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in | the original, plaintiff will need to assert each claim and allege each defendant’s involvement in | sufficient detail. The amended complaint should be titled “First Amended Complaint” and refer | to the appropriate case number. If plaintiff does not file an amended complaint, I will || recommend that this action be dismissed.

14 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that: 15 1. Plaintiff's motion to proceed in forma pauperis, ECF No. 2, is GRANTED.

16 2. Plaintiffs complaint, ECF No. 1, is DISMISSED with leave to amend.

17 3. Within thirty days from service of this order, plaintiff shall file either (1) an amended | complaint or (2) notice of voluntary dismissal of this action without prejudice.

19 4. Failure to timely file either an amended complaint or notice of voluntary dismissal may | result in the imposition of sanctions, including a recommendation that this action be dismissed | with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).

22 5. The Clerk of Court shall send plaintiff a complaint form with this order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

25 ( 1 Oy — Dated: _ April 29, 2025 q——— 26 JEREMY D,. PETERSON UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE