1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARK ALAN ZARKOWSKI, Case No. 1:25-cv-00063-KES-CDB

12 Plaintiff, ORDER ADOPTING FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS AND DISMISSING 13 v. CERTAIN CLAIMS

14 COUNTY OF KERN, et al., Doc. 6 15 Defendants. 16

17 18

19 20 Plaintiff Mark Alan Zarkowski is proceeding pro se in this civil rights action pursuant to 21

. This matter was referred to a United States magistrate judge pursuant to 28

(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 23 Plaintiff commenced this action on January 14, 2025. Doc. 1. Plaintiff did not pay a 24 filing fee and instead filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), which the 25 assigned magistrate judge granted. Docs. 2, 3. On February 11, 2025, the magistrate judge 26 screened the complaint and found that plaintiff sufficiently pleaded a Fourth Amendment claim 27 against the two individual defendants but did not plead a cognizable municipal liability claim 1 under section 1983. Doc. 4. Plaintiff was granted leave to amend.

On March 3, 2025, 2 plaintiff filed a first amended complaint. Doc. 5. 3 On March 10, 2025, the assigned magistrate judge issued findings and recommendations 4 recommending that the action proceed on only the Fourth Amendment claim against defendants 5 Juan Carlos Cazares and Sean P. Dunshee and that plaintiff’s remaining claims be dismissed. 6 Doc. 6. Specifically, the magistrate judge determined that plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts 7 to state a claim under section 1983 for municipal liability and supervisory liability.

at 5–8. 8 The findings and recommendations were served on the parties and contained notice that any 9 objections were to be filed within fourteen (14) days after service.

. On March 27, 2025, 10 plaintiff timely filed objections to the findings and recommendations.1 Doc. 7. 11 Plaintiff objects to the magistrate judge’s finding that he failed to adequately plead an 12 unconstitutional policy. He contends the amended complaint sufficiently alleges that defendant 13 County of Kern failed to “institute, maintain, or effectively administer and enforce any 14 appropriate training” as to unlawful seizures and unlawful entry into a home.

. Plaintiff 15 also argues that a “pattern of similar, prior constitutional violations is not required to establish the 16 deliberate indifference element of a Monell violation” and, in some instances, a single violation 17 can trigger municipal liability.

at 6–7. Plaintiff objects that ratification of the alleged 18 unconstitutional actions was asserted in the first amended complaint.

. Finally, plaintiff 19 objects the findings and recommendations ignored the proper standard and incorrectly concluded 20 plaintiff’s allegations were too vague to state a cognizable claim for supervisory liability.

at 21 10. 22 Pursuant to

(b)(1)(C), and Local Rule 304, the Court has conducted a de 23 novo review of this case. Having carefully reviewed the entire matter, including plaintiff’s 24 objections, the Court adopts the findings and recommendations in full, finding them to be 25 supported by the record and proper analysis. 26 The magistrate judge correctly determined that plaintiff’s first amended complaint does

27 1 Plaintiff’s objections were timely filed. Plaintiff also filed a motion for extension of time to file his objections, but he submitted a notice withdrawing that motion as he timely filed his 1 not adequately support a Monell claim under any theory. Despite being provided an opportunity 2 to amend his complaint, plaintiff’s allegations as to the county remain conclusory and do not 3 provide sufficient specifics concerning any alleged failure to train. Plaintiff’s claim identifies 4 only a single instance of alleged municipal wrongdoing, which does not plausibly suggest a 5 municipal policy or custom. To allege a Monell claim under this theory, plaintiff must “pair 6 general averments of a policy or custom with particular examples.” Estate v. Osuna v. Cnty. of 7 Stanislaus,

(E.D. Cal.) (quoting Ulloa v. Prince George’s County, 8 No. DKC 15-0257,

, at *6 (D. Md. Dec. 4, 2015)) (emphasis added). In 9 Osuna, the court found plaintiff sufficiently alleged the presence of a municipal custom by 10 pointing to specific prior cases of county misconduct.

Here, plaintiff did not do so. 11 Nor does plaintiff identify any actions taken by a municipal policymaker that might 12 plausibly demonstrate ratification. Although plaintiff states in his objections that certain 13 unnamed supervisors were “called” during the incident and they “authorized and directed 14 Defendant deputies’ complained of conduct in the subject Amended Complaint,” Doc. 7 at 10, 15 n.3, this factual detail was not alleged in his first amended complaint. But even if it had been, it 16 does not state a ratification claim against the County because plaintiff has not alleged the 17 supervisors were authorized policymakers nor that they knew the specific nature of any 18 constitutional violation. Christie v. Iopa,

, 1239 (9th Cir. 1999) (“[A] plaintiff 19 must prove that the ‘authorized policymakers approve a subordinate’s decision and the basis for 20 it.’”) (internal citation omitted). To the extent plaintiff asserts a supervisory liability claim 21 against defendants, this standalone allegation does not comply with the requirements of Rule 8(a) 22 as it lacks sufficient predicate factual detail. Accordingly, the magistrate judge properly 23 recommended dismissal of all other claims besides the Fourth Amendment claim. 24 Accordingly, the Court ORDERS: 25 1. The March 10, 2025, findings and recommendations (Doc. 6) are ADOPTED in 26 FULL; 27 2. Plaintiff’s motion for extension of time (Doc. 9) is moot, as plaintiff withdrew it 1 3. This action will proceed only on Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment claims against 2 Defendants Cazares and Dunshee; and 3 4. All other claims in Plaintiff's amended complaint (Doc. 5) are DISMISSED for 4 failure to state a claim. 5 6 7 | ITISSO ORDERED. _ 8 Dated: _ June 12, 2025 4h | | 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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