1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CAPITAL EXPRESS LINES, INC., No. 2:24-cv-01639-DAD-DB 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S FIRST 14 JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AMENDED COMPLAINT 15 Defendant. (Doc. No. 16) 16 17 18 This matter is before the court on the renewed motion to dismiss filed by defendant 19 JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (“defendant bank”) on February 24, 2025. (Doc. No. 16.) The 20 pending motion was taken under submission on the papers on March 24, 2025. (Doc. No. 19.) 21 For the reasons explained below, the court will grant defendant’s motion. 22 BACKGROUND 23 On May 2, 2024, plaintiff Capital Express Lines, Inc. filed the complaint initiating this 24 lawsuit against defendant JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Doe defendants 1–10 in the 25 Sacramento County Superior Court. (Doc. No. 1-1 at 3–6.) Defendant removed the action to this 26 federal court on June 7, 2024. (Doc. No. 1.) On July 12, 2024, defendant filed its first motion to 27 dismiss plaintiff’s complaint. (Doc. No. 5.) On January 7, 2025, the court granted in part and 28 denied in part defendant’s motion, dismissing plaintiff’s complaint in part with leave to amend. 1 (Doc. No. 12.) Plaintiff filed its first amended complaint (“FAC”) on January 26, 2025. (Doc. 2 No. 13.) In its FAC, plaintiff alleges as follows. 3 Plaintiff is a transportation business. (Id. at ¶ 8.) Plaintiff receives payments from its 4 customers via check and Automated Clearing House (“ACH”). (Id.) Plaintiff provides ACH 5 information to customers to facilitate these payments. (Id.) A third party opened an account with 6 defendant bank, fraudulently representing that they were plaintiff. (Id. at ¶ 15.) “While [plaintiff] 7 was not actually in privity with” defendant in the opening of the account, defendant “had the 8 intention of forming a direct relationship with [plaintiff] at the time of opening which should 9 create a heightened duty to the intended beneficiary.” (Id. at ¶ 16.) The account was fraudulently 10 created through defendant with the specific intent of taking funds that were lawfully earned by 11 plaintiff. (Id. at ¶¶ 9, 15.) In March 2024, plaintiff became aware that some of its clients had 12 issued an ACH and/or checks to the third-party account. (Id. at ¶ 9.) Plaintiff’s clients intended 13 to deposit these funds with plaintiff but instead the funds were deposited in the third-party 14 account, resulting in a loss to plaintiff. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Plaintiff immediately informed defendant, 15 requesting that the third-party account be closed and/or suspended, that the funds be directed to 16 plaintiff, and that plaintiff be given the opportunity to review the account’s banking activity in 17 order to protect plaintiff against further financial injury and to assess the nature and scope of the 18 risk. (Id. at ¶ 9.) Defendant indicated that they were investigating the matter. (Id.) In April 19 2024, plaintiff became aware of additional deposits into this fraudulent account with defendant. 20 (Id. at ¶ 10.) 21 Based on these allegations, plaintiff brings two claims against defendant in this action— 22 restitution and accounting. 23 On February 24, 2025, defendant filed the pending motion to dismiss plaintiff’s FAC in its 24 entirety pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Doc. No. 16.) On March 6, 2025, 25 plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion, and on March 17, 2025, defendant filed its reply 26 thereto. (Doc. Nos. 17, 18.) 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 LEGAL STANDARD 2 The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the legal 3 sufficiency of the complaint. N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n,

(9th Cir. 4 1983). “Dismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of 5 sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901

(9th Cir. 1990). A plaintiff is required to allege “enough facts to state a claim to 7 relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

(2007). “A 8 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw 9 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 10 Iqbal,

(2009). 11 In determining whether a complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted, the 12 court accepts as true the allegations in the complaint and construes the allegations in the light 13 most favorable to the plaintiff. Hishon v. King & Spalding,

(1984). However, 14 the court need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations. 15 U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose,

, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). While Rule 8(a) does not 16 require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant- 17 unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal,

. A pleading is insufficient if it offers 18 mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” 19 Twombly,

; see also Iqbal,

(“Threadbare recitals of the elements 20 of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). Moreover, it is 21 inappropriate to assume that the plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the 22 defendants have violated the . . . laws in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. 23 Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters,

(1983). 24 In ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court is permitted to consider materials 25 outside the pleadings if those documents are attached to the complaint, incorporated by reference 26 in the complaint, or are matters of which judicial notice is taken. United States v. Ritchie, 342

(9th Cir. 2003) (“Even if a document is not attached to a complaint, it may be 28 ///// 1 incorporated by reference into a complaint if the plaintiff refers extensively to the document or 2 the document forms the basis of the plaintiff’s claim.”). 3 DISCUSSION 4 A. Whether the California Commercial Code Displaces Plaintiff’s Claims 5 In its motion to dismiss, defendant argues that both of plaintiff’s common law claims for 6 restitution and accounting are displaced by the California Commercial Code, divisions 3 and 11. 7 (Doc. No. 16 at 10–12.) Defendant contends that both divisions of the California Commercial 8 Code apply because plaintiff alleges that its customers mistakenly paid the third-party fraudster 9 using “ACH and/or checks.” (Doc. No. 13 at ¶ 9); see Motallebi v. Bank of Am. Corp., No. 20- 10 cv-04618-DSF-RAO,

, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2020) (“Under the UCC, 11 checks and wire transfers are treated separately.”). 12 1. ACH Payments 13 As an initial matter, the court agrees with defendant that ACH payments are fund transfers 14 covered by the California Commercial Code, division 11.

(a)(5) 15 (“‘Funds-transfer system’ means a wire transfer network, automated clearinghouse, or other 16 communication system of a clearinghouse or other association of banks through which a payment 17 order by a bank may be transmitted to the bank to which the order is addressed.”); Unif. Com. 18 Code § 4A-104, cmt. 6 (clarifying that payments made through “automated clearing house” are 19 “covered by Article 4A”); Zengen, Inc. v. Comerica Bank,

(2007) (noting 20 that comments to 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) are “persuasive in interpreting” 21 the corresponding provisions of the California Commercial Code because the California 22 legislature “adopted article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code exactly as written”). 23 “The UCC, as codified in division 11 of the California Commercial Code, governs funds 24 transfers and displaces common law claims ‘in two specific areas: (1) where the common law 25 claims would create rights, duties, or liabilities inconsistent with division 11; and (2) where the 26 circumstances giving rise to the common law claims are specifically covered by the provisions of 27 division 11.’” Chen v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,

, 1035 (C.D. Cal. 28 2024) (quoting Zengen, Inc.,

). 1 Here, plaintiff alleges that defendant accepted into a third-party fraudster’s account ACH 2 payments from plaintiff’s customers that the customers intended to deposit with plaintiff. (Doc. 3 No. 13 at ¶¶ 9, 12.) It is clear that “[d]ivision 11 specifically addresses when a receiving bank 4 may be liable for accepting a payment order.” BPi Bright Power, Inc. v. Umpqua Holding Corp., 5

, 906 (N.D. Cal. 2023) (citations omitted); see also

6 (“Liability based on acceptance arises only when acceptance occurs as stated in Section 11209, 7 and liability is limited to that provided in this division.”). Therefore, to the extent plaintiff’s 8 “common law claims” are premised on defendant accepting the ACH payments, they “are 9 displaced by division 11[.]” BPi Bright Power, Inc., 669 F. Supp. 3d at 906. 10 Plaintiff argues that division 11 does not apply so as to preempt plaintiff’s claims because 11 plaintiff was not a party to the transactions. (Doc. No. 17 at 5–6.) Plaintiff does not explain the 12 import of this distinction that it draws. Indeed, at least one California district court has concluded 13 that common-law claims such as those brought by plaintiff here are displaced to the extent they 14 are “based solely upon the wire transfers” regardless of the fact that, like here, the plaintiff was 15 actually the intended recipient of the funds diverted by the third-party imposter. Venture Gen. 16 Agency, LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 19-cv-02778-TSH,

, at *1, *4 17 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 1, 2019); see also Deaconess Associations, Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 18 3:21-cv-01854-YY,

, at *6 (D. Or. Sept. 19, 2022) (finding an identical Oregon 19 Commercial Code provision displaced the common law claim brought by the intended beneficiary 20 of a fraudulently diverted wire transfer), report and recommendation adopted, No. 3:21-cv- 21 01854-YY,

(D. Or. Oct. 13, 2022). 22 Plaintiff also argues that, in addition to processing the ACH payments, defendant 23 wrongfully allowed the third-party fraudster to open the fraudulent account, and defendant later 24 received notice of the nature of the transactions yet failed to take appropriate action, including 25 (1) closing or freezing the fraudulent account or (2) returning the funds to plaintiff. (Doc. No. 17 26 at 6.) As to the latter, defendant’s purported failure to return the funds to plaintiff falls within the 27 purview of division 11, which “sets forth the respective rights, duties and liabilities of the parties 28 upon the issuance and acceptance of a payment order under division 11.” Zengen, Inc.,

4th at 254; see also Chen, 745 F. Supp. 3d at 1036 (finding that the gravamen of each of the 2 plaintiffs’ causes of action was that the defendants should not have accepted the fraudulent 3 payment orders even where the plaintiffs alleged “that each Defendant breached a contract by 4 failing to reimburse Plaintiffs for unauthorized transactions upon receiving adequate notice”); NT 5 Cap. Mgmt. LLC v. Truist Bank, NA, No. 2:24-cv-09461-HDV-AJR,

, at *2 6 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2025) (finding that the plaintiffs’ claims for negligence and money had and 7 received were preempted by the California Commercial Code where the plaintiff alleged that the 8 defendant “fail[ed] to identify and prevent the processing of the wire transfers into the ‘wrong’ 9 account, and [refused] to return the funds”). 10 Plaintiff’s remaining allegations—that defendant allowed the third-party fraudster to open 11 the fraudulent account and later received notice of the nature of the transactions yet refused to 12 close or freeze the fraudulent account—do appear to fall outside the purview of division 11. As 13 one district court has stated: 14 Here, as S&S points out, its claims are not based solely on WFB’s having processed the Initial Wire. Specifically, S&S’s claims are 15 based on the following additional alleged acts or omissions of WFB: (1) allowing Kuntz, prior to the Initial Wire, to open and maintain 16 the account; (2) allowing Kuntz, after the Initial Wire, to transfer the subject funds to other banks; and (3) not assisting S&S when, after a 17 number of such transfers, S&S asked WFB to freeze Kuntz’s account and attempt to recall the transferred funds. 18 19 S&S Worldwide, Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank,

, 1162 (N.D. Cal. 2020) 20 (citations omitted); see also Eisenberg v. Wachovia Bank, N.A.,

, 223–24 (4th Cir. 21 2002) (“Eisenberg’s allegations of negligence are not limited to Wachovia’s conduct in 22 processing the Fedwire transfer order. Eisenberg also alleged that Wachovia is negligent by 23 reason of allowing Reid to open the ‘dba Bear Stearns’ bank account, failing to discover Reid’s 24 improper use of the account and failing to train its employees to recognize and prevent fraud.”); 25 Venture Gen. Agency, LLC,

, at *4 (“Here, too, Plaintiffs’ negligence claim is 26 not based solely on the wire transfers but also on Wells Fargo’s subsequent actions.”). 27 However, in its reply, defendant argues that plaintiff’s claims asserted in this case for 28 restitution and an accounting are predicated solely on defendant’s alleged improper acceptance, 1 and alleged retention, of the payments. (Doc. No. 18 at 4.) As discussed above, claims 2 predicated on such allegations are displaced by the California Commercial Code. Indeed, stating 3 a claim for restitution requires that the plaintiff allege “that the defendant received . . . a benefit at 4 the plaintiff’s expense,” ESG Cap. Partners, LP v. Stratos,

(9th Cir. 2016), 5 and stating a claim for an accounting requires that the plaintiff allege “that some balance is due 6 the plaintiff,” Sass v. Cohen,

(2020) (quoting Teselle v. McLoughlin, 173

, 179 (2009)). Plaintiff cites no authority, nor has the court found any, for the 8 proposition that the remaining allegations of its FAC, including defendant’s opening of the 9 account and not closing or freezing the account, could satisfy these necessary elements of 10 plaintiff’s restitution and accounting claims once the ACH payments themselves are removed 11 from consideration. Instead, it is clear that “the gravamen of each of [plaintiff’s] causes of action 12 against the Bank . . . is the same: The Bank should not have accepted and executed the fraudulent 13 payment orders.” Zengen, Inc.,

(emphasis added). As discussed above, any 14 such cause of action is displaced by division 11. 15 Therefore, the undersigned concludes that to the extent customers paid the third-party 16 fraudster using ACH payments, plaintiff’s claims for restitution and accounting are displaced by 17 the California Commercial Code, division 11.1 18 ///// 19 1 The court acknowledges that, based on the allegations of the FAC, plaintiff likely also cannot 20 state a claim against defendant bank pursuant to the California Commercial Code, division 11. Section 11207 “provides a safe harbor from liability for beneficiary banks that process wire 21 transfers [and other funds transfers] based on the beneficiary account number provided in the transfer instructions.” BPi Bright Power, Inc., 669 F. Supp. 3d at 906. “The safe harbor applies 22 so long as the beneficiary bank does not know that the beneficiary’s name and account number 23 refer to different persons.” Id. (citation omitted). This provision embodies the legislature’s choice to immunize banks from liability for the actions of third-party fraudsters except in limited 24 circumstances. Still, although the remaining choices are problematic for both business and practical reasons, plaintiff may be able to recover the funds from parties other than defendant 25 bank. If plaintiff’s customers, the originators of the ACH payments, were in the best position to prevent the fraud, then plaintiff would have grounds to recoup the payments from them. Thomas 26 v. Corbyn Rest. Dev. Corp.,

, 453 (2025) (“[T]he risk of loss from an 27 imposter’s fraudulent diversion of a wire transfer shall be borne by the party in the best position to prevent the fraud.”). Alternatively, plaintiff could sue the third-party fraudster directly to 28 recover the diverted payments. 1 2. Checks 2 As defendant acknowledges in its motion to dismiss, checks, unlike ACH payments, are 3 covered by the California Commercial Code, division 3. Jozefowicz v. Allstate Ins. Co.,

App. 5th 829, 834 (2019) (“A check is a negotiable instrument, subject to article 3 of the 5 California Uniform Commercial Code.”). Therefore, the court will also examine whether the 6 California Commercial Code also displaces plaintiff’s claims to the extent they are premised on 7 payments made by way of checks.2 8 “Unless displaced by the particular provisions of” the California Commercial Code, “the 9 principles of law and equity . . . supplement its provisions.”

(b). “[I]f the 10 Commercial Code articulates a loss distributive scheme that applies to fact patterns such as 11 alleged herein, then the Commercial Code provision displaces any other provision of law.” 12 Stenseth v. Wells Fargo Bank,

(1995) (citation omitted); see also 13 Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Sec. Pac. Nat. Bank,

(1978) (“Noting that 14 section 3418 articulates a loss distributive scheme that is applicable to the fact pattern as alleged 15 herein (forged drawer’s signature), we further find that this section displaces an action for 16 common law negligence.”); Love Sys. Inc. v. U.S. Bank, N.A., No. 12-cv-06186-DMG-PLA, 2012

, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2012) (“The California Commercial Code specifically 18 contemplates a loss distribution scheme that displaces Plaintiff’s negligence and common count 19 causes of action.”). 20 The California Commercial Code, division 3, articulates a loss distributive scheme that 21 applies to fact patterns, like the one at issue here, where “an imposter . . . induces the issuer of an 22 instrument,” such as a check, “to issue the instrument to the imposter,” here the third party, “by 23 impersonating the payee of the instrument,” here plaintiff.

(a). In such 24 circumstances, “if a person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection,” here 25 defendant bank, “fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure 26 contributes to loss resulting from payment of the instrument, the person bearing the loss may 27 2 In its opposition to the pending motion, plaintiff does not address the applicability of division 3, 28 discussing only division 11. (Doc. No. 17 at 5–6.) 1 recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise 2 ordinary care contributed to the loss.”

(d). “The imposter rule is a 3 defense provided to banks that pay or collect on a check due to an impersonation.” Menda v. 4 Golden 1 Credit Union, No. C048465,

, at *3 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2005).3 It 5 limits the bank’s liability to circumstances in which the bank failed to exercise ordinary care. 6

(d). 7 Because “the Commercial Code articulates a loss distributive scheme that applies to fact 8 patterns such” as the one alleged by plaintiff here, “the Commercial Code provision displaces” 9 plaintiff’s common law claims to the extent they are premised on payment by check. Stenseth, 41 10 Cal. App. 4th at 466 (citation omitted). Because divisions 3 and 11 of the California Commercial 11 Code together displace plaintiff’s common law claims in their entirety, plaintiff’s claims must be 12 dismissed.4 13 ///// 14

15 3 The court may consider unpublished California Court of Appeal decisions. See Magadia v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc.,

, 681 n.12 (9th Cir. 2021) (“Although these [California 16 Court of Appeal] decisions are unpublished with no precedential value, we may still consider them to interpret California law.”). 17 4 Moreover, plaintiff’s claim for an accounting will also be dismissed because plaintiff has not 18 alleged the requisite relationship between plaintiff and defendant. Sass,

19 (quoting Teselle, 173 Cal. App. 4th at 179). Plaintiff argues without support that defendant intended to create a fiduciary relationship with plaintiff when it opened an account in plaintiff’s 20 name. (Doc. No. 17 at 7.) However, banks “are not fiduciaries for their depositors.” Chazen v. Centennial Bank,

(1998) (citation omitted); see also Derakhshan v. 21 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 2:23-cv-05900-MRA-PD,

, at *6 n.7 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2024) (same). Further, “[i]t has long been regarded as axiomatic that the relationship 22 between a bank and its depositor arising out of a general deposit is that of a debtor and creditor.” 23 Chazen,

. Although a fiduciary relationship is not required to obtain an accounting, the relationship between a debtor and creditor is not, without more, a qualifying 24 relationship for purposes of obtaining an accounting. See Robinson v. Bank of Am., No. 12-cv- 00494-RMW,

, at *1, *2, *10 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2012) (finding persuasive 25 the defendant’s argument that the requisite relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant did not exist and dismissing the plaintiff’s accounting claim even where the defendant bank owed 26 the plaintiff money due to excess mortgage payments); Canales v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 27 No. 11-cv-02819-PSG-VBK,

, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 1, 2011) (finding that the relationship between debtor and creditor is not a qualifying relationship for purposes of an 28 accounting). 1 B. Whether to Grant Leave to Amend 2 Leave to amend should be granted “freely” when justice so requires. Fed. R. Civ.

(a). The Ninth Circuit maintains a policy of “extreme liberality generally in favoring 4 amendments to pleadings.” Rosenberg Bros. & Co. v. Arnold,

(9th Cir. 1960). 5 Reasons “such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive . . . repeated failure to cure 6 deficiencies . . . undue prejudice to the opposing party . . . [or] futility” may support denial of 7 leave to amend. Foman v. Davis,

(1962). A district court “should grant leave 8 to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the 9 pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Cook, Perkiss and Liehe, 10 Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Servs.,

, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). 11 Here, plaintiff has not requested further leave to amend, (Doc. No. 17), and has already 12 had one opportunity to amend its complaint, (Doc. No. 13). However, in its January 7, 2025 13 order, the court did not have cause to address whether the California Commercial Code displaced 14 plaintiff’s claims. (Id.) Therefore, plaintiff has not had an opportunity to cure the defects noted 15 in this order. While the court doubts that plaintiff will be able to cure the identified defect 16 regarding the California Commercial Code, the court cannot definitively conclude that 17 amendment in this regard would be futile. 18 In contrast, the court’s January 7, 2025 order alerted plaintiff to a deficiency regarding its 19 accounting claim, and plaintiff has failed to cure this deficiency in its FAC. Under such 20 circumstances, the court “can only conclude that” plaintiff is “either unwilling or unable to 21 properly plead” its accounting cause of action such “that the granting of further leave to amend 22 would be futile.” Cota v. Liberty Mut. Ins., No. 1:18-cv-00133-DAD-JLT,

, at 23 *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2018) (“Despite the court’s prior order setting out instructions and guidance 24 . . . , the deficiencies that the court previously identified remain uncorrected in the FAC.”). 25 Therefore, while the court will dismiss plaintiff’s claim for restitution with leave to amend, 26 plaintiff’s claim for an accounting will be dismissed without further leave to amend. 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons explained above, 3 1. Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 16) is GRANTED as follows: 4 a. Plaintiff's first claim for restitution is DISMISSED with leave to amend; 5 b. Plaintiff's second claim for an accounting is DISMISSED without leave to 6 amend; and 7 2. Within twenty-one (21) days from the date of entry of this order, plaintiff shall file 8 either a second amended complaint, or a notice of its intent not to file a second 9 amended complaint. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ August 8, 2025 Dal A. 2, □□□ 12 DALE A. DROZD UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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