Dharma R.B. v. Christopher Chestnut, et al.

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA DHARMA R.B., 12 Petitioner, No. 1:26-cv-00222-TLN-EFB 14 v. ORDER CHRISTOPHER CHESTNUT, et al., Respondents.

18 This matter is before the Court on Petitioner Dharma R.B.’s 1 (“Petitioner”) Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”). (ECF No. 2.) For the reasons set forth below, Petitioner’s Motion is GRANTED.

21 /// /// /// 1 As recommended by the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the Court omits petitioner’s full name, using only his first name and last initial, to protect sensitive personal information. See Memorandum re: Privacy Concern Regarding Social Security and Immigration Opinions, Committee on Court Administration and Case Management, Judicial Conference of the United States (May 1, 2018), https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/18-cv-l-suggestion_cacm_0.pdf. The Clerk of Court is directed to update the docket to reflect this change accordingly.

1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 Petitioner is a 33-year-old native and citizen of Nepal. (ECF No. 2 at 5.) Petitioner entered the United States on or about June 17, 2023, without presenting himself for inspection or seeking admission. (Id.) A Customs Border Protection (“CBP”) Officer arrested Petitioner inside the United States and detained Petitioner. (Id.) Respondents initiated removal proceedings and released Petitioner on his own recognizance. (Id.) 7 On November 14, 2023, Petitioner filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal. (Id.) Petitioner is scheduled for a hearing on June 4, 2028. (Id.) While his immigration petitions have been pending, Petitioner made visits with the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) regularly and as required. (Id.) On December 2, 2025, Petitioner appeared for a routine appointment with ICE and was taken into custody that day. (Id.) Petitioner was transferred to the California City Correctional Center where he remains detained to date. (Id.) 14 On January 12, 2026, Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus. (ECF No. 1.)

15 The same day, Petitioner filed the instant TRO. (ECF No. 2.)

16 II. STANDARD OF LAW 17 For a TRO, courts consider whether Petitioner has established: “[1] that he is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Petitioner must “make a showing on all four prongs” of the Winter test. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 22 1127, 1135 (9th Cir. 2011). In evaluating a petitioner’s motion, a district court may weigh petitioner’s showings on the Winter elements using a sliding-scale approach. Id. A stronger showing on the balance of the hardships may support issuing a TRO even where the petitioner shows that there are “serious questions on the merits . . . so long as the [petitioner] also shows that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury and that the injunction is in the public interest.” Id. Simply put, Petitioner must demonstrate, “that [if] serious questions going to the merits were raised [then] the balance of hardships [must] tip[ ] sharply” in petitioner’s favor in order to succeed in a request for a TRO. Id. at 1134–35.

2 III. ANALYSIS 3 A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 4 Petitioner has established a likelihood of success on his due process claim. The Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause prohibits government deprivation of an individual’s life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Hernandez v. Session, 872 F.3d 976, 990 (9th Cir. 2017).

7 The Due Process Clause applies to all “persons” within the borders of the United States, regardless of immigration status. Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 693 (2001) (“[T]he Due Process Clause applies to all “persons” within the United States, including noncitizens, whether their presence here is lawful, unlawful, temporary, or permanent.”). These due process rights extend to immigration proceedings. Id. at 693–94.

12 Courts examine procedural due process claims in two steps: the first asks whether there exists a protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause, and the second examines the procedures necessary to ensure any deprivation of that protected liberty interest accords with the Constitution. See Kentucky Dep’t of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989).

16 As for the first step, the Court finds Petitioner has raised serious questions as to whether he has protectable liberty interest. See Rico-Tapia v. Smith, No. CV 25-00379 SASP-KJM, 2025 18 WL 2950089, at *8 (D. Haw. Oct. 10, 2025) (noting “[e]ven where the revocation of a person’s freedom is authorized by statute, that person may retain a protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause”). As stated, Petitioner was released on his own recognizance. (ECF No. 2 at 5.)

21 Moreover, Petitioner complied with all his reporting obligations. (Id.) As this Court has found previously, along with many other courts in this district when confronted with similar circumstances, Petitioner has a clear interest in his continued freedom. See, e.g., Doe v. Becerra, 787 F. Supp. 3d 1083, 1093 (E.D. Cal. 2025) (noting the Government’s actions in allowing petitioner to remain in the community for over five years strengthened petitioner’s liberty interest).

27 As to the second step – what procedures or process is due – the Court considers three factors: (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the official action;” (2) “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards;” and (3) “the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976). As set forth below, the Court finds Petitioner has established his due process rights were likely violated.

6 First, Petitioner has a substantial private interest in remaining free from detention. As discussed above, Petitioner was out of custody for over two years and complied with all his release conditions. Despite that, Petitioner has now been detained without being afforded a hearing. Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of finding Petitioner’s private interest has been impacted by his detention. See Manzanarez v. Bondi, No. 1:25-CV-01536-DC-CKD (HC), 2025 11 WL 3247258, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2025) (finding similarly).

12 Second, the risk of erroneous deprivation is considerable given Petitioner has not received any bond or custody redetermination hearing. “Civil immigration detention, which is nonpunitive in purpose and effect is justified when a noncitizen presents a risk of flight or danger to the community.” R.D.T.M. v. Wofford, No. 1:25-CV-01141-KES-SKO (HC), 2025 WL 2617255, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2025) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Petitioner has no criminal history and represents he has complied with his reporting obligations. (ECF No. 2 at 5, 9.) Based on this record, the Court finds there is a serious likelihood Petitioner will be erroneously deprived of his liberty interest. Moreover, without any procedural safeguards to determine whether his detention was justifiable, the probative value of additional procedural safeguards is high.

21 R.D.T.M., 2025 WL 2617255, at *4.

22 Finally, the Government’s interest is low, and the effort and cost required to provide Petitioner with procedural safeguards are minimal. See Garcia v. Andrews, No. 2:25-CV-01884- TLN-SCR, 2025 WL 1927596, at *5 (E.D. Cal. July 14, 2025). As this Court has stated, it would be less of a fiscal and administrative burden for the Government to return Petitioner home to await a determination on his asylum application than to continue to detain him.

27 On balance, the Court finds the Matthews factors demonstrate Petitioner is entitled to due process – a hearing to determine whether his detention was warranted. Accordingly, with respect to his due process claim, Petitioner has shown he is likely to succeed on the merits.

2 B. Irreparable Harm 3 Petitioner has also established he will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of a TRO.

4 The Ninth Circuit recognizes “irreparable harms imposed on anyone subject to immigration detention,” including “the economic burdens imposed on detainees and their families as a result of detention[.]” Hernandez, 872 F.3d at 995. Such harm is present here. Petitioner is detained and has been separated from his community. Even if this was not sufficient to establish irreparable harm, “[i]t is well established that the deprivation of constitutional rights ‘unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.’” Melendres v. Arpaio, 695 F.3d 990, 1002 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976)).

11 C. Balance of Equities and Public Interest 12 As to the final two Winter factors, “[w]hen the government is a party, the analysis of the balance of the hardships and the public interest merge.” Nat’l Urban League v. Ross, 484 F.

14 Supp. 3d 802, 807 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (citing Drakes Bay Oyster Co. v. Jewell, 747 F.3d 1073, 1092 (9th Cir. 2014)). The Court finds there is no equitable reason that would tip the balance in the Government’s favor. First, it is clear on this record that the balance of equities tips decidedly in Petitioner’s favor as the Government “cannot reasonably assert that it is harmed in any legally cognizable sense by being enjoined from constitutional violations.” Zepeda v. U.S. Immigr. & Nat. Serv., 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1983). Second, “it is always in the public interest to prevent the violation of a party’s constitutional rights.” Melendres, 695 F.3d at 1002. Moreover, “the Ninth Circuit has recognized that the costs to the public of immigration detention are staggering.” Diaz v. Kaiser, No. 3:25-CV-05071, 2025 WL 1676854, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 14, 2025) (internal citation omitted).

24 In sum, these last two factors also weigh in Petitioner’s favor. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Petitioner’s Motion for a TRO. (ECF No. 4.)

26 IV. CONCLUSION 27 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 28 1. Petitioner’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED.

1 2. The bond requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c) is waived. Courts 2 regularly waive security in cases like this one. See Diaz v. Brewer, 656 F.3d 1008, 1015 3 (9th Cir. 2011).

4 3. Petitioner Dharma R.B. shall be RELEASED IMMEDIATELY from Respondents’ 5 custody. Respondents shall not impose any additional restrictions on him, unless such 6 restrictions are determined to be necessary at a future pre-deprivation/custody hearing.

7 4. Respondents are ENJOINED and RESTRAINED from re-arresting or re-detaining 8 Petitioner absent compliance with constitutional protections, including seven-days’ notice 9 and a hearing before a neutral fact-finder where: (a) Respondents show there are material 10 changed circumstances which demonstrate that there is a significant likelihood of 11 Petitioner’s removal in the reasonably foreseeable future, or (b) Respondents demonstrate 12 by clear and convincing evidence that Petitioner poses a danger to the community or a 13 flight risk. At any such hearing, Petitioner shall be allowed to have his counsel present.

14 5. Respondents are ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE why this Court should not issue a 15 preliminary injunction requiring Respondents to continue to abide by this Court’s Order.

16 Respondents shall file responsive papers by January 19, 2026, by 5 p.m. Petitioner may 17 file a reply, if any, by January 22, 2026. If the parties agree upon a less demanding 18 briefing schedule, the Court will consider the parties’ proposal. The parties shall indicate 19 in their briefing whether they request a hearing. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(3).

20 6. Petitioner is ordered to serve this Temporary Restraining Order and Order to Show Cause 21 and all supporting pleadings and papers on Respondents at usacae.ecf2241- 22 [email protected] by 9:00 a.m. on January 13, 2026. Petitioner shall file proof of such 23 service no later than 10:00 a.m. on January 13, 2026.

24 7. Respondents are hereby notified of their right to apply to the Court for modification or 25 dissolution of the Temporary Restraining Order on two days’ notice to Petitioner. Fed. R. 26 Civ. P. 65(b)(4).

27 8. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to update the docket to only list Petitioner’s first name 28 and last initial.

1 IT IS SO ORDERED.

2 | Date: January 12, 2026 Let 3 TROY L. NUNLEY 4 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE