The plaintiff alleges that he is the owner of certain lots in the eity of Denver, on which are situated a hotel, dwelling houses and other inprovements of considerable value; that the defendant, without his consent and against his will, and without making or tendering any compensation, or by condemnation or other proceedings securing the right of way, and with a strong hand entered upon that portion of the public street in said city adjacent to the plaintiff’s property, and laid its railroad track, and from thence hitherto has occupied and used said street for the running and operation of its trains; that, “ by the obstruction to travel in said street thereby, plaintiff’s guests are kept away from his said hotel, the rental value and use thereof is greatly diminshed, the property endangered by fire, the rate of insurance greatly increased, the quiet and comfortable enjoyment thereof, by the dirt, dust and sparks cast thence by passing engines, and constant noise of trains at night, is greatly injured, and by reason thereof he has sustained damages in the sum of two thousand dollars, for which sum he asks judgment.”

Defendent, in its answer, as a second defense, sets up and relies upon certain ordinances passed by the city council of the city of Denver, by which the right to lay said tracks and make such use of said street is granted to defendant. To this defense in the answer a general demurrer is interposed. Counsel for defendant, in his oral argument and in his brief, cited quite an array of authorities in support of the defense, but as most of the cases cited arose under statutory and constitutional pro*190visions different from those existing in Colorado, I shall not at this time review them at length.

Section 15 of Article II of the Constitution of Colorado provides that “private property shall not be taken or damaged for public or private use without just compensation.” The question is, whether this provision of the constitution does not secure to plaintiff the right to compensation for his damages, notwithstanding the authority granted defendant by the city council.

Defendant’s counsel relies with confidence upon the ruling of the Supreme Court in Colorado Railroad Company v. Molandin, 4 Colo., 154, as conclusive of this question—that decision having been rendered subsequent to the adoption of the constitution. So it would be if it appeared from the opinion that the effect of the constitutional provision was before the Court and passed upon in that case. An examination of the opinion, however, discloses the fact that it was based entirely upon other grounds, and this constitutional provision was not considered.

Whatever may be the rule elsewhere, or may have been the rule here prior to the adoption of the constitution, I am of the opinion that under the constitutional provision as quoted above, private property cannot be taken or damaged for public or private use except upon the condition that compensation be made to the owner. Nor can the city council, by granting the right of way through public streets, deprive the owner of the property damaged by such use, of his remedy secured by the constitution. Whether the' fee of the streets is in the city or in the owner of abutting property, can make no difference. If the fee is in the city it is held in trust for the use of the abutting owners and the public. It is not necessary to the right of action that there shall be actual physical injury to the property of the plaintiff, but it is sufficient that this property is damaged as the direct result of the act of defendant. It follows that the ordinances pleaded constitute no defense to the action, and the demurrer will be sustained.