State v. Wright
State v. Wright
Opinion of the Court
Opinion
The defendant, Nicketa Wright, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of three crimes: sexual assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-70 (a) (1); sexual assault in the second degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-71 (a) (1); and risk of injury to a child in violation of General Statutes § 53-21 (a) (2).
Shortly thereafter, Lee arrived at her house with two other males—the defendant, who identified himself as Duane, and another male, who identified himself as Ryan. The four watched a movie together, during which the victim and Lee went into her bedroom. Lee kissed the victim on her neck, biting her in the process, and touched her buttocks. He tried to convince her to have further sexual contact with him, but the victim refused, telling him to let her go, which he did. The two rejoined the defendant and Ryan, who were still watching the movie in the living room. The defendant then told the victim that he wanted to talk to her, and they both went into her bedroom. Once inside her bedroom, the defendant pushed the victim onto her bed and took off her pants and underwear. He then put a condom on and proceeded to have sexual intercourse with the victim, despite her asking him to stop. Approximately three minutes later, the defendant put his clothes back on, and he and the victim returned to the living room.
Lee then took the victim back into her bedroom and attempted to have sexual contact with her for a second time by opening her legs with his hands. The victim rebuffed Lee’s advances, which prompted the three men to leave the victim’s house. Within five minutes of their departure, the victim left her home and went across
Upon returning home from the hospital, the victim spoke with Marcin Ratajczak, an officer with the New Britain police department. She told Ratajczak how she came to know Lee and related the sexual assault by the defendant. She described the defendant as a black male with a Jamaican accent, six feet tall and weighing 170 pounds. She described Lee as wearing a blue MECCA
Ratajczak went to the residence, where he located a man who identified himself as Lloyd Aldridge, Sr. Aldridge told Ratajczak that Lee was his son and that Lee’s real name was Lloyd Aldridge, Jr. Lee subsequently came out of the house. Ratajczak immediately noticed that Lee’s clothing matched the description given by the victim, as he was wearing a blue MECCA shirt. Ratajczak then arrested Lee but was unable at that time to locate the defendant.
Two to three days after the alleged sexual assault of the victim and the arrest of Lee, Michael Steele, a detective with the New Britain police department, was
Subsequently, on December 16, 2005, Matthew Kelly, an officer with the New Britain police department, arrested the defendant in connection with the sexual assault of the victim. During the booking process, Kelly learned that the defendant was twenty-four years of age,
On the first day of the evidentiary portion of the defendant’s trial, the court, D’Addabbo, J., informed defense counsel that the state had issued a subpoena for the victim’s Juvenile Court file so that the court could review it in camera to determine whether it contained any exculpatory information.
After a short recess, Judge D’Addabbo announced that he had reviewed the victim’s Juvenile Court file, as redacted, and found that it contained no exculpatory information. Judge D’Addabbo explained that he had reviewed similar files in the past and that he looked at the file with an eye toward “anything that could affect the cross-examination needs of the defense attorney, including the ability [of a witness] to perceive, to recollect, to testify, tell the truth, veracity.” Judge D’Addabbo, therefore, did not disclose the contents of the file to the parties and had the file sealed and marked for appellate review, to the extent that there was such appellate review. Judge D’Addabbo next asked the parties if they wanted to say anything. Defense counsel replied: “Nothing to add, Your Honor.” Judge D’Addabbo further asked defense counsel: “All right. Any requests that you have at this point?” Defense counsel replied: “No, Your Honor.” The court then swore in the jury and commenced the evidentiary portion of the trial.
After the victim and two other witnesses had testified, the court and the parties met in chambers to discuss
I
The defendant claims that the court denied him his sixth amendment right to confrontation and fourteenth amendment right to exculpatory evidence when it refused to disclose the information contained in the victim’s Juvenile Court file after the court’s in camera inspection. A close review of the defendant’s brief and oral argument to this court, however, reveals that he also claims that the Juvenile Court improperly redacted the victim’s mental health screening and assessment information from the victim’s Juvenile Court file, thereby excluding it from the trial court’s in camera review.
The state argues that this claim is “wholly unreviewable” because the defendant did not object to Judge Quinn’s order removing the mental health information and did not request that Judge D’Addabbo review that information or that it be made part of the record for appellate review. We agree. Although the record reveals that defense counsel was not present at the hearing in front of Judge Quinn, Judge D’Addabbo made counsel aware, on the record, that the hearing had taken place and that at the hearing, Judge Quinn had issued an order that included the redaction of any information regarding the victim’s mental health. The defendant,
With regard to the defendant’s primary claim, namely, that the court violated his constitutional rights when it refused to disclose the victim’s Juvenile Court file as redacted, the state, in its brief, argues that this claim is unreviewable because it was not preserved at trial and the defendant did not request this court to review his unpreserved claim pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).
As a general rule, appellate courts do not review claims not raised at the trial level. In State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 69, 327 A.2d 576 (1973), however, our Supreme Court established review for unpreserved claims that constituted “ ‘exceptional circumstances’ . . . .” The court recognized “two situations that may constitute ‘exceptional circumstances’ such that newly raised claims can and will be considered by this court. The first is . . . where a new constitutional right not readily foreseeable has arisen between the time of trial and appeal. . . . The second ‘exceptional circumstance’ may arise where the record adequately supports a claim that a litigant has clearly been deprived of a fundamental constitutional right and a fair trial.” (Citation omitted.) Id., 70.
The cases decided after Evans, interpreting and reinterpreting its precepts, were not always consistent with each other and caused our Supreme Court, in Golding, to “articulate guidelines designed to facilitate a less burdensome, more uniform application of the present Evans standard in future cases involving alleged constitutional violations that are raised for the first time on appeal.” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239. Relying on the methodology of State v. Whistnant, 179 Conn. 576, 427 A.2d 414 (1980), the court held that “a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions
Golding is often misconstrued to require the satisfaction of each of these four conditions to obtain review by this court. Instead, the language in Golding provides that all four conditions must be met for a defendant to prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial. This court’s ability to review a claim, and the defendant’s ability to prevail on his claim, are two entirely different concepts. Case law is clear that “[t]he first two [prongs of Golding] involve a determination of whether the claim is reviewable; the second two . . . involve a determination of whether the defendant may prevail.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Whitford, 260 Conn. 610, 621, 799 A.2d 1034 (2002). As the Supreme Court stated in Golding, the defendant “bears the responsibility for providing a record that is adequate for review of his claim” and “demonstrating that his claim is indeed a violation of a fundamental constitutional right,” thereby satisfying the first and second prongs.” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 240. Should the defendant do so, “[an appellate court] will [then] review [the claim] and arrive at a conclusion as to whether the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and . . . clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial,” and decide whether the state was able to demonstrate harmlessness, thereby satisfying the third and fourth prongs.
We recognize that in a number of cases, both this court and the Supreme Court have denied review of an unpreserved alleged constitutional claim on the ground that the defendant failed to request review by citing Golding. In recent years, cases have refined this concept as the defendant’s failure to affirmatively request appellate review by citing Golding. These cases can be traced to State v. Ramos, 261 Conn. 156, 171, 801 A.2d 788 (2002).
In Ramos, the defendant brought a number of claims in his direct appeal to the Supreme Court. Id., 159. The court determined that two of those claims were unpreserved. Id., 165, 171. As to the first of those claims, the court held that the defendant, having sought review under Golding and having satisfied the first two prongs, failed to satisfy the third prong “because he [had] not demonstrated that the alleged constitutional violation exists.” Id., 165. As to the second claim, the court determined that it could not review that claim because the defendant had failed to request Golding review. Id., 171. The court was not explicit as to the manner in
Ramos cited the following statement in State v. Waz, 240 Conn. 365, 371 n.11, 692 A.2d 1217 (1997), in support of the claimed necessity for an affirmative request: “[Defendants who seek consideration of unpreserved constitutional claims [on appeal] . . . bear the burden of establishing their entitlement to such review under the guidelines enumerated in Golding.” As previously noted, under the precise guidelines of Golding, a defendant who seeks consideration of his claim, i.e., review, need only provide an adequate record and proffer a claim “of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right . . . .” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40. We do not interpret Ramos and its progeny
The rationale of Evans and Golding is that fundamental constitutional rights are of such importance that appellate courts should review claims of alleged constitutional violations even when a defendant fails to take an exception to the alleged violation at the trial court level. Evans and Golding are intended to deal with “substance, not labels.” State v. Gooch, 186 Conn. 17, 18, 438 A.2d 867 (1982). In Gooch, Evans was characterized by Justice Parskey as a “trial court bypass,” although a narrow one, as opposed to an “appellate Champs-Elysees.” Id. A narrow bypass, however, is not necessarily a street with a neon sign on it, emblazoning the words "Golding Review.” Moreover, after elimination by our Supreme Court in Golding of the hurdle of “failure to preserve” constitutional claims at the trial court level, so that appellate review could be obtained for some unpreserved constitutional claims, it is not logical for us to establish another hurdle, namely, the necessity of the mention of the very case that gives the defendant the right to obtain review of the claim he or she failed to preserve at trial.
This court’s position is reinforced by the fact that in a number of instances, both this court and our Supreme Court have reviewed an unpreserved alleged constitutional claim despite the defendant’s failure to request a Golding review. In both State v. Alvarez, 216 Conn. 301, 315-16, 579 A.2d 515 (1990), and State v. Moye, 214 Conn. 89, 97-98, 570 A.2d 209 (1990), our Supreme Court presumed that the defendant was seeking an Evans-Golding review because he asserted a claim of constitutional magnitude that he did not raise at trial, allowing the court to then proceed to analyze the claim under the prongs of Golding. This court also, in State v. Rodriguez, 37 Conn. App. 589, 617-18, 658 A.2d 98, cert. denied, 234 Conn. 916, 661 A.2d 97 (1995), stated: “Presumably, the defendant seeks review under . . . Golding . . . although he has not cited that case, which allows review of an unpreserved claim of constitutional error under certain conditions. The claim is reviewable under the first two prongs of Golding, but the actual review shows the defendant’s claim to be meritless.”
In conclusion, although we do not make it mandatory for a defendant to cite Golding to obtain review of an unpreserved claim of a constitutional deprivation at trial, we do require that a defendant present a record that is adequare for review and affirmatively “[demonstrate] that his claim is indeed a violation of a fundamental constitutional right.”
II
Having concluded that the defendant’s unpreserved claims are reviewable, we next determine whether a constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial, such that he should prevail.
“A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses, which may include impeaching or discrediting them by attempting to reveal to the jury the witnesses’ biases, prejudices or ulterior motives, or facts bearing on the witnesses’ reliability, credibility, or sense of perception.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Webb, 75 Conn. App. 447, 456,
“Our Supreme Court has set forth a specific procedure to accommodate the tension between the defendant’s constitutional right of cross-examination and the privacy interest of a witness in her confidential records. If, for the purposes of cross-examination, a defendant believes that certain privileged records would disclose information especially probative of a witness’ ability to comprehend, know or correctly relate the truth, he may, out of the jury’s presence, attempt to make a preliminary showing that there is a reasonable ground to believe that the failure to produce the records would likely impair his right to impeach the witness. . . .
“Upon inspecting the records in camera, the trial court must determine whether the records are especially probative of the witness’ capacity to relate the truth or to observe, recollect and narrate relevant occurrences. ... If the court determines that the records are probative, the state must obtain the witness’ further waiver of his privilege concerning the relevant portions of the records for release to the defendant, or have the witness’ testimony stricken. If the court discovers no probative and impeaching material, the entire record of the proceeding must be sealed and preserved for possible appellate review. . . .
“Our standard of review of a challenge to a court’s refusal to disclose privileged records is whether there was an abuse of discretion. . . . Discretion means a legal discretion, to be exercised in conformity with the spirit of the law and in a manner to subserve and not to impede or defeat the ends of substantial justice. . . . It goes without saying that the term abuse of discretion . . . means that the ruling appears to have been made on untenable grounds. ... In determining whether the trial court has abused its discretion, we must make every reasonable presumption in favor of the correctness of its action. . . . Access to confidential records should be left to the discretion of the trial court which is better able to assess the probative value of such evidence as it relates to the particular case before it . . . and to weigh that value against the interest in confidentiality of the records. ... On appeal, this court has the responsibility of conducting its own in camera inspection of the sealed records to determine if the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to release those records to the defendant.” (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Webb, supra, 75 Conn. App. 456-58.
Ill
The defendant next claims that the denial of access to the victim’s Juvenile Court file violated his due process right to exculpatory material under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). The defendant argues that “there is a slight suggestion [from the victim’s juvenile probationary status] that meaningful and exculpatory information was available in those sealed records.”
Brady v. Maryland, supra, 373 U.S. 83, involves the duty of the prosecution to disclose exculpatory evidence to the defendant. Typically, “[a] due process violation occurs under Brady only if the prosecution withholds material evidence favorable to a defendant.” State v. Harris, 227 Conn. 751, 762, 631 A.2d 309 (1993). United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 106, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 49 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1976), however, specifically approves the procedure of the court making an in camera determination. Therefore, although the heart of the holding in the Brady case is the prosecution’s suppression of evidence; State v. Bember, 183 Conn. 394, 404, 439 A.2d
“Favorable evidence is that evidence which . . . might have led the jury to entertain a reasonable doubt about . . . guilt . . . and this doubt must be one that did not otherwise exist. ... On the other hand, evidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985) . . . .” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Leduc, supra, 40 Conn. App. 249-50. “If the information discovered during an in camera inspection probably would have changed the outcome of [a] trial the defendant must be given a new trial . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 250.
“It is true that [w]hen a conviction depends entirely upon the testimony of certain witnesses . . . information affecting their credibility is material in the constitutional sense since if they are not believed a reasonable doubt of guilt would be created.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Storlazzi, supra, 191 Conn. 462.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion McLACHLAN, J., concurred.
The defendant was sentenced to a total effective term of thirteen years of imprisonment followed by seven years of special parole.
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall epjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .”
The fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law . . . .”
Alexander testified that this is common in cases in which the victim is an adolescent and the perpetrator used a condom.
MECCA is a brand of clothing.
The defendant’s birth date is September 30, 1981, and, therefore, on the day of the assault, he was twenty-three years of age.
Pursuant to General Statutes § 46b-124 (b), all records of cases of juvenile matters are “confidential and for the use of the court in juvenile matters, and open to inspection or disclosure to any third party . . . only upon order of the Superior Court . . . .”
The record reveals that defense counsel was not present at the hearing before Judge Quinn. The victim was represented by a guardian ad litem at the hearing.
The Juvenile Court redacted the mental health information and requested that the office of probation services place a note in the file indicating generically what had been removed. General Statutes § 46b-124 Q) provides in relevant part: “[A]ny information concerning a child that is obtained during any mental health screening or assessment of such child . . . shall be used solely for planning and treatment purposes and shall otherwise be confidential and retained in the files of the entity providing such services or performing such screening, assessment or evaluation. . . . Such information shall not be subject to subpoena or other court process for use in any other proceeding or for any other purpose.” Presumably, the Juvenile Court excluded all mental health assessment information in compliance with this statute.
See footnote 9.
We note that even if we attempted to reach the merits of the defendant’s claim, we would be unable to do so as the record does not contain an unredacted version of the victim’s Juvenile Court file. It appears that General Statutes § 46b-124 (j) would have prevented the Juvenile Court from releasing the victim’s mental health information to the trial court or this court, and that the Juvenile Court was in compliance within the statutory requirements when it prevented the trial court’s review of the information by redaction. See footnote 9. Because we will not review the propriety of the Juvenile Court’s order absent an appeal from it, we will not discuss a possible conflict between this statute and the defendant’s right to exculpatory information and confrontation. We note that this statute has been amended by Public Acts 2008, No. 08-86, § 4, effective October 1, 2008.
The defendant did not cite Golding in his brief. The state, in its brief, referenced Golding to claim that the defendant was not entitled to review because he did not specifically request review by citing Golding, nor did he specifically address its four prongs in his brief. At oral argument, both the defendant and the state addressed whether the lack of a specific request for review under Golding in the defendant’s brief precluded our review.
The state concedes that it really has no way of knowing this because it has not viewed the contents of the sealed file.
The state itself in this case has entangled an appellate court’s ability to review an unpreserved claim with an appellate court’s determination, after review, that the defendant should or should not prevail. The state, in its
See, e.g., State v. Bowman, 289 Conn. 809, 815, 960 A.2d 1027 (2008); Johnson v. Commissioner of Correction, 288 Conn. 53, 60, 951 A.2d 520 (2008); State v. Reid, 277 Conn. 764, 781, 894 A.2d 963 (2006); State v. Commins, 276 Conn. 503, 515, 886 A.2d 824 (2005); State v. Faison, 112 Conn. App. 373, 381, 962 A.2d 860, cert. denied, 291 Conn. 903, 967 A.2d 507 (2009); State v. DeVivo, 106 Conn. App. 641, 646, 942 A.2d 1066 (2008).
Although the Supreme Court in In re Melody L., 290 Conn. 131, 962 A.2d 81 (2009), specifically noted that the respondent failed to meet Golding in her brief when it declined to review her unpreserved constitutional claim, the court did not state that Golding review could be obtained by the specific mention of Golding. The court, therefore, left available other means for a party to meet its burden of establishing that he or she is entitled to Golding review.
Not only are Golding and Evans fixtures in appellate decisions, but they have also been discussed in numerous law review articles, treatises andjournals. See, e.g., S. Sellers, “State v. Golding: A Standardless Standard,” 65 Conn. B.J. 245 (1991); J. Ranucci, “State v. Evans: The Unexceptional Exception,” 61 Conn. B.J. 359 (1987).
“Patently nonconstitutional claims that are unpreserved at trial do not warrant special consideration simply because they bear a constitutional label.” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 240.
We do not agree with the state that the defendant’s claims are briefed inadequately and, therefore, abandoned. See footnote 14. As is always true in all cases, issues can be reviewed only if adequately briefed. The defendant, however, set forth a developed argument as to the existence of the constitutional violations and the manner in which they deprived him of a fair trial. The mere omission of a reference to Golding does not render his claims inadequately briefed. Furthermore, as specifically stated in Golding, it is the state’s burden to demonstrate harmlessness; State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 241; and therefore, the defendant’s failure to incorporate a harmlessness analysis also does not render his brief inadequate for review of his claims.
Because the state subpoenaed the victim’s Juvenile Court file, the defendant in the present case did not have to make such a showing.
General Statutes § 46b-120 indicates that a juvenile may be placed on probation for reasons other than violations of federal or state law. The reasons include, but are not limited to, violations of municipal or local ordinances, running away from home, unexcused absences from school and defiance of school rules and regulations.
Concurring Opinion
concurring. I agree with my colleagues that the conviction of the defendant, Nicketa Wright, should be affirmed. I respectfully disagree, however, that the defendant adequately has briefed the threshold question of whether this court should review his claims pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989). Accordingly, I concur in the judgment of the majority.
Our Supreme Court recently stated: “It is well established . . . that parties affirmatively seek to prevail under Golding, and bear the burden of establishing that they are entitled to appellate review of their unpreserved constitutional claims.” (Emphasis added.) In re Melody L., 290 Conn. 131, 154, 962 A.2d 81 (2009). Moreover, this court repeatedly has observed that the “failure to address the four prongs of Golding amounts to an inadequate briefing of the issue . . . .” (Internal quotation marks.) State v. Bourguignon, 82 Conn. App. 798, 801, 847 A.2d 1031 (2004); see also State v. DeVivo, 106
I am persuaded by the majority’s reasoning that there is no necessity for a talismanic incantation
I respectfully concur.
“Connecticut courts have refused to attach talismanic significance to the presence or absence of particular words or phrases. See, e.g., State v. Robinson, 227 Conn. 711, 731, 631 A.2d 288 (1993) (failure to use talismanic words does not indicate failure to make necessary determination); State v. Onofrio, 179 Conn. 23, 45, 425 A.2d 560 (1979) ([tjhere is no talismanic ritual of words that must be spoken by a dying declarant to render statements admissible); State v. Peters, 89 Conn. App. 141, 146, 872 A.2d 532 (the fact that the court did not use the specific words psychiatric disabilities does not warrant reversal under the plain error doctrine), cert. denied, 274 Conn. 918, 879 A.2d 895 (2005); State v. Peters, 40 Conn. App. 805, 823, 673 A.2d 1158 (jury charge not improper for failure to recite talismanic words), cert. denied, 237 Conn. 925, 677 A.2d 949 (1996).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Edwards, 100 Conn. App. 565, 578-79 n.6, 918 A.2d 1008, cert. denied, 282 Conn. 928, 929, 926 A.2d 666, 667 (2007).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- State of Connecticut v. Nicketa Wright
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- Published