In these consolidated appeals, 1 a principal issue in each of the cases is the meaning and application of the phrase "not more than thirty days" set forth in General Statutes § 14-60 (a). 2 The trial court, in rendering summary judgment in each of the three consolidated cases, from which the plaintiffs have appealed, interpreted that phrase to require the exclusion of May 9, 2013, the date on which a "Temporary Loan of Motor Vehicles" agreement (loan agreement) between Luis Martins 3 and the defendant Danbury Fair Hyundai, LLC, was executed, from the computation of that thirty day period. 4 The plaintiffs claim on appeal that the court erred in determining that the loan of a dealer number plate, 5 pursuant to the loan agreement for use on a 2013 Hyundai Veloster automobile that the Martins had purchased, did not exceed the thirty day period set forth in § 14-60 (a). The plaintiffs also claim that the court erred in finding that the defendant fully complied with the requirements of § 14-60 (a), resulting in its protection from liability to the plaintiffs. We disagree, and, accordingly, affirm the judgments of the trial court.

The following facts, as set forth in the defendant's memoranda of law in support of its motions for summary judgment and in the plaintiffs' memoranda of law in opposition to summary judgment, are undisputed. On May 9, 2013, Luis Martins and his father, Jorge Martins, purchased a 2013 Hyundai Veloster automobile from the defendant. Because the defendant had not received the automobile manufacturer's certificate of origin, the parties could not complete the transfer of Luis Martins' motor vehicle registration from his previous vehicle, a 2007 Jeep Wrangler vehicle, to the new vehicle. The defendant loaned a dealer number plate to Luis Martins while the registration process was pending. The defendant and Luis Martins signed the loan agreement at approximately 7 p.m. on May 9, 2013.

On June 8, 2013, at approximately 3 p.m., Luis Martins, while driving the Hyundai Veloster automobile, was involved in a motor vehicle accident in Danbury. As a result of the accident, his passengers, Lindsey Beale, Casey Leigh Rutter and Jason Ferreira sustained traumatic injuries; Beale died from her injuries. At the time of the accident, the Hyundai Veloster automobile displayed the dealer number plate belonging to the defendant.

In separately filed complaints, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant owned or controlled the automobile driven by Luis Martins and was, therefore, liable for any damages resulting from the June 8, 2013 accident. On February 17, 2015, the defendant filed a substantially similar motion for summary judgment in each case, asserting that it was not liable to any of the plaintiffs because the accident occurred "twenty-nine days and [twenty] hours after the plates were loaned out, and thus well within the thirty day period of time required by Connecticut law." Attached as evidence in support of its motion, the defendant included an affidavit from William Sabatini, the chief financial officer of the defendant; a temporary insurance identification card issued to the Martins by Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company for the Hyundai Veloster automobile with an effective date of May 9, 2013; an insurance declaration page for that automobile; copies of the Martins' drivers' licenses; a registration certificate and insurance identification card for Luis Martins' previous vehicle; a completed department of motor vehicles registration form for the 2013 Hyundai Veloster automobile signed by the Martins and dated May 9, 2013; purchase and finance documents relating to the sale of the 2013 Hyundai Veloster automobile, including a manufacturer's certificate of origin dated April 15, 2013; and the signed loan agreement. The plaintiffs filed a substantially similar memorandum of law in each of the cases in opposition to the motions for summary judgment, claiming, inter alia, that genuine issues of material fact existed regarding whether the defendant complied with the requirements of § 14-60 (a), and that the period of the loan agreement exceeded the thirty day time limit set forth in § 14-60 (a) (3). The sole evidence attached to their opposition memoranda was a transcript excerpt from Sabatini's January 6, 2015 deposition.

On November 27, 2015, the court issued a memorandum of decision rendering summary judgment in favor of the defendant in each of the cases. The court found that the defendant "satisfied its obligations pursuant to [ § 14-60 ] in that the Martins provided proof of valid insurance coverage during the dates of May 9, 2013, and June 19, 2013," and that the Martins "had possession of the loaner vehicle for [twenty-nine] days and [twenty] hours at the time of the accident as they were awaiting the pending registration for the new vehicle." Accordingly, the court concluded that the defendant complied with § 14-60 and was protected from liability for the accident. These consolidated appeals followed.

We first set forth our standard governing review of a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment. " Practice Book [§ 17-49 ] provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.... In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.... The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of showing the absence of any genuine issue [of] material facts which, under applicable principles of substantive law, entitle him to a judgment as a matter of law ... and the party opposing such a motion must provide an evidentiary foundation to demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue of material fact.... A material fact ... [is] a fact which will make a difference in the result of the case.... Finally, the scope of our review of the trial court's decision to grant the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is plenary." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) DiPietro v. Farmington Sports Arena, LLC , 306 Conn. 107 , 116, 49 A.3d 951 (2012).

Additionally, because this appeal involves questions of statutory construction, we set forth our well established principles of statutory interpretation. "When construing a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature.... In other words, we seek to determine, in a reasoned manner, the meaning of the statutory language as applied to the facts of [the] case, including the question of whether the language actually does apply.... In seeking to determine that meaning, General Statutes § 1-2z directs us first to consider the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Connecticut Energy Marketers Assn. v. Dept. of Energy & Environmental Protection , 324 Conn. 362 , 372-73, 152 A.3d 509 (2016). "Statutory interpretation is a question of law, over which our review is plenary." Gomes v. Massachusetts Bay Ins. Co. , 87 Conn. App. 416 , 423, 866 A.2d 704 , cert. denied, 273 Conn. 925 , 871 A.2d 1031 (2005).

I

On appeal, the plaintiffs assert that the court erred in its computation of the days in the § 14-60 (a) (3) thirty day period because it began on May 9, 2013, the day the loan agreement was signed, and not on May 10, 2013, the following day. Because § 14-60 (a) (3) limits the temporary loan of a dealer number plate to "not more than thirty days in any year," the plaintiffs maintain that the defendant is liable to them because the Hyundai Veloster automobile displayed the dealer number plate when the accident occurred on June 8, 2013, which they allege was the thirty-first day after the loan of the plate.

"[ Section 14-60 ] reflects the legislative effort to protect the public from reckless driving of loaned motor vehicles.... By giving an injured person the statutory right to recover from the borrower's insurer when the borrower is at fault, § 14-60 (a) provides an incentive to those who test drive motor vehicles to drive with the same care that they would exercise if they were driving a motor vehicle they owned." (Citation omitted.) Sandor v. New Hampshire Ins. Co. , 241 Conn. 792 , 798, 699 A.2d 96 (1997). Section 14-60"permits an automobile dealer to lend a dealer [number] plate to a purchaser of a motor vehicle, for a period not to exceed [thirty] days, while the purchaser's registration is pending ...." Cook v. Collins Chevrolet, Inc. , 199 Conn. 245 , 249, 506 A.2d 1035 (1986). A dealer that has complied with the requirements set forth in § 14-60 is not liable for damages caused by the insured operator of the motor vehicle while that vehicle is displaying the loaned dealer number plate. Id.

The loan agreement was signed at approximately 7 p.m. on May 9, 2013. The accident occurred at approximately 3 p.m. on June 8, 2013. Depending on the method used to calculate the thirty day period set forth in § 14-60 (a), the accident occurred within or beyond the thirty day period. For example, if, as the plaintiffs argue, May 9, 2013, the date of the execution of the loan agreement, is included as the first day of the thirty day period, the accident occurred on the thirty-first day after such execution. If May 9, 2013, is not included as one of the thirty days, however, and the first day of the thirty day period begins on May 10, 2013, as the defendant argues, the accident would have occurred on the thirtieth day.

The plaintiffs argue that the parties intended for the loan of the dealer number plate to begin on May 9, 2013, and that common sense dictates that insurance coverage began the moment the vehicle left the defendant's lot. Specifically, the plaintiffs posit that by excluding May 9, 2013 in the counting of the thirty day period, "if the borrowing driver were to crash while driving off the lot or later that same day, then [ § 14-60 ] would not protect the dealer because the loan would not yet have begun." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) As evidence in support of the parties' intent, the plaintiffs submitted a transcript excerpt from Sabatini's deposition, in which he stated that May 9 was the first day of the Martins' loan period. 6 In its memorandum of decision, the court determined that the plaintiffs' argument that "the court must accept the first date" is "contrary to [our] case law ...." Nevertheless, the court noted, even if it accepted, arguendo, the plaintiffs' argument, and used twenty-four hour periods beginning from 7 p.m. on May 9, 2013, to calculate the thirty day period, "the [Martins] had possession of the loaner vehicle for [no more than] [twenty-nine] days and [twenty] hours at the time of the accident ...."

We agree with the court that the accident did not occur more than thirty days after the execution of the loan agreement even if the thirty day period set forth in § 14-60 (a) began at approximately 7 p.m. on May 9, 2013. The only way for the thirty day period set forth in § 14-60 (a) to have expired before June 8, 2013, the date of the accident, was if the five hours remaining in the day after the execution of the loan agreement at approximately 7 p.m. on May 9, 2013, were counted as one full day, and no relevant Connecticut precedent was offered by the plaintiffs in support of this approach. 7

Section 14-60 (a) (3) provides in relevant part that "[n]o dealer or repairer may loan a motor vehicle or number plate ... for not more than thirty days in any year ...." It appears that neither the computation method nor the interpretation of the phrase "not more than thirty days" contained in § 14-60 (a) (3) has been previously discussed by our appellate courts. We are mindful that "[i]n the construction of the statutes, words and phrases shall be construed according to the commonly approved usage of the language; and technical words and phrases, and such as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood accordingly. General Statutes § 1-1 (a). Where a statute does not define a term, it is appropriate to look to the common understanding expressed in the law ...." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Police Department v. State Board of Labor Relations , 225 Conn. 297 , 301 n.6, 622 A.2d 1005 (1993).

Neither § 14-60 nor title fourteen of the General Statutes includes a definition for the word "day." The statute also does not specify how to count days in order to meet the "not more than thirty days in any year" requirement. Our case law, however, beginning 200 years ago, provides for the general definition of a day. "It is a well known rule of the common law, that a day comprises twenty-four hours, extending from midnight to midnight, including morning, evening and night, and is called the natural day. When a day is spoken of in law, it comprehends that period of time. When an act is to be done on a particular day, it may be done at any time between those hours." Fox v. Abel , 2 Conn. 541 , 542 (1818).

Approximately 125 years ago, our Supreme Court in Miner v. Goodyear Glove Mfg. Co. , 62 Conn. 410 , 26 A. 643 (1892), also addressed the meaning of the word "day" in a statute. The court concluded that "[t]he current of authorities is substantially unvarying to the effect that when the word 'day' is used in a statute or in a contract, it will, unless it is in some way restricted, be held to mean the whole twenty-four hours. Thus, when the statute above quoted fixes the period of sixty days, it must be taken to mean days in the sense of the law.... The day on which the proceedings were commenced must be excluded. For the day and the act being coterminous and of equal length, nothing could precede the act that did not also precede the day." (Citations omitted.) Id., at 411, 26 A. 643 .

Approximately 95 years ago, our Supreme Court in Austin, Nichols & Co., Inc. v. Gilman , 100 Conn. 81 , 84, 123 A. 32 (1923), considered the issue of computation of days where a statute provided that a notice of intention had to be recorded in the town clerk's office not less than fourteen days prior to a sale. It similarly determined that "[u]nless settled practice or established custom, or the intention of the parties, or the terms of a statute, have included in the computation the date or act of accrual, it is to be excluded from the computation. This is not only our established rule, but the rule established by modern authority, applicable to all kinds of instruments, to statutes, and to rules and orders of court." 8

Our courts have consistently followed this computation method. See, e.g., Commissioner of Transportation v. Kahn , 262 Conn. 257 , 264, 811 A.2d 693 (2003) ("we are guided by the general rule ... that where a period of time is to be calculated from a particular date or event, the day of such date or event is excluded from the computation" [internal quotation marks omitted] ); Lamberti v. Stamford , 131 Conn. 396 , 397-98, 40 A.2d 190 (1944) ("[i]t is well settled that the day of the act from which a future time is to be ascertained is to be excluded from the computation"); and Wikander v. Asbury Automotive Group/David McDavid Acura , 137 Conn. App. 665 , 671-72, 50 A.3d 901 (2012) ("for purposes of determining when a filing period runs, we generally do not count the first day, the day of the act"); see also, annot., 98 A.L.R.2d 1338 , § 3 (1964) ("[i]n the absence of anything showing an intention to count only 'clear' or 'entire' days, it is generally held that in computing the time for performance of an act or event which must take place a certain number of days before a known future day, one of the terminal days is included in the count and the other is excluded"). 9

The plaintiffs do not dispute the date and time on which the loan agreement was signed, or the date and time of the accident. Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, there are no genuine issues of material fact regarding the thirty day period to be applied pursuant to § 14-60 (a). The resolution of this claim depends, instead, on the legal issue of whether the computation of time starts on May 9, 2013, the date of the execution of the loan agreement, or on May 10, 2013, the first full day after such execution. On the basis of our general rule for the computation of days and the common understanding of a "day"

as used in our case law, May 10, 2013, is the first day of the thirty day period. The accident on June 8, 2013, occurred not more than thirty days following the loan agreement and, therefore, was within the statutory time limit set forth in § 14-60 (a). 10 Because the accident occurred within the thirty day period set forth in § 14-60 (a), the defendant is entitled to its protection against liability to the plaintiffs.

II

The plaintiffs also claim that genuine issues of material fact exist in that the defendant failed to comply with two other requirements of § 14-60 (a) for protection from liability. 11 As support for their claim, they assert that the loan agreement submitted into evidence did not contain a selection of one of the three available options: "service customer," "prospective buyer," or "registration pending." 12 These terms parrot the options set forth in §§ 14-60 (a) (1), (2) and (3). The plaintiffs additionally claim that since the vehicle registration process was not completed until June 10, 2013, because the registration was not "pending," as required by § 14-60 (a) (3), until two days after the accident.

With respect to the plaintiffs' first claim, there is nothing in § 14-60 (a) that requires a written selection of one of the three statutory options, each of which contemplates the use of dealer number plates on vehicles for a limited duration. In this case, it is not disputed that the dealer number plate was going to be displayed on the new automobile that the Martins had purchased, and not on a vehicle to be used by them while their vehicle was being serviced, or on a vehicle being demonstrated to them. Additionally, with respect to the use of a dealer number plate pursuant to § 14-60 (a), it is clear that this statute is intended both to encourage dealers to ensure that the customer has insurance coverage; see Cook v. Collins Chevrolet, Inc. , supra, 199 Conn. at 250-52 , 506 A.2d 1035 ; which requirement was indisputably satisfied in this case, and to encourage the user of the dealer number plate to drive with care. See Sandor v. New Hampshire Ins. Co. , supra, 241 Conn. at 798 , 699 A.2d 96 .

With respect to the plaintiffs' second claim, the plaintiffs assert that the Martins' registration for the Hyundai Veloster automobile was a transfer of an existing registration and not a new "pending" registration under § 14-60 (a) (3). 13 We have not found any appellate interpretation of "pending registration" as set forth in § 14-60 (a). We, however, do not accept the plaintiffs' narrow interpretation of that statute, which would permit the loan of dealer number plates only for new pending registrations of purchased vehicles and not for the transfer of registrations between vehicles in connection with a purchase of a new vehicle. In other words, to accept the plaintiffs' interpretation and limit § 14-60 (a) (3) only to new registrations would mean that any purchaser of a motor vehicle from a dealership who also trades in a vehicle or transfers the number plates from an old vehicle to a new vehicle, would not be able to borrow a dealer number plate while the registration process was pending. "The purpose of [ § 14-60 ] is to make effective the statutory provision to require the registration of motor vehicles and to prevent avoidance thereof.... It was not intended that others, under cover of the general number or distinguishing mark of the dealer, should be able to operate cars belonging to or controlled by themselves." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Baron Motors, Inc. , 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 378 , 381, 199 A.2d 355 (1964). Simply put, the statute permits the loan of dealer number plates, for a limited time, to a person who purchased a vehicle from the dealer, while waiting for that vehicle to be registered with the department of motor vehicles, or otherwise pending the registration process. The circumstances of the present case are akin to Cook v. Collins Chevrolet, Inc. , supra, 199 Conn. at 247 , 506 A.2d 1035 , where in that case, the dealer loaned a dealer number plate to the purchaser of a truck while the registration for the truck was pending. The truck owner was involved in an accident within the time period permitted under § 14-60 (a) (3) and the truck owner subsequently registered the truck in his own name two days after the accident. Id.

The court did not err in concluding that the defendant met its burden in demonstrating that the parties to the loan agreement intended for the defendant to loan the dealer number plate for up to thirty days while the registration was pending because of the missing certificate of origin for the newly purchased vehicle. The defendant complied with the requirements of § 14-60 (a) by obtaining proof of insurance from the Martins for that period of time. As discussed in part I of this opinion, the accident occurred within that time period. The plaintiffs have not demonstrated the existence of any genuine issues of material fact that contradict the defendant's compliance with § 14-60 (a). Although the parties failed to designate on the loan agreement form, via a check in a box, the specific category of the loan, the undisputed evidence submitted in support of the motions for summary judgment was that the Martins did not borrow the dealer number plate to test drive a vehicle nor did they have a vehicle undergoing repairs.

There are no other relevant factors that would raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding the defendant's compliance with § 14-60. See Cook v. Collins Chevrolet, Inc. , supra, 199 Conn. at 252 , 506 A.2d 1035 (dealer entitled to summary judgment because of its full compliance with § 14-60 when purchaser was involved in accident with vehicle displaying dealer number plate while registration was pending). Accordingly, the court properly rendered summary judgments in favor of the defendant against each of the plaintiffs.

The judgments are affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.