Connecticut Court of Appeals, 2018

State v. Hudson

Connecticut Court of Appeals · Decided June 26, 2018 · Lavine, Prescott, Harper

191 A.3d 1032; 182 Conn. App. 833 (Atlantic Reporter, Third Series)

Opinion

PRESCOTT, J.

The defendant, Robert Lee Hudson III, appeals following the judgment of conviction, challenging only the sentence imposed on him by the trial court following his plea of guilty under the Alford 1 doctrine to criminal possession of a firearm in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2013) § 53a-217 2 and altering the identification mark of a firearm in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2013) § 29-36. 3 The defendant's plea was entered subject to a Garvin agreement. 4 The sole issue on appeal is whether the court violated the defendant's right to due process when it found that he had violated the Garvin agreement without first conducting a hearing in accordance with State v. Stevens , 278 Conn. 1 , 11-13, 895 A.2d 771 (2006), to determine whether probable cause existed to support the defendant's subsequent arrest, which was the basis of the violation. We conclude that the defendant's right to due process was not infringed and, accordingly, affirm the judgment of the court.

The record reveals the following relevant facts and procedural history. On September 9, 2013, the defendant was arrested pursuant to a warrant for criminal possession of a firearm in violation of § 53a-217, altering the identification mark of a firearm in violation of § 29-36, and having a weapon in a motor vehicle in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2013) § 29-38. The charges stemmed from the defendant's alleged involvement with an attempted burglary in Stamford (Stamford arrest).

On September 4, 2014, the defendant pleaded guilty, under the Alford doctrine, to criminal possession of a firearm and altering the identification mark of a firearm. The defendant subsequently entered into a Garvin agreement whereby the court agreed to release the defendant on bond while he awaited sentencing and to impose the agreed upon sentence, which was six years incarceration, followed by four years of special parole, so long as he (1) appeared in court for sentencing on December 5, 2014, and (2) was not arrested while out on bond (no new arrests condition). The court advised the defendant that, if he violated a condition of the Garvin agreement, he was no longer entitled to the agreed upon sentence and the court instead could sentence him up to the statutory maximum period of incarceration for the charges to which he pleaded guilty. The court canvassed the defendant as follows:

"Q. Now you're out on bond on these files, sir. You understand you have to be back here on December 5th. Do you understand that, sir?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. If you don't come back on that date, I will feel free to sentence you to the maximum term for the charges to which you've plead[ed] [guilty], which is ten years to serve; two [years] mandatory minimum time. Do you understand that, sir?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. In addition to that, you would be charged with failure to appear in the first degree, which brings with it an additional five years in the state's prison system. Do you understand that, sir?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. Secondarily, if you were to pick up any files between now and the time you are sentenced, be they serious motor vehicle offenses or criminal offenses, I would feel free to sentence you to the maximum term, which is ten years to serve. Do you understand that, sir?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. Do you agree to all of that, sir?

"A. Yes, sir." 5

On December 3, 2014, the sentencing hearing was continued to January 20, 2015. On December 19, 2014, the defendant was arrested in connection with a shooting in the Norwalk-Stamford area and charged with attempt to commit murder in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49 and 53a-54a (a), reckless endangerment in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-63, criminal possession of a pistol or revolver in violation of General Statutes (Supp. 2014) § 53a-217c, unlawful discharge of a firearm in violation of General Statutes § 53-203, altering the identification mark of a firearm in violation of General Statutes (Supp. 2014) § 29-36, and stealing a firearm in violation of General Statutes § 53a-212 (Norwalk arrest).

On October 14, 2015, following numerous continuances, the court held a sentencing hearing on the charges to which the defendant had pleaded guilty under the Alford doctrine as a result of his Stamford arrest. The court noted the Garvin agreement that the defendant had entered into with respect to those charges. The defendant's attorney, Richard Meehan, Jr., then asked the court whether it would (1) consider sentencing the defendant to the original agreed upon disposition, which was six years to serve, followed by four years of special parole, or (2) refrain from sentencing him until the Norwalk case was resolved because he claimed that a third-party witness would exonerate him of those charges. 6

In response to Meehan's request, the court stated that "[w]hen the Garvin warnings are given-and the Garvin warnings are not predicated upon guilt beyond a reasonable doubt-the Garvin warnings are given with the understanding that if [the defendant is] involved in any kind of subsequent behavior that results in a judge finding probable cause for his arrest , be it a serious motor vehicle matter or a criminal matter, then he has violated the Garvin warnings given by the [c]ourt. That was the agreement he agreed to at the time the Garvin warnings were given, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt." (Emphasis added.)

Despite the court's explanation, the defendant failed to argue that his Norwalk arrest was not supported by probable cause or otherwise contest its validity. Nor did the defendant explicitly request a hearing of any kind.

The court then heard from the state, which requested that the court increase the defendant's total sentence to ten years of incarceration. The defendant subsequently made a formal motion to continue the sentencing until the Norwalk case was resolved. The court denied the defendant's motion for continuance and sentenced him to two consecutive five year terms of incarceration for criminal possession of a firearm in violation of § 53a-217 and altering the identification mark of a firearm in violation of § 29-36, for a total effective sentence of ten years of incarceration, two years of which were a mandatory minimum period of incarceration.

On November 21, 2016, the defendant filed the present appeal. On June 26, 2017, during the pendency of this appeal, the Norwalk case was resolved when the defendant pleaded guilty 7 under the Alford doctrine to criminal possession of a firearm in violation of § 53a-217 and carrying a pistol without a permit in violation of General Statutes § 29-35 (a). 8 On appeal, the defendant claims that the court deprived him of his right to due process by finding that he violated the no new arrests condition of the Garvin agreement and increasing his sentence without first holding a Stevens hearing to determine whether his Norwalk arrest was supported by probable cause. We disagree.

The state contends that this claim is not preserved. The defendant, however, argues that his assertion that he would be exonerated of the charges stemming from his Norwalk arrest was enough to put the court on notice that he was requesting a Stevens hearing. We agree with the state that the claim the defendant advances on appeal was not distinctly raised to the trial court and is therefore unpreserved.

The defendant's request that his sentencing in the Stamford case be postponed until the ultimate question of his guilt in the Norwalk case was decided is fundamentally different than a request for adjudication by the court regarding the validity of his Norwalk arrest. At no point during the defendant's October 14, 2015 sentencing hearing did the defendant contest whether his Norwalk arrest was supported by probable cause or otherwise challenge the validity of the arrest, despite the court's statement that "the Garvin warnings are not predicated upon guilt beyond a reasonable doubt-the Garvin warnings are given with the understanding that if [the defendant is] involved in any kind of subsequent behavior that results in a judge finding probable cause for his arrest ... then he has violated the Garvin warnings ...." (Emphasis added.) We do not mean to suggest that the defendant was required to use the precise phrase, "I am requesting a Stevens hearing," in order to preserve his claim. At the very least, however, he needed to put the court on notice that he was challenging the validity of the arrest itself. Because he failed to do so, we conclude that his claim is not preserved.

The defendant requests that, in the event we conclude that his claim is not preserved, we review it pursuant to State v. Golding , 213 Conn. 233 , 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), as modified by In re Yasiel R. , 317 Conn. 773 , 781, 120 A.3d 1188 (2015). Under Golding , "a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation ... exists and ... deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt." (Emphasis in original; footnote omitted.) State v. Golding , supra, at 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 .

As a threshold matter, we note that the defendant's claim is reviewable under Golding because the record is adequate for review and the claim is of constitutional magnitude. Specifically, the issue of whether the court was required to hold a Stevens hearing before finding that the defendant violated the no new arrests condition of the Garvin agreement implicates his constitutional right to due process. See State v. Stevens , supra, 278 Conn. at 7 n.8, 11-13, 895 A.2d 771 . The defendant cannot satisfy the third prong of Golding , however, because no constitutional violation occurred in the present case.

We begin by setting forth the legal principles relevant to the defendant's claim. A Garvin agreement is a conditional plea agreement. See State v. Brown , 145 Conn. App. 174 , 176 n.1, 75 A.3d 713 , cert. denied, 310 Conn. 936 , 79 A.3d 890 (2013). If a defendant enters into a Garvin agreement and, thereafter, violates a condition of that agreement, the court may decline to impose the agreed upon sentence and instead increase the defendant's sentence up to his or her maximum statutory exposure. See State v. Garvin , 242 Conn. 296 , 300-302, 314, 699 A.2d 921 (1997). Moreover, a no new arrests condition may properly be imposed by the court pursuant to a Garvin agreement. See State v. Stevens , supra, 278 Conn. at 8-9 , 895 A.2d 771 (condition of Garvin agreement that defendant not get arrested while awaiting sentencing was valid).

In State v. Stevens , our Supreme Court determined that, regarding a violation of a no new arrests condition of a Garvin agreement, due process requires that the defendant be given the opportunity to contest the validity of the arrest. Id., at 12, 895 A.2d 771 . If the defendant does contest the validity of the arrest, the court must conduct an inquiry regarding the defendant's challenge. 9 Id., at 13, 895 A.2d 771 . The defendant in Stevens , however, did not dispute the facts leading to the arrest or whether it was supported by probable cause. Id., at 12, 895 A.2d 771 . Our Supreme Court concluded, therefore, that "in the absence of a dispute as to the validity of the arrest, giving effect to the breach of the no [new] arrest condition does not violate due process." Id.

The defendant argues that the court should have conducted a Stevens hearing before finding that he violated the no new arrests condition of the Garvin agreement. The defendant further appears to argue that the hearing to which he was entitled would include, in addition to any inquiry regarding whether his Norwalk arrest was supported by probable cause, an opportunity to contest his ultimate criminal liability. In Stevens , however, our Supreme Court determined that due process did not require the court to find that the defendant actually committed the postplea offense that led to her arrest before concluding that she violated the Garvin agreement. See id., at 12-13, 895 A.2d 771 . Thus, even if the court did conduct a Stevens hearing in the present case, any evidence relating to the defendant's ultimate criminal liability would not have altered the court's conclusion that he violated the Garvin agreement.

Moreover, absent any indication that the defendant's Norwalk arrest was not valid, the court was free to consider the arrest at sentencing without first holding a Stevens hearing. 10 "A sentencing judge has very broad discretion in imposing any sentence within the statutory limits .... To arrive at a just sentence, a sentencing judge may consider information that would be inadmissible for the purpose of determining guilt ...." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Huey , 199 Conn. 121 , 126, 505 A.2d 1242 (1986). "The trial court's discretion, however, is not completely unfettered. As a matter of due process, information may be considered as a basis for a sentence only if it has some minimal indicium of reliability." Id., at 127, 505 A.2d 1242 .

In the present case, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the defendant's Norwalk arrest lacked the requisite minimal indicium of reliability necessary to be considered at sentencing. Although the defendant was arrested without a warrant, the court, Dennis, J. , later determined, within the applicable forty-eight hour period required by Practice Book § 37-12, that the arrest was supported by probable cause. Moreover, at oral argument and in response to questions from this court, the defendant conceded that he was not challenging whether there was a "legitimate basis" for the arrest-in other words, he does not argue that the arrest lacked probable cause.

Thus, because (1) any evidence pertaining to the defendant's ultimate criminal liability with respect to the Norwalk arrest was irrelevant to the court's determination that he breached the Garvin agreement, and (2) there is nothing in the record to suggest that the arrest lacked the requisite minimal indicium of reliability necessary to be considered at sentencing, we conclude that the defendant's right to due process was not violated. See State v. Yates , 169 Conn. App. 383 , 401-403, 150 A.3d 1154 (2016), cert. denied, 324 Conn. 920 , 157 A.3d 85 (2017) (sentencing court properly considered defendant's pending arrest warrants in deciding what sentence to impose in light of defendant's failure to comply with "no new arrests" condition of Garvin agreement where, inter alia, defendant never challenged whether arrest warrants were supported by probable cause [internal quotation marks omitted] ). The defendant's claim, therefore, fails under the third prong of Golding .

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

See North Carolina v. Alford , 400 U.S. 25 , 37, 91 S.Ct. 160 , 27 L.Ed. 2d 162 (1970) ; see also State v. Fairchild , 155 Conn. App. 196 , 199 n.2, 108 A.3d 1162 ("[a] criminal defendant who enters a guilty plea under the Alford doctrine does not admit guilt but acknowledges that the state has sufficient evidence to convict"), cert. denied, 316 Conn. 902 , 111 A.3d 470 (2015).

Hereinafter, all references to § 53a-217 in this opinion are to the 2013 revision of the statute.

Hereinafter, unless otherwise indicated, all references to § 29-36 in this opinion are to the 2013 revision of the statute.

A Garvin agreement is a conditional plea agreement. See State v. Garvin , 242 Conn. 296 , 300-302, 699 A.2d 921 (1997). Typically, a defendant who enters into a Garvin agreement agrees to a particular sentence of incarceration, but wishes to be at liberty pending sentencing. Thus, the court will release the defendant on bond prior to sentencing and, in exchange, the defendant agrees to abide by certain conditions. Oftentimes, those conditions include a requirement that the defendant appear at the sentencing hearing and refrain from being arrested. If the defendant violates a condition of the Garvin agreement, the court may impose a longer sentence than that to which the defendant originally agreed. See id., at 300-302, 309-14, 699 A.2d 921 ; see also State v. Brown , 145 Conn. App. 174 , 176 n.1, 75 A.3d 713 , cert. denied, 310 Conn. 936 , 79 A.3d 890 (2013).

We note that, at the time the defendant accepted the plea agreement, the court did not explain to him in explicit terms that if he was subsequently arrested, and that arrest was supported by probable cause , it would constitute a violation of the Garvin agreement. The defendant, however, does not challenge on appeal whether the Garvin canvass itself was proper.

Specifically, Meehan stated to the court: "If Your Honor please, I discussed with [the defendant] the fact that the court intends to move forward and sentence him in accordance with ... Garvin , based upon the circumstances of the new arrest. He has asked me to make application to the court as follows. Either, one, that the court consider sentencing him to the original plea bargain here in the case, which was six years to serve, two of which were to be mandatory, on the criminal possession of a firearm, followed by four years of special parole. Or, [in the] alternative, to continue this case until the resolution of the latest case, his Norwalk arrest, which forms the basis for the Garvin claim.

"It's [the defendant's] contention-and he's indicated this to his prior counsel, [Attorney John] Imhoff, and also to Attorney O'Reilly who's now been appointed-that there is a witness in that case, a codefendant who has in fact given a statement that exonerates him. So, if in fact that's true, and if in fact he prevails before a jury on the new charge, it really would be somewhat unfair for him, to sentence him under Garvin on the technicality of the arrest. So he's asked me to make that application to the court. If Your Honor chooses not to impose the original plea bargain sentence that had been discussed, then I would ask Your Honor to continue this matter indefinitely until the resolution of the pending Norwalk case."

The fact that the defendant pleaded guilty to those charges does not render this appeal moot. In Council v. Commissioner of Correction , 286 Conn. 477 , 486-88, 944 A.2d 340 (2008), our Supreme Court considered this exact issue, namely, whether the fact that the petitioner pleaded guilty to a charge stemming from a subsequent arrest rendered moot his claim that the court should have allowed him to contest the validity of that arrest before finding that he violated the Garvin agreement. In that case the petitioner argued, and our Supreme Court agreed, that his claim on appeal was not moot because the sentencing court had considered all of the charges brought against him as a result of his subsequent arrest rather than the single charge to which he ultimately pleaded guilty. Id., at 488 , 944 A.2d 340 . The rest of the charges were nolled by the state. Thus, our Supreme Court reasoned that it was possible that, "if [the petitioner] were to prevail in this appeal, he would not be precluded from attempting to establish on remand that there was no basis for those charges. If the trial court were to agree ... it might impose a different sentence." Id.

Although § 29-35 (a) was the subject of a technical amendment in 2016; see Public Acts 2016, No. 16-193, § 9; that amendment has no bearing on the merits of this appeal. In the interest of simplicity, we refer to the current revision of the statute.

Although Stevens does not entirely delineate the scope of the requisite inquiry, our reading of that case indicates that, typically, the issue would be limited to whether there was probable cause to arrest the defendant.

The defendant argues that a defendant must affirmatively waive his right to a Stevens hearing, citing State v. Stevens , supra, 278 Conn. at 11-13 , 895 A.2d 771 , and State v. Yates , 169 Conn. App. 383 , 388, 401-403, 150 A.3d 1154 (2016), cert. denied, 324 Conn. 920 , 157 A.3d 85 (2017). Our appellate courts, however, have never imposed such a rule, nor do we think it is appropriate to require a court to canvass a defendant regarding his or her right to a Stevens hearing in every case with an alleged Garvin violation. Presumably, a defendant is the person most likely in possession of any information undermining the validity of the arrest that formed the basis of the Garvin violation and, thus, would know whether a hearing might be appropriate.

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