In this foreclosure action, the plaintiff, Sovereign Bank, 1 appeals from the order of the trial court granting the motion of the defendant, Angela Harrison, 2 to restore her third special defense to the docket following the plaintiff's voluntary withdrawal of its action. 3 The plaintiff's principal claim on appeal is that the trial court erred in interpreting the defendant's special defense as a counterclaim and, therefore, lacked the authority to restore it to the docket. 4 We agree and, accordingly, reverse the order of the trial court.

The following facts and procedural history are relevant to this appeal. The plaintiff commenced the present action on September 9, 2010, seeking to foreclose a mortgage on certain real property in Norwalk that the defendant had executed in 2005 as security for a note in the principal amount of $200,000. The plaintiff alleged in its complaint that it was the holder of the note and mortgage and that the defendant was in default under the note and mortgage for failing to make payment as agreed.

On June 24, 2011, the defendant filed an answer and three special defenses. The defendant alleged in the first two special defenses that the plaintiff's predecessor in interest had (1) misrepresented the terms and conditions of the loan and (2) fraudulently entered false information on the defendant's loan application and sold the defendant a loan that she could not possibly afford. As to her third special defense-the only one at issue in the present appeal-the defendant alleged that "[t]he plaintiff did not properly account for payments made by the defendant." The plaintiff filed a reply denying the defendant's special defenses on December 2, 2014.

On November 23, 2015-prior to the scheduled trial date-the plaintiff unilaterally withdrew its action pursuant to General Statutes § 52-80, 5 and shortly thereafter the plaintiff commenced a foreclosure action against the same defendant in federal court. 6 As of the date of the withdrawal, the defendant had not effectively filed a counterclaim. 7 On November 30, 2015, the defendant filed a request for leave to amend her answer to assert a counterclaim, to which the plaintiff objected. At the conclusion of the December 22, 2015 oral argument on the objection, the court ruled from the bench that it did not have jurisdiction to consider the defendant's request because no counterclaim had been pending when the plaintiff withdrew its action. The court suggested, however, that it might have the ability to consider the request for leave to amend if the defendant first filed a motion to restore the case to the docket.

Pursuant to the court's suggestion, on January 28, 2016, the defendant filed a motion and an accompanying memorandum of law to restore her special defenses and counterclaim to the docket or, alternatively, to restore the case to the docket (motion to restore). 8 In her memorandum of law, the defendant argued, inter alia, that her third special defense 9 was more properly construed as a counterclaim and that, as such, it survived the withdrawal of the plaintiff's action pursuant to Practice Book § 10-55. 10 After hearing oral argument on the motion on February 8, 2016, the court issued an oral decision granting the motion to restore. 11

As set forth in its ruling and subsequent articulation, 12 the court, relying on 225 Associates v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority , 65 Conn. App. 112 , 121, 782 A.2d 189 (2001), determined that, because the defendant's third special defense arose out of the same transaction as that underlying the plaintiff's action, it was more properly construed as a counterclaim. Consequently, the court concluded that the plaintiff's withdrawal of its action did not affect the pendency of such counterclaim and that the defendant thus had a right to have the counterclaim adjudicated. The court therefore held that it "had jurisdiction to restore the case to the docket, even though the plaintiff withdrew the case." Accordingly, the court ordered that "the case [be] restored to the docket for the sole purpose of the trial on the counterclaim." This appeal followed.

On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court acted in excess of its authority in restoring the defendant's third special defense to the docket. Specifically, the plaintiff argues that the defendant's special defense could not properly be construed as a counterclaim because it failed to allege any facts that would entitle the defendant to seek judicial relief through an independent cause of action against the plaintiff. The plaintiff further contends that, because the special defense did not constitute a counterclaim and thus did not survive the withdrawal of the plaintiff's action as provided in Practice Book § 10-55, the court had no "continuing subject matter jurisdiction over the matter" after the plaintiff withdrew its action. Therefore, the plaintiff claims that the court "had no authority to restore [the] case for the purpose of a counterclaim when, in fact, no counterclaim existed" prior to the withdrawal of the action.

We first set forth our standard of review. "Any determination regarding the scope of a court's subject matter jurisdiction or its authority to act presents a question of law over which our review is plenary." Tarro v. Mastriani Realty, LLC , 142 Conn. App. 419 , 431, 69 A.3d 956 , cert. denied, 309 Conn. 912 , 69 A.3d 308 , 309 (2013). To the extent that the plaintiff's claim involves a question as to the proper interpretation of pleadings, our review likewise is plenary. See Chase Home Finance, LLC v. Scroggin , 178 Conn. App. 727 , 743, 176 A.3d 1210 (2017) ("Construction of pleadings is a question of law. Our review of a trial court's interpretation of the pleadings therefore is plenary." [Internal quotation marks omitted.] ). "[W]here the legal conclusions of the court are challenged, we must determine whether they are legally and logically correct and whether they find support in the facts ...." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) American First Federal, Inc. v. Gordon , 173 Conn. App. 573 , 583, 164 A.3d 776 , cert. denied, 327 Conn. 909 , 170 A.3d 681 (2017).

By statute, a "plaintiff may withdraw any action ... before the commencement of a hearing on the merits thereof." General Statutes § 52-80. Although the plaintiff's "right ... to withdraw his action before a hearing on the merits ... is absolute and unconditional"; (emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted) Sicaras v. Hartford , 44 Conn. App. 771 , 775-76, 692 A.2d 1290 , cert. denied, 241 Conn. 916 , 696 A.2d 340 (1997) ; such withdrawal in no way impairs the right of the defendant to prosecute a previously filed counterclaim. See Practice Book § 10-55 ; see also Boothe v. Armstrong , 80 Conn. 218 , 224, 67 A. 484 (1907) (where case involves causes of action both in favor of plaintiff and in favor of defendant, plaintiff "has the right to withdraw from the cognizance of the court his own cause of action as stated in the complaint, and this is the only effect that can be given to his attempt to withdraw the civil action" [emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted] ).

Consequently, a defendant with a pending counterclaim should not, in theory, need to move to have the counterclaim restored to the docket following the withdrawal of the plaintiff's action because the counterclaim survives the withdrawal as a matter of law. If, however, the counterclaim is not identified as such in the defendant's answer, it may be erased from the docket along with the plaintiff's action. In such circumstances, the court has the authority to grant a motion to restore the case to the docket to permit the defendant to prosecute the counterclaim because, where a defendant's counterclaim is wrongfully stricken from the docket following the withdrawal of the plaintiff's action, the defendant "is entitled to have [the case] restored for the purpose [of pursuing the defendant's counterclaim]." (Emphasis added.) Boothe v. Armstrong , 76 Conn. 530 , 533, 57 A. 173 (1904). The court's authority, however, necessarily depends on the existence of an effective counterclaim. Indeed, it would be anomalous to conclude that the court has the authority to restore a counterclaim to the docket where the defendant had not effectively pleaded a counterclaim. Consequently, whether the court in the present case had the authority to restore the defendant's third special defense to the docket depends on whether the special defense was, in effect, a counterclaim. Although a counterclaim is similar to a special defense in that both are employed by a defendant to diminish or defeat a plaintiff's claim, they nonetheless are separate and distinct types of pleadings. See Chief Information Officer v. Computers Plus Center, Inc. , 310 Conn. 60 , 94, 74 A.3d 1242 (2013) (counterclaim is pleaded, in part, "to diminish, defeat or otherwise affect a plaintiff's claim" [internal quotation marks omitted] ); Valentine v. LaBow , 95 Conn. App. 436 , 447 n.10, 897 A.2d 624 (special defense "is an attempt to plead facts that are consistent with the allegations of the complaint but demonstrate, nonetheless, that the plaintiff has no cause of action" [internal quotation marks omitted] ), cert. denied, 280 Conn. 933 , 909 A.2d 963 (2006). The heart of the distinction is that a counterclaim is an independent cause of action, and a special defense is not. See Historic District Commission v. Sciame , 152 Conn. App. 161 , 176, 99 A.3d 207 ("[a] counterclaim is a cause of action ... on which the defendant might have secured affirmative relief had he sued the plaintiff in a separate action" [internal quotation marks omitted] ), cert. denied, 314 Conn. 933 , 102 A.3d 84 (2014) ; Valentine v. LaBow , supra, at 447 n.10, 897 A.2d 624 ("a special defense is not an independent action"). Rather, a special defense is a purely defensive pleading that does not seek any affirmative relief. See Bank of America, N.A. v. Aubut , 167 Conn. App. 347 , 374, 143 A.3d 638 (2016) ("a special defense operates as a shield, to defeat a cause of action, and not as a sword, to seek a judicial remedy for a wrong"). Thus, in determining whether a defendant's answer asserts a counterclaim as opposed to a special defense, the court must determine whether the defendant could have maintained the claim as an independent cause of action. Broadly defined, "[a] cause of action, brought by means of a complaint or a counterclaim, is a means of seeking redress for having suffered harm. See, e.g., Black's Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990) (defining 'cause of action' in part as '[t]he fact or facts which give a person a right to judicial redress or relief against another.... A situation or state of facts which would entitle [a] party to sustain [an] action and give him [the] right to seek a judicial remedy in his behalf.')." (Emphasis added.) Bank of America, N.A. v. Aubut , supra, at 372, 143 A.3d 638 . Consequently, this court has previously considered the existence of a prayer for relief in the defendant's answer to be "of critical importance in construing [the] answer as a counterclaim ...." 98 Lords Highway, LLC v. One Hundred Lords Highway, LLC , 138 Conn. App. 776 , 802, 54 A.3d 232 (2012). In the present case, the court, in deciding whether the allegation in the defendant's third special defense constituted a counterclaim, made no determination as to whether it asserted an independent cause of action. Relying on 225 Associates v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority , supra, 65 Conn. App. at 121 , 782 A.2d 189 , the court instead focused its analysis on the question of whether the defendant's allegation arose out of the same transaction as that described in the plaintiff's complaint. In that case, this court stated that "[i]f the [defendant's] claim arises out of the same transaction described in the complaint, it is characterized as a counterclaim." Id., at 121, 782 A.2d 189 . This statement, however, was made in the context of explaining the distinction between a counterclaim and a setoff. Id. A claim of setoff is similar to a counterclaim in that it "involve[s] the existence, in favor of the defendant, of an independent cause of action which he might pursue in a separate action." 13 (Emphasis added.) Boothe v. Armstrong , supra, 76 Conn. at 531-32 , 57 A. 173 . The two types of claims differ only in that "[a] counterclaim arises out of the same transaction described in the complaint"; Savings Bank of New London v. Santaniello , 130 Conn. 206 , 210, 33 A.2d 126 (1943) ; whereas "[a] set-off is independent thereof." Id. Thus, this court observed in 225 Associates that, "[t]raditionally, the distinction between a setoff and a counterclaim centers around whether the claim arises from the same transaction described in the complaint." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 225 Associates v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority , supra, at 121, 782 A.2d 189 . In contrast, the issue in the present case requires us to distinguish between a counterclaim and a special defense. Consequently, the court's reliance on the standard enunciated in 225 Associates was misplaced. Evaluating the defendant's answer against the correct standard, it is clear that the allegation in the defendant's third special defense cannot properly be construed as a counterclaim.

The defendant's third special defense consisted of a single allegation: "The plaintiff did not properly account for payments made by the defendant." Nothing in this allegation can reasonably be interpreted as a claim of entitlement to affirmative relief. She neither explicitly requested any judicial redress or relief nor alleged any facts from which it could be inferred that she was entitled to such relief. Although pleadings must be construed "broadly and realistically, rather than narrowly and technically"; (internal quotation marks omitted) Grenier v. Commissioner of Transportation , 306 Conn. 523 , 536, 51 A.3d 367 (2012) ; this does not mean that we may read into the defendant's answer a prayer for relief or factual allegations that simply are not there. See Pane v. Danbury , 267 Conn. 669 , 677, 841 A.2d 684 (2004) (rule that courts should read pleadings broadly and realistically "does not mean ... that the trial court is obligated to read into pleadings factual allegations that simply are not there or to substitute a cognizable legal theory that the facts, as pleaded, might conceivably support for the noncognizable theory that was actually pleaded"); see also Grenier v. Commissioner of Transportation , supra, at 536, 51 A.3d 367 ("[o]ur reading of pleadings in a manner that advances substantial justice means that a pleading must be construed reasonably, to contain all that it fairly means, but carries with it the related proposition that it must not be contorted in such a way so as to strain the bounds of rational comprehension" [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Reading it broadly and realistically, the allegation that the plaintiff did not properly account for the defendant's payments merely challenges the amount of the debt owed to the plaintiff, which may be raised by way of special defense or by objecting to the plaintiff's attempted introduction of the affidavit of debt in court. Bank of America, N.A. v. Chainani , 174 Conn. App. 476 , 486, 166 A.3d 670 (2017). In the absence of any suggestion that she made payments in excess of the amount of the debt, the defendant would not be entitled to any affirmative relief under this allegation. Consequently, the defendant's third special defense cannot reasonably be construed as stating an independent cause of action, and, therefore, the trial court erred in construing it as a counterclaim. Because there was no pending counterclaim as of the date of the withdrawal, the court lacked the authority to restore the case to the docket.

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to deny the motion to restore.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.