This appeal, and a related appeal, Parnoff v. Aquarion Water Co. of Connecticut , 188 Conn. App. 153 , 204 A.3d 717 , 2019 WL 1006801 (2019), which we also officially release today and which contains a recitation of the underlying facts, involve a challenge by the plaintiff, Laurence V. Parnoff, to the summary judgments rendered by the trial court in favor of the defendants. In the present appeal, the plaintiff appeals from the summary judgment rendered by the trial court in favor of the defendant Glynn McGlynn, a Stratford police officer. 1 The plaintiff claims that (1) "[t]he evidence before the court was sufficient to permit a jury to find that the force used by the defendant ... was unreasonable under the fourth amendment," and (2) the "defendant's assertion of the affirmative defense of qualified immunity was unavailing at the summary judgment stage of this case" because the defendant cannot reasonably contend that no objective police officer could have thought that the force used was reasonable. For the reasons set forth herein, we decline to review the plaintiff's claims.

In the present appeal, the plaintiff appeals from the summary judgment rendered in favor of the defendant and, in setting forth the grounds for the appeal, he argues that an issue of material fact exists as to the force used by the defendant in effectuating the plaintiff's arrest. However, the theory he pursued in opposition to the defendant's motion for summary judgment was based not on the excessive use of force by the defendant but on the lack of probable cause for his arrest. The trial court construed the plaintiff's count directed against McGlynn to be a false arrest claim and determined that summary judgment on count twenty-two in favor of the defendant was appropriate because there was "no issue of material fact concerning the objective evidence of probable cause for the arrest of" the plaintiff.

At the outset, we note that the plaintiff's sixth revised complaint, which is the operative complaint in this case, is not a model of clarity. Count twenty-two is titled "Title 42 of the United States Code, Section 1983 as to Defendant Glynn McGlynn (Town of Stratford Police Officer)." Therein, the plaintiff incorporated paragraphs 1 through 20 of count eighteen, titled "Tortious Conduct," which briefly described the events leading up to his arrest and the arrest itself, and then asserted broadly that the defendant deprived him of the rights, privileges, and immunities secured to him by the constitution and laws of the United States and the state of Connecticut. At no point in count twenty-two did he use the term "force" or the phrase "excessive force" to support his claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . 2 It is unclear on what exactly his § 1983 claim is based.

In the defendant's memorandum of law in support of his motion for summary judgment, he argued that he was immune from liability under the doctrine of qualified immunity. The defendant set forth multiple bases for why he believed that the doctrine applied. First, the defendant argued that qualified immunity existed because the force used in effectuating the plaintiff's arrest was objectively reasonable given the situation he faced, but he contended that the plaintiff's "language used in count twenty-two is hardly fact specific" and indicated that the plaintiff appeared also to complain about the arrest itself. The defendant then argued that it was clear that there was "probable cause to arrest the plaintiff" at the time of his arrest, citing to case law supporting the contention that "the existence of probable cause to arrest is a complete defense to an action for false arrest."

In the plaintiff's memorandum of law in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, he spent the vast majority of his argument relating to count twenty-two, arguing that no probable cause existed for the arrest. The plaintiff began his argument by calling to the court's attention an "expert who [would] present evidence that the plaintiff's arrest on all charges was without probable cause" and directed the court to his appendix, which contained an affidavit from an expert attesting that it was his opinion that no probable cause existed for the plaintiff's arrest. The plaintiff then recited law on the issue of qualified immunity. He argued that summary judgment was not appropriate because there were conflicting facts as to whether the defendant had probable cause to arrest the plaintiff and, in a conclusory manner, "whether [his] force was excessive." He does not, however, develop the excessive force statement or point to any evidence attached to his memorandum to support it. The plaintiff then set forth the facts leading up to his arrest. Our review of his memorandum of law in opposition to the defendant's motion for summary judgment reasonably suggests that he discussed these facts in order to persuade the court that there was no probable cause to arrest him. He then concluded his argument as follows: "Based upon this failure to investigate prior to making the arrest, a trier of fact could conclude that the [defendant's] actions were objectively unreasonable. It is almost absolute that the claim of lack of probable cause for the plaintiff's arrest, with evidence that such claim will be presented to the trier of fact, is sufficient to raise a significant issue as to whether the [defendant] would be able to pass the reasonableness test and prevail relative to [his] defense of qualified immunity. We believe that [he] cannot, and that our objection should be sustained."

On August 29, 2016, the court held a hearing on the motion for summary judgment. As to the counts pertaining to the defendant, the court first addressed count eighteen, which was the count the plaintiff incorporated entirely into count twenty-two to support his § 1983 claim against the defendant. The court stated: "[Count eighteen] is tortious conduct. I assume that that's false arrest." The defendant's counsel seemed to agree by stating that "[i]t seems to be some type of general tort theory" and then proceeding to his governmental immunity argument. At no point during the proceeding did the plaintiff's counsel argue that count twenty-two, or count eighteen for that matter, was an excessive force claim rather than one alleging false arrest. Instead, the plaintiff's counsel began by saying that "[r]elative to the immunities, if the arrests were illegal, I question whether the immunities protect the police officer." He proceeded to argue that "when you arrest without probable cause, then I think you lose your immunities." He indicated to the court that "[w]e've briefed this thoroughly. I'm not going to waste a lot of the court's time. Arrests are discretionary acts, no question, if there's probable cause. The [§] 1983 action, that's a reasonable standard. Under all the facts that are presented to the court here, there's enough to raise a question of fact as to whether or not the actions of the police officer were reasonable."

On January 5, 2017, the court issued a memorandum of decision. It granted the motion for summary judgment as to count twenty-two recognizing "that the defense of qualified immunity, which protects public officials from civil actions where they are performing discretionary functions, precludes recovery under [ 42 U.S.C. §] 1983." It went on to state that "[l]ack of probable cause is a critical element of both a common-law false arrest claim and one brought pursuant to [§] 1983." It concluded that there was "no genuine issue of material fact concerning the objective evidence of probable cause for the arrest" of the plaintiff. There was no discussion of excessive force.

To allow the plaintiff to appeal from the summary judgment on the basis of a distinctly different ground or theory from the ground or theory he argued before the trial court would amount to an ambuscade of the trial court. See Ahmadi v. Ahmadi , 294 Conn. 384 , 395, 985 A.2d 319 (2009) ("[a] party cannot present a case to the trial court on one theory and then seek appellate relief on a different one" [internal quotation marks omitted] ). In the present case, the plaintiff's complaint failed to articulate with sufficient clarity what he was claiming in count twenty-two.

Although the defendant was cautious and argued multiple reasons why qualified immunity applied to that count in his motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff focused his opposition to the defendant's motion for summary judgment on false arrest by arguing that there was an issue of material fact as to whether the defendant had probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. Although the plaintiff made a conclusory statement about the force used in effectuating his arrest, he never developed that legal assertion further. See McKiernan v. Caldor, Inc. , 183 Conn. 164 , 166, 438 A.2d 865 (1981) (issue "briefly suggested" in trial court is not distinctly raised). Then, during the hearing on the motion, the court noted its confusion with count eighteen (the count incorporated fully into count twenty-two) by attempting to clarify that the plaintiff was claiming false arrest in that count. At no point did the plaintiff indicate that he was claiming otherwise. When it was the plaintiff's opportunity to address the court, he pressed the issue of false arrest. He stated, inter alia, that "when you arrest without probable cause, then I think you lose your immunities." He made no arguments pertaining to excessive force, and the court's memorandum of decision understandably addressed solely whether there was an issue of material fact as to probable cause for the arrest.

If this court were to reverse the summary judgment on the independent theory the plaintiff now argues on appeal-i.e., whether the evidence before the trial court was sufficient to permit a jury to find that the force used by the defendant was unreasonable-it would usurp the trial court's authority to consider and rule on issues before it. 3 See Jahn v. Board of Education , 152 Conn. App. 652 , 665, 99 A.3d 1230 (2014) ("[t]o allow the [plaintiff] to argue one theory ... [before the trial court] and then press a distinctly different theory on appeal would amount to an ambuscade of the trial court" [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Accordingly, we decline to review the plaintiff's claims on appeal.

We also note that the plaintiff does not appear to challenge the specific ground, false arrest, on which the court actually rendered summary judgment; he simply argues on appeal that "the evidence before the court was sufficient to permit a jury to find that the force used by the defendant was ... unreasonable under the fourth amendment."

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.