Whelan v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Whelan v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER
Before the United States Magistrate are several motions dealing with discovery and pretrial issues. The Magistrate has now reviewed the entire court file and in order to furnish definitive directions to counsel for the completion of discovery, the Magistrate will proceed to deal with the principal motions in this memorandum opinion.
One of the principal problems concerning the scope of pretrial discovery in this case arises out of the fact that this ease was one of the cases consolidated for pretrial discovery purposes in the multidistrict litigation in the U.S. District Court of Ohio known as In Re: Richardson-Merrell Inc. “Bendectin” Products Liability Litigation (No. II), 606 F.Supp. 715 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit. 1985). In connection with the cases being remanded back to the transferor courts for further proceedings, Chief Judge Carl B. Rubin of the Southern District of Ohio, who had presided over the
2. During the three year period that the Bendectin multidistrict cases were pending before this Court, a lead counsel committee selected by the plaintiffs conducted discovery from defendant Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. regarding the common issues of causation and liability. The discovery conducted by the Plaintiffs Lead Counsel Committee was on behalf of and applicable to all cases in the multidistrict litigation.
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4. In addition to the discovery regarding the common issues of liability and causation conducted by the plaintiffs against Merrell Dow, Merrell Dow conducted a limited amount of discovery against the individual plaintiffs which was unique to a particular case.1
A common issues trial was held in the Ohio District Court for the Ohio plaintiffs and those who “opted in” to that proceeding. Those cases in which the plaintiffs did not “opt in” were the ones remanded back to the transferor courts, and as to those cases, the Stipulated Status Report Order provided:
9. The cases which are being remanded to the transferor courts are those which did not' “opt-in” to the common issues trial. Discovery from Merrell Dow in these cases as to the common issues is complete. Such discovery from Merrell Dow has not, however, been generally made available to the individual plaintiffs’ counsel, although procedures are being developed to do so. ...
10. In many cases discovery is not complete as to individual aspects of the case, particularly the discovery by Merrell Dow of the plaintiffs’ medical background, family history, damages and medical experts. The principal reason for any such incomplete discovery as to individual issues is that the Court stayed discovery by Merrell Dow for approximately a year in order to facilitate the settlement proceedings and the common issues trial preparation. ...
Counsel for the plaintiffs on August 11, 1986 filed a motion styled, “Plaintiffs’ Motion to Sustain and Affirm All Pretrial Orders Relating to Discovery Remanded Back from the MDL Pretrial Consolidated Proceedings.” Counsel correctly observed that the purpose of multidistrict pretrial proceedings is to consolidate cases to prevent duplication of discovery, avoid inconsistent pretrial rulings and to conserve and economize judicial effort, citing In re Data General Corporation Antitrust Litigation, 470 F.Supp. 855, 858 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit. 1979). Efficiency and economy of resources are also achieved by eliminating the need to repeatedly depose and re-depose the same experts. See In re Upjohn Co. Antibiotic Cleocin Products, 81 F.R.D. 482, 483-84 (E.D.Mich. 1979). The problem in this case is first determining exactly what pretrial rulings were made which govern this case, and what discovery was conducted as to common issues, as the Clerk’s office here has advised that it did not receive all of the referenced documents back from the Southern District of Ohio on discovery and pretrial matters.
However, from a review of the court file the Magistrate is prepared to make the following rulings. First, all discovery had, and pretrial rulings made as to discovery from Merrell Dow in the multidistrict litigation on Bendectin, shall be fully applicable to this case. As the Court
It appears that the principal problem in this case concerning the scope of discovery has been plaintiffs’ counsel’s perception of what were the “common issues” in the case and the meaning and scope of the language “individual aspects of the case, particularly the discovery by Merrell Dow of the plaintiffs’ medical background, family history, damages and medical experts”, the latter providing for the scope of discovery allowable upon return of the cases to the transferor courts.
After a thorough review of the court file and to “set the record straight” without any ambiguities or current inaccuracies, the Magistrate has decided that the defendant’s motion to strike plaintiffs’ Rule 26(b)(4) statement should be GRANTED, in part, only. The Magistrate fully realizes that plaintiffs’ counsel has also filed two (2) supplemental Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statements. The Magistrate hereby requires counsel for the plaintiff to file a consolidated comprehensive superseding Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement no later than 4:00 p.m., February 25, 1987, based on her current personal assessment and professional judgment as to the experts she will use in this case, if it proceeds to trial, as now scheduled, on November 16, 1987. Specifically, the superseding Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement shall reflect:
1. The list of experts who will testify solely on whether Bendectin is capable of causing limb deformities and other physical impairments in humans.
2. The list of experts who will testify to the individual aspects of this case and specifically as to all three (3) plaintiffs’ medical background, family history, and medical histories to date. This will include all experts who will endeavor to establish causation in this particular*303 case as to the plaintiff, Joseph F. Whelan’s impairments and physical defects.
3. The list of experts who will testify to the nature and extent of Joseph F. Whelan’s impairments and the impact thereof on his future earning capacity and his physical and social adjustment in life.
As to the experts in each category, counsel shall indicate whether she has spoken with that expert and whether that expert is available and willing to testify in this case and whether the testimony will be presented live or by videotape or written deposition. Further counsel shall set forth a complete and detailed Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement which:
1. States the opinion or opinions the expert will give in this case.
2. The substance of the facts relied upon by the expert in this case to which the expert will testify at trial.
3. The summary of the grounds for each opinion.6
The plaintiffs’ experts at trial will be limited to those listed and set forth in the superseding Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement.
The Magistrate has concluded that the sanctions phase of the motion for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs should be deferred until after completion of discovery. Cf. Foster v. Michelin Tire Corp., 108 F.R.D. 412 (C.D.Ill. 1985). It is more practical to focus on the merits of this litigation at this stage and to reserve judgment on the conduct of counsel.
Counsel for the plaintiff on December 4, 1986 filed a motion for an order that the deposition of Dr. H. Charles Smith be taken in Bluffton, Indiana rather than Washington, D.C. Thereafter, when the scheduled deposition for December 17, 1986 was cancelled by the defendant, counsel for the plaintiff on December 12, 1986 filed a motion to preclude the defendant from taking the deposition of Dr. H. Charles Smith in this case. Counsel for the defendant have explained that they cancelled the deposition because of the pressing demands of another Bendectin trial which they had only been engaged to try on December 5, 1986, the trial of which was scheduled to commence on January 5, 1987 in the U.S. District Court in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They assert that with only a month for preparation, they concluded it was more important to devote the time to the trial preparation ip that case. They also noted that the deposition of “Dr. Smith was made even more difficult by the failure of plaintiffs’ counsel to provide an accurate Rule 26(b)(4) statement so that defendant could anticipate the scope of Dr. Smith’s testimony.” The Magistrate concludes that the request for a Protective Order, should be DENIED,
On July 11, 1986 the defendant submitted and filed “Defendant’s First Requests for Admission.” The plaintiffs have not responded to that set of requests for admissions pending a ruling by the court on defendant’s motion, filed June 17, 1986, to make certain pretrial rulings by the Court (Johnson, J.) in Roller v. Richardson-Merrell Inc., C.A. No. 80-1258, applicable to this case. The Court has authorized the Magistrate to rule thereon subject to a de novo determination by the Court at the time of the trial. The Magistrate, having fully examined the record, concludes that the defendant’s motion to preclude any evidence relating to the drugs, thalidomide and MER/29 and Merrell-Dow’s connection therewith should be precluded in the trial of this case as to the issues of liability and compensatory damages.
The defendant has also requested that the Court’s Order of February 25, 1983 providing that statistical evidence is admissible only if that evidence is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level and precluding plaintiffs from presenting alleged methodological flaws and other errors in epidemiological and animal studies in the case in chief be adopted and applied in this case.
Finally, in its Roller motion the defendant requested that the court bifurcate the trial of this case as to issues of liability and damages. The Magistrate concludes that
With the foregoing disposition of the defendant Merrell Dow’s motion regarding applying the pretrial rulings made in the Roller case, the plaintiffs are required to answer defendant’s requests for admissions, filed July 11, 1986, within thirty (30) days of this date, in full and complete compliance with Rule 36, of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Specifically, the plaintiffs’ answers shall specifically either admit or deny the matter or set forth in detail the reasons why they cannot truthfully admit or deny the matter. The plaintiffs have a duty to make reasonable inquiry. If a part of a matter is true, each plaintiff shall so state, qualifying or denying only that part he or she can not admit. Due diligence and good faith will be required of the plaintiffs and their counsel, subject to sanctions for failure to comply with the letter and the spirit of Rule 36.
The defendant has requested an extension of time for the filing of its Rule 26(b)(4) statement, noting that the deposition of a plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Michael Melnick, who was only designated by the plaintiff on December 5, 1986, is now set for March 16, 1987. The defendant’s counsel also noted that they had not yet received reports from plaintiffs’ expert, Ms. Sandra B. Lucento, or from a Ms. Rhonda Davis and Ms. Phyllis Shapero, the latter two experts being designated by the plaintiffs on December 22, 1986. The defendant suggested the necessity, based on these problems, for an extension of the discovery period. Further compliance with the requirements set forth in this Order will also require additional time. Having consulted with the Court (Johnson, J.), the discovery completion date is hereby changed from March 6, 1987 to April 30, 1987. As indicated above the plaintiffs are required to file a superseding Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement no later than 4:00 p.m., February 25, 1987. The defendant shall file its Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement no later than 4:00 p.m., March 16, 1987, which must be complete and detailed in nature as to all experts it then contemplates.
In preparation for the formal pretrial conference set for October 16, 1987 counsel may submit pretrial statements in the form, and with the content, of trial briefs as set forth in the Court’s order of October 10, 1986. The trial briefs shall be filed no later than October 14, 1987, with a copy to the Magistrate’s chambers for purposes of review prior to the pretrial conference.
The foregoing directions and instructions to counsel will constitute the rulings of the Magistrate on the pending motions and good faith compliance by counsel for each of the parties is required. It is this 13th day of February, 1987 SO ORDERED.
ORDER
By motion, filed September 18, 1986, counsel for the plaintiffs requested the court to issue an order requiring the deposition reporter to submit the deposition of Elizabeth Whelan De Garza to her in San Antonio, Texas for signature. Julie C. Bryan and Capitol-Shore Reporting Compa
Upon consideration of the foregoing and a review of the entire court file, and with due regard to Rule 1 that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure should be construed to achieve a speedy and inexpensive determination of every action, the Magistrate concludes that a deposition transcript can be “submitted” to a deponent for review as to accuracy and correctness by certified mail within the meaning of Rule 30(e). Accordingly, it is hereby this 13th day of February, 1987,
ORDERED:
1. That the motion of Julie C. Bryan and Capitol-Shore Reporting Company for Leave to File a Memorandum and participate in oral argument be and is hereby DENIED.
2. That a copy of Elizabeth Ann Whelan De Garza’s deposition be mailed to her by certified mail, return receipt requested, to her address in San Antonio, Texas (5914 Forest Mill, San Antonio, Texas 78240) and upon receipt, Mrs. De Garza is to review, without making any photocopy thereof, and indicate on a separate errata sheet or sheets her corrections and promptly mail the transcript with errata sheet or sheets back to the deposition reporter. The plaintiffs shall pay, in advance, a sum of money sufficient to cover the costs of the reporter mailing the transcript to her for her review and the costs for its return. Mrs. De Garza’s violation of the restrictions of this Order as to her possession and use of the transcript, and as to making copies, should a violation occur, will result in sanctions against her as a plaintiff in this case.
. It does not appear from an examination of the papers in the present court file that Merrell Dow conducted any discovery directed to the Whalen plaintiffs while this case was pending before the Southern District of Ohio Court.
. The Magistrate by letter to the Clerk of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio has requested the court to furnish us with a copy of the Master Docket Sheet in the multidistrict litigation and a copy of the docket sheet and of the pretrial discovery papers and rulings in the Whalen case which was assigned the number C-1-84-145 in the Southern District of Ohio.
. It is significant to note that counsel for the plaintiffs in this case made a motion before Chief Judge Carl B. Rubin in the Southern District of Ohio for clarification of his discovery order, Amended Pretrial Order No. 1, dated May 14, 1982. Counsel for the defendant characterize plaintiffs’ motion for clarification as requesting the Court to interpret its previous Amended Pre-trial Order No. 1 as precluding further discovery of plaintiffs’ expert witnesses by the defendant. Judge Rubin denied plaintiffs’ motion by minute entry on the face thereof on September 13, 1986.
. In filing the motion counsel for the defendant characterized plaintiffs’ Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement as inaccurate and misleading and as being filed without proper investigation. Counsel for the defendant have asserted that plaintiffs’ counsel’s submission revealed a total lack of comprehension of counsel’s responsibility to make even a reasonably accurate filing. They urged in their motion that plaintiffs’ actions justified sanctions pursuant to Rules 11, 26 and 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
. It further appears that following the filing of plaintiffs’ Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement on June 6, 1986, when counsel later in June, 1986 attempted to arrange the depositions of the experts she had listed, Dr. William McBride was in Australia and Dr. Mark Thoman would not have been available for deposition until November, 1986, which would have been several weeks after the then scheduled trial date of October 14, 1986. It is noted that in the Rule 26(b)(4) statement counsel had represented that both doctors would testify about his review of the prenatal and delivery records of the infant plaintiff and the subsequent medical records relating to the infant plaintiff and his review of the genealogical and medical history of the parents and parents’ families. It was further represented that they would testify not only that Bendectin was a teratogenic agent as to the developing fetus in pregnant women who ingested Bendectin but that Elizabeth Ann Whelan De Garza’s ingestion of Bendectin caused or contributed to the injuries incurred and suffered by Joseph F. Whelan. The defendant has represented that both doctors testified upon deposition in the multidistrict pretrial discovery proceedings. Query whether their deposition testimony dealt only with the subject of whether Bendectin was capable of causing birth defects and deformities in human beings in general and whether they even mentioned the Whalen plaintiffs or were familiar with their particular medical histories at that time. The same question can be raised as to Dr. Stanley C. Glauser. As of June 6, 1986 had he reviewed the prenatal and delivery records of the infant plaintiff, Joseph F. Whelan, his subsequent medical records and the medical history of his parents, the other two plaintiffs in this case? Further, the statement as to Dr. David Hughes was so conclusory in nature as to be virtually of no practical use in determining what his testimony as an expert would be. This listing of deficiencies in the Rule 26(b)(4) statement is not intended to be exhaustive.
. The Magistrate fully realizes that depositions have been taken of several of plaintiffs’ previously listed experts and that the defendant may be in possession of most of the required information as to these experts. However, to eliminate any further grounds for arguments and disputes between counsel, the Magistrate is requiring one (1) consolidated comprehensive superseding Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) statement which will control as to the experts who will be permitted to testify at trial and which will control as to the scope of their testimony.
. See Sofaer, Sanctioning Attorneys for Discovery Abuses Under the New Federal Rules: On the Limited Utility of Punishment, 57 St. John’s Law Review 680, 717 (1983).
. Testimony concerning thalidomide and MER/29 may be admissible on the issue of punitive damages if a trial thereon is ever reached. It is noted that Merrell Dow has indicated an intent to file a motion in this case seeking dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims for fraud and punitive damages.
. The court there referred to an earlier pretrial ruling on a discovery dispute in which it held that evidence of defendant's actions relating to thalidomide and MER/29 was not relevant to the litigation. The court concluded that the prejudice would far outweigh the probative value of this evidence.
. It is proper to consider epidemiological studies in this type of tort action, provided it is based on sound reliable data and analysis. See, generally Ferebee v. Chevron Chemical Co., 736 F.2d 1529, 1535-36 (D.C.Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1062, 105 S.Ct. 545, 83 L.Ed.2d 432 (1984); In re "Agent Orange" Products Liability Litigation, 603 F.Supp. 239, 246 (E.D.N.Y. 1985).
. The Magistrate is aware that Judge Thomas P. Jackson in Carita Richardson, supra, took a different approach and allowed those studies which appeared in peer-reviewed professional journals in evidence under Rule 803(24) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. It is recognized that a persuasive argument can be advanced that if a study is published in a refereed journal, it is done in a way generally accepted in the scientific community and an expert can rely upon it. Likewise, government studies done by the Centers for Disease Control may be deemed reliable and admissible under Rule 803(24). Nonetheless the Magistrate will adhere to the ruling made by Judge Johnson in the Koller case here, since this case is assigned to her for the ultimate trial or other disposition and the standard for admissibility at trial should be subject to her final ruling.
. It is noted that the defendant has defended a number of Bendectin cases and should be able to list most of its experts now.
. Counsel shall meet and confer in an endeav- or to resolve any future discovery disputes. If the dispute cannot be resolved, counsel may contact the Magistrate's chamber to schedule a prompt hearing. Sanctions will be imposed for any unwarranted or unjustified conduct as to discovery matters.
. Requiring trial briefs to be filed in advance of the pretrial conference and to be used for the formal pretrial conference eliminates the need for separate, earlier, pretrial statements and conserves counsel’s time and reduces expenses for the clients.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Joseph F. WHELAN v. MERRELL-DOW PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
- Status
- Published