UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

In re Application of

RICARDO REIS VEIGA, and

RODRIGO PÉREZ PALLARES, Misc. Action No. 10-370 (CKK) (DAR) Applicants,

To Issue a Subpoena for the Taking of a Deposition and the Production of Documents for Use in a Foreign Proceeding.

In re Application of

CHEVRON CORPORATION, Misc. Action No. 10-371 (CKK) (DAR) Applicant,

To Issue a Subpoena for the Taking of a Deposition and the Production of Documents.

MEMORANDUM OPINION (November 3, 2010)

Presently before the Court is the Joint Motion by Chevron Corporation (“Chevron”) and

two of its attorneys, Rodrigo Pérez Pallares (“Pérez”) and Ricardo Reis Veiga (“Veiga”)

(collectively, “Applicants”), to Compel Discovery from Respondent Alberto Wray

(“Respondent”). See Applicants’ Joint Mot. to Compel Disc. from Alberto Wray and Mot. for

Expedited Consideration (“Mot. to Compel.”), Docket No. [66].1 For the reasons set forth below,

1 Unless otherwise indicated, references to entries on the public docket are to In re Application of Veiga, No.

(D.D.C.) (CKK) (DAR). For purposes of economy, the Court will omit parallel citations for duplicative documents filed in In re Application of Chevron Corp., No.

(D.D.C.) (CKK) (DAR). the Court shall GRANT Applicant’s Motion to Compel, subject to certain conditions and

limitations.

I. BACKGROUND2

Pursuant to

(a), this Court previously granted two applications – one by

Pérez and Veiga and a second by Chevron – for the issuance of subpoenas requiring Respondent

to produce documents and appear at a deposition in Washington, D.C. on or before November 3,

2010. See Order (Oct. 20, 2010) (Pérez-Veiga Application), Docket No. [60]; Order (Oct. 20,

2010) (Chevron Application), No.

, Docket No. [69]. In the course of litigating the

merits of those applications, the Republic of Ecuador (the “Republic”) and the plaintiffs in an

ongoing litigation against Chevron in Lago Agrio, Ecuador (the “Lago Agrio Plaintiffs”)

intervened as interested parties (collectively, the “Interested Parties”).

Applicants claim to have served subpoenas consistent with this Court’s prior orders upon

Respondent on Thursday, October 21, 2010 and Friday, October 22, 2010 – i.e., the two days

following the Court’s rulings – requesting the production of responsive documents on or before

Tuesday, October 26, 2010, and noticing Respondent’s deposition to begin on November 2,

2010. See Mot. to Compel at 1. Respondent does not dispute that he has been properly served.

Rather, Respondent’s counsel claims to have commenced reviewing potentially responsive

documents and preparing a privilege log after returning from out of town on the afternoon of

Monday, October 25, 2010. See Resp’t Alberto Wray’s Opp’n to the Applicants’ Joint Mot. to

2 The court assumes familiarity with its prior opinion in this action, which sets forth in detail the factual and procedural background of this case, see In re Application of Veiga, __ F. Supp. 2d __,

(D.D.C. Oct. 20, 2010), and shall therefore only address the factual and procedural background necessary to address the discrete issues currently before the Court.

2 Compel (“Resp’t Opp’n”), Docket No. [69], at 2. Meanwhile, Respondent avers – and

Applicants do not dispute – that the parties were simultaneously engaging in an ongoing dialogue

with respect to both the anticipated timing of Respondent’s production and his assertion of

certain privileges as a basis for withholding documents. See Resp’t Opp’n at 2.

On Wednesday, October 27, 2010, Respondent produced a relatively small number of

documents along with the first iteration of a privilege log identifying 372 documents withheld on

the basis of both foreign and United States privileges. See Mot. to Compel at 1-2; Sixth Suppl.

Fisher Decl., Ex. 110 (Oct. 27, 2010 Privilege Log), Docket No. [66-4]. During a meet-and-

confer session held on October 28, 2010, Applicants apparently expressed their dissatisfaction

with the first iteration of Respondent’s privilege log and Respondent’s broad claims of privilege.

See Resp’t Opp’n at 2. The following day, Friday, October 29, 2010, Applicants filed the present

Motion to Compel.

Notably, Respondent’s deposition was scheduled to commence the following Tuesday, on

November 2, 2010. Moreover, Pérez and Veiga were scheduled to appear in Quito, Ecuador for a

preliminary hearing in the criminal proceedings brought against them little more than a week

thereafter, on November 10, 2010, at which they may seek to introduce or discuss the purportedly

exculpatory evidence sought through this action. See Not. that Prelim. Hr’g Against Applicants

Is Set for November 10, 2010 in Quito, Ecuador, Docket No. [59].3 In light of these

circumstances, the same day it received Applicants’ Motion to Compel, the Court issued a

Minute Order establishing an expedited briefing schedule. See Min. Order (Oct. 29, 2010). In so

3 Chevron also claims to need the requested discovery to prepare for a November 6, 2010 briefing deadline in the related BIT Arbitration, see Mot. to Compel. at 2, commenced in 2009 under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between the United States and Ecuador.

3 doing, the Court also set forth certain parameters for the parties’ briefing, only some of which

merit mentioning here. First, Respondent was expressly directed to “correlate any claimed

privilege(s) with specific documents . . . and articulate with particularity the basis for invoking

the claimed privilege.”

Second, the parties were directed to “raise any and all arguments they

want[ed] the Court to consider in their [responsive] papers,” and were warned that the Court

would “not hunt down arguments or authorities referenced in other papers.”

Shortly after the issuance of the Court’s Minute Order, Respondent produced a revised

privilege log, the contents of which the Court has not seen. See Resp’t Opp’n at 3 and Ex. 2

(Oct. 29, 2010 E-mail from W. Coffield to L. Fisher et al.), Docket No. [69-2]. Two days later,

on Sunday, October 31, 2010, Respondent produced a third and final iteration of his privilege log

(the “Privilege Log”), identifying a total of 447 documents withheld on the basis of both foreign

and United States privileges, accompanied by an unsworn letter from Respondent’s counsel

briefly identifying the individuals whose names appear on the privilege log (the “Cover Letter”),

and asking that the Cover letter be incorporated into the Privilege Log. See Resp’t Opp’n Ex. 3

(Oct. 31, 2010 Ltr. from W. Coffield to T. Cubbage, III et al. and Oct. 31, 2010 Privilege Log),

Docket No. [69-3].4

Consistent with the Court’s briefing schedule, Respondent filed his opposition to

Applicants’ Motion to Compel the morning of November 1, 2010. See Resp’t Opp’n. The Lago

Agrio Plaintiffs and the Republic, for their part, filed separate oppositions that same morning.

See Interested Parties Ecuadorian Plaintiffs’ Opp’n to Applicants’ Joint Mot. to Compel (“Lago

4 Respondent’s final Privilege Log departs in several material respects from the previous iteration reviewed by the Court, both in terms of the content of the descriptions of communications and the privileges claimed.

4 Agrio Pls.’ Opp’n”), Docket No. [67]; Republic of Ecuador’s Opp’n to Applicants’ Joint Mot. to

Compel Disc. from Alberto Wray (“Republic’s Opp’n”), Docket No. [68]. Later that afternoon,

Applicants filed a timely reply. See Applicants’ Reply in Supp. of Their Joint Mot. to Compel

Disc. from Alberto Wray (“Applicants’ Reply”), Docket No. [70]. Upon reviewing the parties’

papers, Respondent’s counsel was contacted by telephone and asked to forward to the Court four

documents – namely, Documents 397-400 on Respondent’s Privilege Log. See Min. Entry (Nov.

1, 2010). Those documents were provided to the Court for ex parte, in camera review.

The Court has considered the parties’ respective papers, including the attachments and

exhibits thereto, and expresses its gratitude to the parties for their prompt filings. The motion is

now fully briefed and ripe for adjudication, and the Court now turns to the merits of the present

motion, which it has considered on an expedited basis and on the record created by the parties.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Even if discovery is permissible under

(a),5 an applicant may not seek

information that is immune from discovery. Indeed, the statute expressly cautions that “[a]

person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or

other thing in violation of any legally applicable privilege.”

(a).

5 In granting the applications at issue, the Court necessarily concluded that the discovery sought was permissible. See In re Application of Veiga, __ F. Supp. 2d __,

(D.D.C. Oct. 20, 2010). Quite rightly, the parties have not revisited this issue on the present motion, which is limited to the propriety of certain assertions of privilege. The Court only pauses to observe that it is not immediately apparent from the Privilege Log, or from the four documents submitted for in camera review, why certain documents would be responsive to the eight topics for which discovery was allowed. The Court, however, expresses no view on the responsiveness of certain documents or categories of documents, an issue that has not been raised by the parties on this motion; that issue is one more properly resolved among the parties themselves.

5 As a threshold matter, the Court must address the applicable legal framework. Because

the jurisdictional basis for this action rests on a federal statute, federal common law governs any

assertions of privilege. See In re Federacion Internationale de Basketball,

(S.D.N.Y. 2000); accord In re Application of Christensen,

, at *1 (S.D.N.Y

Feb. 3, 2006). Nevertheless, separate and apart from whatever privileges may be available under

the federal common law, courts have concluded – and this Court agrees – that the protections

afforded by § 1782(a) also extend to privileges recognized by foreign law, albeit only in certain

narrow and circumscribed circumstances, as described more fully below. Ecuadorian Plaintiffs

v. Chevron Corp.,

(5th Cir. 2010). In this case, three separate privileges have

been claimed with respect to the withheld documents: (a) a foreign privilege premised upon

Article 335 of the Ecuadorian Code of Judicial Function; (b) the federal attorney-client privilege;

and (c) the federal attorney work product privilege.6 Although the Court shall address each of

these in greater specificity elsewhere, the Court sets out the general principles governing the

assertion of these privileges in the context of the present action.

A. Assertions of Foreign Privileges within a Section 1782(a) Proceeding

Although the protections afforded by § 1782(a) may extend to privileges recognized by

foreign law, consonant with courts’ reticence to delve into complex questions of foreign law,

parties are generally required to provide clear and authoritative proof that a foreign tribunal

would reject evidence pursuant to a foreign privilege before the court will invoke the privilege to

6 The Republic asserts privilege only over Documents 329, 330, 364-367, and 397-400, and invokes some combination of all three privileges with respect to each of those communications. See Republic’s Opp’n at 2 n.2. The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs assert privilege over all documents except 364-367 and 397-400, and invoke Article 335 and the work product privilege in support.

6 bar discovery. Ecuadorian Plaintiffs,

; accord In re Request for Judicial

Assistance from the City Court of Jönköping, Sweden,

, at *3 (D. Conn. Oct.

10, 1997). This well-reasoned standard is designed “to avoid speculative forays into legal

territories unfamiliar to federal judges.” Ecuadorian Plaintiffs,

; see also

Chevron Corp. v. Stratus Consulting, Inc.,

, at *5 (D. Colo. Oct. 1, 2010)

(“This Court is in no position to presume applying the law of a foreign jurisdiction . . . and

principles of comity between sovereign entities require such philosophy.”); cf. In re Exxon

Valdez,

(D.D.C. 1992) (enforcing subpoena but deferring to tribunal in

parallel state and federal actions to determine propriety of assertions of privilege). Although

perhaps cautious, this approach recognizes the limited scope of § 1782(a) proceedings, and

furthers the statute’s twin aims of providing fair and efficient assistance to participants in

international litigation and encouraging other countries to provide similar assistance. See In re

Application of Euromepa S.A.,

(2d Cir. 1995).

B. Assertions of Privileges under United States Law

Under the federal common law, the proponent bears the burden of demonstrating the

applicability of any asserted privilege. Fed. Trade Comm’n v. TRW, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 1980). The nature of that burden is clear: the proponent must establish the claimed

privilege with “reasonably certainty.” In re Subpoena Duces Tecum Issued to Commodity

Futures Trading Comm’n,

(D.C. Cir. 2006); accord Amobi v. D.C. Dep’t

of Corrections,

(D.D.C. 2005). That showing must extend to “each of the

essential elements necessary to support a claim of privilege.” Alexander v. Fed. Bureau of

Investigation,

(D.D.C. 2000). Nor may the proponent assert blanket or

7 categorical claims of privilege; rather, the law “requires a showing that the privilege applies to

each communication for which it is asserted.” United States v. Legal Servs. for N.Y.C.,

, 1082 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

In discharging its burden, the proponent must adduce competent evidence in support of

its claims. Alexander,

; see also In re Application of Chevron Corp.,

, at *4 (S.D. Tex. May 20, 2010), aff’d,

(5th Cir. 2010). Consistent

with these strictures, the proponent of the privilege must offer more than just conclusory

statements, generalized assertions, and unsworn averments of its counsel. See Alexander,

; Stratus Consulting,

, at *8. Where the proponent fails to adduce

sufficient facts to permit the court to conclude with reasonable certainty that the privilege

applies, its burden is not met. TRW, Inc.,

. With these principles in mind, the

Court address the contours of the two federal common law privileges asserted here.

1. The Attorney-Client Privilege

In order to demonstrate the applicability of the attorney-client privilege, the proponent

must establish each of the following essential elements:

(1) The holder of the privilege is, or sought to be, a client;

(2) The person to whom the communication is made is a member of the bar or his subordinate and, in connection with the communication at issue, is acting in his or her capacity as a lawyer;

(3) The communication relates to a fact of which the attorney was informed by his client, outside the presence of strangers, for the purpose of securing legal advice; and

(4) The privilege has been claimed by the client.

Elkins v. District of Columbia,

(D.D.C. 2008) (citing In re Sealed Case, 737

, 98-99 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). Likewise, that the communications contain confidential

information and have been maintained in confidence are prerequisites to the recognition of the

privilege. Fed. Trade Comm’n v. GlaxoSmithKline,

(D.C. Cir. 2002).

Because it inhibits the truth-finding process, the attorney-client privilege has generally

been narrowly construed. Permian Corp. v. United States,

(D.C. Cir.

1981). It has been said that, “[a]lthough the attorney-client privilege is of ancient lineage and

continuing importance, the confidentiality of communications covered by the privilege must be

jealously guarded by the holder of the privilege lest it be waived.” In re Sealed Case,

(D.C. Cir. 1989). Consistent with this logic, it is axiomatic that the voluntary

disclosure of an otherwise privileged communication generally vitiates the privilege. Elkins,

. Courts “will grant no greater protection to those who assert the privilege than their

own precautions warrant,” Sealed Case,

, and the proponent cannot be heard to

“invoke the privilege as to communications whose confidentiality he has already compromised

for his own benefit,” Permian Corp.,

.

2. The Work Product Privilege

The attorney work product privilege, as codified in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,

protects documents and materials “that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or

for [a] party or its representative” – a class that includes a party’s attorney, consultant, or agent.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A). In assessing whether the proponent has carried its burden, the

relevant inquiry is as follows: “whether, in light of the nature of the document and the factual

situation in the particular case, the document can fairly be said to have been prepared or obtained

because of the prospect of litigation.” Equal Emp’t Opportunity Comm’n v. Lutheran Social

9 Servs.,

(D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). The inquiry

contains two related, but nevertheless distinct concepts – one a question of timing and the other a

question of intent. U.S. v. ex rel. Fago v. M & T Mortg. Corp.,

(D.D.C. 2007).

The former, the temporal element, is not at issue here because the relevant foreign proceedings

had either already commenced or were within reasonable anticipation at the time the disputed

documents were created. The latter, the motivational element, demands that the document at

issue be prepared or obtained because of the prospect of litigation.

In this respect, the

proponent bears the burden of “showing that the documents were prepared for the purpose of

assisting an attorney in preparing for litigation, and not some other reason.” Alexander,

.

The work product privilege is qualified, not absolute. Elkins,

. As with

the attorney-client privilege, voluntary disclosure may waive its protections. However, due to

their distinct functions, courts employ a slightly different inquiry when asking whether the work

product privilege has been forfeited by virtue of voluntary disclosure. United States v. Deloitte

LLP,

(D.C. Cir. 2010). In this context, voluntary disclosure to a third party

constitutes a waiver where the disclosure is made under circumstances inconsistent with the

maintenance of secrecy from one’s adversary.

Pursuant to this so-called “maintenance of

secrecy” standard, courts inquire whether the proponent “had a reasonable basis for believing that

the recipient would keep the disclosed material confidential.”

.

Even where the proponent has established the applicability of the work product privilege,

and that privilege has not otherwise been waived, that is not the end of the inquiry. Of the two

types of work product – “fact” work product and “opinion” work product – the requesting party

10 may discover the former upon “show[ing] that it has substantial need for the materials to prepare

its case and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial equivalent by other means.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)(ii). Opinion work product, however, is “virtually undiscoverable.”

Director, Office of Thrift Supervision v. Vinson & Elkins, LLP,

(D.C. Cir.

1997). To support the discovery of opinion work product, “a party must show ‘extraordinary

justification.’” In re HealthSouth Corp. Secs. Litig.,

(D.D.C. 2008) (quoting In

re Sealed Case,

(D.C. Cir. 1982)). Absent such a showing, the court “must

protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a

party’s attorney or other representative concerning the litigation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B).

III. DISCUSSION

In the course of briefing the present motion, the parties addressed several general

categories of information identified on Respondent’s Privilege Log. With limited departures, the

Court shall preserve those categories in addressing the merits of the present motion. However,

before proceeding, two qualifications are in order. First, where possible, the Court has attempted

to specifically identify documents by the number listed on Respondent’s Privilege Log. For

various reasons (e.g., omissions in the Privilege Log, supplemental productions, etc.), documents

not specifically identified may very well fall within the categories described; in that event, such

documents should be treated consistently with the Court’s analysis here. Second, the Court is

aware that the categories employed are, to a large extent, overlapping, and particular documents

may fall within the metes and bounds of multiple categories. Nevertheless, so long as there is

one basis for production for a given document, that document must be produced.

11 A. Article 335 Documents

Respondent claims that Article 335 of the Ecuadorian Code of Judicial Function –

specifically, subsection (1) – shields all 447 documents from production. In full, that provision

provides as follows:

Art. 335. – Prohibitions to attorneys in representing cases. – Attorneys are forbidden when representing [clients’] cases:

1. To reveal the secrets of their clients, their documents or instructions;

2. To abandon, without just cause, the actions they represent;

3. To assure their clients they will prevail in the trial;

4. To defend one party after having defended the other [party] in related cases;

5. To authorize with their signature pleadings or drafts made by another person;

6. To be counsel in those cases over which [they] have presided as judge or substitute judge. To this end, the trial and pretrial proceedings are deemed as a unit;

7. To intervene in cases when this causes the recusal of the judge or substitute judge;

8. To meet with the Judge to discuss matters related to the case being defended without previously and timely notifying the other party or its attorney so that he/she can be present if he/she so desires;

9. To abusively, maliciously or recklessly exercise the right to bring an action or argue in trial, to violate the principle of good faith and loyalty through practices such as the filing of altered evidence, use of trickery and use bad faith stall tactics to unduly delay the progress of the trial; and

12 10. The other prohibitions set forth in this Code.

Seventh Suppl. Fisher Decl., Ex. 111 (Article 335, Certified English Translation), No.

, Docket No. [76-2].7 Respondent and the Interested Parties construe Article 335(1) as an

absolute prohibition on the production of documents, irrespective of their source, so long as the

attorney received those documents in connection with or as a result of his or her representation.

See Resp’t Opp’n at 4.

On its face, Article 335(1) does not support such a breathtakingly broad construction.

Indeed, the provision appears to be the Ecuadorian counterpart to Rule 1.6 of the D.C. Rules of

Professional Conduct. That rule, which governs the confidentiality of information obtained in

the course of an attorney-client relationship, prohibits attorneys from, inter alia, knowingly

“reveal[ing] a confidence or secret of the lawyer’s client.” D.C. Rules of Prof’l Conduct, Rule

1.6(a). It is, in other words, an ethical obligation, and the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals has

expressed its doubts that an “exclusionary remedy” would apply to evidence obtained in violation

of its terms. See In re Grand Jury,

(D.C. Cir. 2007). The Court sees no

reason to afford Article 335(1) a different construction, a conclusion bolstered by the fact that

Article 335(1)’s succeeding subsections all appear to relate to the ethical obligations attaching to

the attorney function and not to evidentiary rules and standards.

7 In opposition to the present motion, Respondent relies upon an unsworn, uncertified, and incomplete translation of Article 335. According to Respondent’s translation, Article 335(1) prohibits attorneys from “[r]eveal[ing] the secrets, documents or instructions from their clients.” Resp. Opp’n, Ex. 4 (Oct. 26, 2010 E-mail from W. Coffield to L. Fisher), Docket No. [69-4], at 2. For purposes of its analysis here, the Court relies upon Applicants’ certified and more fulsome translation. The Court notes that the difference in the two translations, although perhaps not immediately apparent, may very well affect the proper construction. However, even crediting Respondent’s translation, it falls far short of the clear and authoritative proof required to invoke a foreign privilege in the context of a § 1782(a) proceeding.

13 Given that the plain language of Article 335(1) does not unequivocally support their

proffered interpretation, it is unsurprising that Respondent and the Interested Parties all rely upon

the declaration of an Ecuadorian attorney and jurist – Hernán Salgado Pesantes (“Salgado”). See

Resp’t Opp’n at 3-5; Republic’s Opp’n at 3; Lago Agrio Pls.’ Opp’n at 5.8 However, Salgado’s

declaration is not even competent evidence, let alone clear and authoritative proof, that Article

335(1) should apply to bar the discovery sought here. Although a party may rely upon an

unsworn declaration in support of a given matter, such a declaration must meet certain statutory

requirements. Specifically, where the declarant is located outside the United States, his or her

declaration must include a statement in substantially the same form as follows:

I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct.

; see also Int’l Ins. Co. v. Caja Nacional de Ahorro y Seguro,

(7th Cir. 2002); Sterling Fifth Assocs. v. Carpentile Corp., Inc.,

, at *5

(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2003). Meanwhile, Salgado’s declaration, purportedly executed in Ecuador,

includes only the following statement:

I solemnly declare, on my honor and conscience, that what I have stated above is the truth to the best of my knowledge.

Resp’t Opp’n, Ex. 5 (Salgado Decl.), Docket No. [69-5], ¶ 9.

8 The Republic also submits a declaration prepared in the course of parallel proceedings in the Southern District of New York. That declaration addresses the underlying merits of the claims made against the Republic, and not the applicability of any foreign privilege. See Foreign Law Decl. of Genaro Eguiguren and Ernesto Alban, Docket No. [68-4], ¶¶ 10-17. As expressed in this Court’s prior opinion, the merits of the claims and defenses raised in foreign proceedings are matters better left for the foreign tribunals to resolve – the only issue before this Court is the propriety of discovery sought within its jurisdiction.

14 Simply put, Salgado’s unsworn (and unsigned) declaration, provided upon his “honor and

conscience,” is not substantially the same as the statutorily required language. See Gotlin v.

Lederman,

, 389 n.7 (E.D.N.Y. 2009) (declaration that contains “no

statement that [the declarant] is subject to perjury for any falsities, no reference to United States

law, and no language that conveys that the statement is ‘true and correct’” falls short of the

statutorily prescribed form). For this reason, Respondent and the Interested Parties cannot rely

on the Salgado declaration in support of their claims of privilege, and are therefore left only with

the language of Article 335(1) itself, which the Court has already concluded does not

unequivocally support the expansive construction suggested.

Even assuming, arguendo, the Court could consider Salgado’s declaration, the result

would be the same for a separate, independent reason – the declaration falls woefully short of the

clear and authoritative proof required to justify the assertion of a foreign privilege in the context

of a § 1782(a) proceeding. First, Salgado concedes that Article 335(1) is part of a broader set of

rules “establish[ing] the attorney’s duties and rights,” Salgado Decl. ¶ 8.1, a statement that

appears to be more in line with the conclusion that the Article speaks to an attorney’s ethical

obligations and not exclusionary rules of evidence. Second, the declaration itself is internally

inconsistent: a mere six paragraphs after declaring that Article 335(1) creates an absolute

prohibition on the disclosure of any information obtained in the course of a representation,

Salgado cites favorably to authority suggesting that attorneys cannot make “arbitrary use” of, or

“disclose without cause,” such information. Id. ¶ 8.8. If the privilege is in fact absolute, Salgado

offers no explanation as to why the reasons for use or disclosure would even be relevant. Cf. In

re Application of Metallgesellschaft AG,

(2d Cir. 1997) (declining to speculate,

15 based on ambiguous affidavit by respondent’s counsel, whether a foreign privilege applied).

Finally, and most importantly, Salgado cites to no instance – not one – in which a court or other

competent tribunal has endorsed the claimed construction.9 As such, the Court is left only with

his ipse dixit, which of course does not qualify as authoritative proof on its own. See Ecuadorian

Plaintiffs,

(“affidavit from an Ecuadorian attorney suggesting that the discovery

sought . . . would not be available in Ecuador” held not to suffice as authoritative proof).10

It may very well be that the Ecuadorian courts would afford Article 335 the broad

construction pressed by Respondent and the Interested Parties, but there is no indication in the

record created by the parties – let alone authoritative proof – that they would do so. Having

failed to carry their burden of proof, Respondent and the Interested Parties cannot lay claim to

Article 335(1) as a basis for withholding any of the 447 documents identified on the Privilege

Log. Accordingly, those documents for which Article 335 and no other privilege is claimed as a

basis for non-disclosure must be produced.11 However, any material produced pursuant to the

Court’s ruling shall be used by the Applicants solely for purposes of prosecuting the Lago Agrio

9 Indeed, the only decision referenced by Salgado is his own, apparently made in the course of his responsibilities as a judge on the Inter-American Court for Human Rights, but that decision relates not to Article 335, but to an entirely separate provision under the American Convention on Human Rights. Salgado Decl. ¶ 8.10. Moreover, so far as the Court can tell, that decision had more to do with a party’s right against self-incrimination than an absolute privilege against disclosure of all information obtained by counsel in the course of a given representation. See

10 Because it concludes that Respondent and the Interested Parties have failed to adduce authoritative proof in support of the claimed privilege, the Court need not resolve whether the countervailing foreign law affidavit submitted by Applicants satisfies the requirements of

. See Seventh Suppl. Fisher Decl., Ex 112, No.

, Docket No. [76-3], ¶ 16. 11 Documents 29, 120, 292, and 316-319.

16 Litigation, the BIT Arbitration, and the Criminal Proceedings. The parties shall be required to

file with the Court a proposed protective order to this effect, and incorporating any other

protections the parties deem desirable.

B. Documents Involving Respondent

The next category of documents – those where Respondent is either the author12 or a

recipient13 – unsurprisingly captures the vast majority of documents at issue. It is here where the

insufficiency of Respondent’s overall showing becomes apparent, and the Court takes this

opportunity to address these deficiencies generally before turning to the specific category at hand.

In opposition to the present motion, apart from the vague and non-specific descriptions of

documents in the Privilege Log, Respondent offers a perfunctory seven-paragraph declaration,

which consists almost exclusively of conclusory and empty invocations of privilege. See Resp’t

12 Documents 12, 20, 26, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48, 51, 53, 55, 58, 60, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102-103, 106-107, 109, 111, 113-114, 112, 131- 133, 137-140, 147-150, 154, 157, 159-160, 176, 178-179, 181, 183-187, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 201-202, 204, 206, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 226, 232, 236, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261-263, 265, 267-269, 271, 273, 275-276, 278, 280, 282, 284-285, 287, 289, 291, 295, 298, 300, 301, 303, 311-312, 314, 316, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 329, 331, 332, 334, 336, 340, 341, 343, 345, 348, 350, 353, 355, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 371, 375, 378, 380, 382-383, 386- 387, 389-391, 393, 396-397, 399, 402, 406, 408, 409, 411, 413, 416, 420-421, 423, 426, 428, 432, 435, 437, 440, 442, 445, and 447. 13 Documents 1-11, 13-19, 21-25, 27-31, 33-34, 36-37, 40, 42, 44-45, 47, 49-50, 52, 54, 56-57, 59, 61, 63-64, 66-67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 104- 105, 108, 110, 112, 115-121, 123-130, 134-136, 141-143, 145-146, 152-153, 155-156, 158, 162- 163, 165-170, 172-175, 177, 180, 182, 188-189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199-200, 203, 205, 207-208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 225, 227, 229, 230-231, 233-235, 238, 240-249, 251, 253, 255, 257-258, 260, 264, 266, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279, 281, 283, 286, 288, 290, 292-294, 296-297, 299, 302, 304-310, 313, 315, 317, 321, 323, 325, 327, 330, 333, 335, 337-339, 342, 344, 346- 347, 349, 351-352, 354, 356-359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369-370, 372-374, 376-377, 379, 381, 384- 385, 388, 392, 394-395, 398, 400-401, 403-405, 407, 410, 412, 414-415, 417-419, 422, 424-425, 427, 429-431, 434, 436, 438-439, 441, 443-444, and 446.

17 Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Wray Decl.), Docket No. [69-6]. Specifically, for nearly all the documents at

issue, Respondent avers as follows:

Documents numbered 1-28, 30-119, 121-291, 293-315, 320-447 on the revised privilege log are documents that were prepared during litigation and include deliberative materials such as mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, and legal theories and factual materials prepared in anticipation of litigation. The documents are communications prepared by and for counsel, legal staff, retained consultants, and retained experts.

Id. ¶ 6. Respondent also states that, “[t]o [his] knowlege, the documents . . . have been

maintained consistent with secrecy against the Applicants in this matter.” Id. ¶ 7. For a handful

of other documents, Respondent declares:

Documents numbered 364-367 on the revised privilege log are documents containing communications between counsel and client, with counsel acting in his capacity as a lawyer, relating to facts obtained from the client, without the presence of strangers, for the purpose of securing either (i) an opinion on law or (ii) legal services or (iii) assistance in a legal proceeding, and not for the purpose of committing a crime or a tort.

Id. ¶ 5. Coupled with this, Respondent relies upon the two-page Cover Letter prepared by his

counsel identifying certain individuals listed on the Privilege Log in the most bare and

unilluminating fashion. See Resp’t Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Cover Letter), Docket No. [69-3], at 1-3.

As described above, Respondent must adduce competent evidence establishing each of

the essential elements necessary to support a claim of privilege for each communication, and he

must do so to a reasonable certainty. The defects in Respondent’s approach are myriad, and the

Court addresses only the most glaring here.

First, in assessing the broad claims to privilege at issue here, resort to Respondent’s

Privilege Log is of little assistance, as “the descriptions of the documents are so brief and of such

18 a general nature that they fail to give the court any basis for determining whether the privilege

was properly invoked.” Alexander,

; see also Zelaya v. UNICCO Serv. Co.,

(D.D.C. 2010) (proponents’ failure to provide sufficient information to sustain

their burden of proof compelled disclosure of documents listed on privilege log). Nor do the

hopelessly vague descriptions of individuals in the Cover Letter – e.g., “retained consultant” or

“unknown” – aid the Court’s determination.15 Meanwhile, at least some individuals identified on

the Privilege Log – e.g., “Meyepez” – are not identified in the Cover Letter at all. Overall, the

Court is left to guess as to the role and relationship of various individuals, including several non-

lawyer, third parties.

Second, Respondent fails to correlate his declaration’s wholly conclusory assertions of

privilege – which are nothing more than empty recitations of the applicable legal standard devoid

of factual context – with any specific communication or communications. His failure to do so is

particularly egregious in light of this Court’s express directive that he “correlate any claimed

privilege(s) with specific documents . . . and articulate with particularity the basis for invoking

the claimed privilege.” Min. Order (Oct. 29, 2010). Far from being particularized, Respondent’s

showing is so conclusory that it stymies this Court’s ability to assess the basis for any claimed

privilege.

15 To be clear, the Court is not holding that any privilege has been waived solely due to the formal deficiencies of Respondent’s Privilege Log. Rather, the Court concludes only that Respondent and the Interested Parties have utterly failed to adduce sufficient evidence to establish, with reasonable certainty, that the privileges against disclosure have been appropriately invoked. That said, the Court observes that the Privilege Log is the third iteration prepared by Respondent in the course of this action. Plaintiff has never sought leave nor an extension of time to amend or further supplement his Privilege Log, despite being on notice that there were questions as to its sufficiency. See Min. Order (Oct. 29, 2010).

19 Third, and most important for the Court’s immediate purposes here, Respondent – who

was indisputably representing the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs in one litigation and the Republic in

multiple international arbitrations, including the BIT Arbitration – offers no details as to his role

at any given moment in time, nor even attempts to identify which litigation or litigations the

communications supposedly concern.

These defects are not merely procedural. As a consequence, with respect to the work

product privilege, Respondent fails to carry his burden of demonstrating that, “in light of the

nature of the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the document can fairly be

said to have been prepared or obtained because of the prospect of litigation.” Lutheran Social

Servs.,

. Likewise, the Court cannot say, with reasonable certainty, that the

communications withheld on the basis of the attorney-client privilege were made outside the

presence of strangers, in counsel’s capacity as an attorney, or for the purposes of securing legal

advice. See Elkins,

; GlaxoSmithKline,

. In short, Respondent’s

declaration, Privilege Log, and other materials “do[] not establish any facts necessary to find the

attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine protect the sought-after documents.” In re

Application of Chevron Corp.,

, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2010).16

The immediate case – documents where Respondent is either the author or a recipient –

provides a useful illustration. Respondent avers both that he (a) was “an active member of the

16 As described elsewhere, Respondent’s broad averments are of heightened concern in light of this Court’s in camera review of four documents withheld by Respondent (Documents 397-400).

20 legal team” representing the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs in the Lago Agrio Litigation,17 and (b)

“represent[s] [the Republic] with respect to various international arbitrations,” including the BIT

Arbitration. Wray Decl. ¶¶ 2-3. The Cover Letter is only more ambiguous, identifying

Respondent simply as “Plaintiff counsel, counsel for Ecuador.” Despite this ambiguity,

Respondent makes no attempt to articulate in the Privilege Log, with reference to competent

evidence, what role he was playing with respect to any communication in which he was a

participant, or what his relationship was to other participants. The Court is not permitted to

guess; rather, Respondent bears the burden of establishing to a reasonable certainty that the

privilege has been properly invoked.

Again, these defects are not merely a matter of form. With respect to the work product

privilege, which concerns the vast majority of documents at issue, the inquiry divides in two.

Where Respondent is the author, without knowing in what capacity Respondent was operating in

the context of the given communication and in relation to what proceeding, the Court cannot

conclude that Respondent prepared that communication because of the litigation (whatever it

may be) – i.e., for assisting Respondent in preparing for litigation and not for some other reason.

Alexander,

. Similarly, where Respondent is the recipient, without knowing in

what capacity Respondent was operating in the context of a given communication and in relation

17 Although Respondent intimates that he was no longer an “active member” of that team after 2006, Wray Decl. ¶ 2, there is no indication that he ceased having purportedly privileged communications in connection with the Lago Agrio Litigation after 2006. Indeed, if that were the case, there would be no basis for including such communications exclusively between him and counsel for the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs as recently as June of this year (Document 447). Which is just to say, based on the record created by the parties, the Court cannot conclude that all communications after 2006 were made in Respondent’s capacity as counsel to the Republic. Nor, for that matter, has anyone so claimed or produced competent evidence in support thereof.

21 to what proceeding, the Court cannot draw any inferences as to the author’s motivations or, for

that matter, that the communication was made consistent with the maintenance of secrecy from

one’s adversary. Deloitte LLP,

. In neither instance does the record support the

conclusion that there would be a “reasonable basis for believing the recipient would keep the

disclosed material confidential.”

The same holds true for the handful of documents withheld

pursuant to the attorney-client privilege: absent some context as to Respondent’s role and the

relationship among the parties, the Court cannot say whether the communication was made for

the purposes of legal advice, and in confidence and outside the presence of strangers. Elkins,

. These defects are fatal, and the Court finds that Respondent and the Interested

Parties have failed to carry their burden of proving, by competent evidence and to a reasonable

certainty, each of the essential elements necessary to support their claims of privilege for each of

communications sent or received by Respondent. Accordingly, Respondent must produce all

such documents.18

C. Documents Involving Cristobal Bonifaz

The next category merits similar treatment. Cristobal Bonifaz is identified in the Cover

Letter only as “Plaintiff counsel; counsel for Ecuador.” As a result, as was true with Respondent,

when Cristobal Bonifaz is identified in the Privilege Log as the author or recipient of a

communication, the Court has no way of knowing, in the context of that communication, in what

capacity he was operating or what his relationship was with respect to other participants.

Accordingly, Respondent and the Interested Parties have similarly failed to carry their burden

18 Everything except Documents 32, 35, 39, 75, 144, 151, 161, 164, 171, 222, 224, 228, 237, 239, and 318-319.

22 with respect to this category, and therefore Respondent must produce all documents involving

Cristobal Bonifaz.19

D. Documents Involving “Bonifaz”

The Cover Letter identifies two individuals by the name of Bonifaz: Cristobal Bonifaz,

described as “Plaintiff counsel; counsel for Ecuador;” and John Bonifaz, described only as

“Plaintiff counsel.” And yet, Respondent’s Privilege Log repeatedly references only “Bonifaz,”

without first-name identification. The Court is inclined to assume that all references to

“Bonifaz” are to Cristobal Bonifaz, given that John Bonifaz is identified as participating in

communications with the unadorned “Bonifaz” (Documents 303-310). The Court need not,

however, make such an inference; at best, Respondent’s showing is equivocal as to whether

“Bonifaz” is counsel for the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs or the Republic, and with respect to what

litigations, and therefore the Court cannot find with reasonable certainty, in the context of a given

communication, in what capacity he was operating or what his relationship was with respect to

other participants. As such, all documents involving “Bonifaz” must be produced as well.20

E. Documents Disclosed to Third-Party Attorney, Activist, and Reporter

The next category involves communications with three third parties: (a) Daria Fischer,

identified by Respondent as a “3rd party attorney;” (b) Esperanza Martinez, identified as a “3rd

party activist;” and (c) Letta Tayler, “a 3rd party reporter.” To the extent these communications

have been withheld on the basis of the attorney-client privilege, Respondent and the Interested

19 Documents 135-137, and 140. 20 Documents 7, 30-37, 78, 107, 114, 132, 134, 157, 177-178, 214-215, 218-221, 229- 236, 247-249, 251, 255-257, 259, 264-265, 296, 301, 311, 329-330, and 362-365.

23 Parties have utterly failed to demonstrate how communications with third-party attorneys,

activists, and reporters is consistent with a reasonable expectation of confidentiality, or, for that

matter, how any such communications were made in furtherance of seeking legal advice.

Similarly, to the extent such documents have been withheld on the basis of the work product

privilege, the record does not support the conclusion – and certainly, not to a reasonable certainty

– that communications with third-party attorneys, activists, and reporters could be in preparation

for litigation, or made with a reasonable basis for believing that these third parties would keep

the disclosed information confidential. Therefore, Applicants are also entitled to disclosure of

these documents.18

F. Documents Disclosed to Various Third-Party Attorneys

Several documents over which the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs assert work product privilege

were disclosed to third-party attorneys for the Republic – namely, David B. Allanoff, Derek

Baxter, Eric Bloom, Terry Collingsworth, Marta Escobar, Tomas Leonard, and Robert A.

Skirnick. In opposition to Applicants’ motion, the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs make no mention of this

group, electing instead to address other third parties and parrot non-controversial standards

governing the effect of voluntary disclosures. See Lago Agrio Pls.’ Opp’n at 11-12. As noted by

Applicants, the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs do not suggest that there was some sort of joint defense

agreement that could salvage their privilege claims, let alone adduce competent evidence in

support thereof. See Applicants’ Reply at 6 n.6. As such, to the extent these communications

have been withheld on the basis of the work product privilege, the record does not support the

conclusion – and certainly, not to a reasonable certainty – that communications with third party

18 Documents 7, 296, 316-319, 364-365, and 375-377.

24 attorneys for the Republic could be in preparation for litigation, or made with a reasonable basis

for believing that these third parties would keep the disclosed information confidential.

The Republic, for its part, asserts work product privilege only with respect to a subset of

these documents (Documents 329-330, 364-367, and 397-400). See Republic’s Opp’n at 2 n.2.

But the Republic offers nothing in addition to an empty invocation of the relevant legal standard,

asserted upon its own ipse dixit that these communications reflect attorney mental impressions

and legal conclusions in connection with ongoing litigations. See Republic’s Reply at 7. Such

conclusory allegations cannot discharge the burden of demonstrating, to a reasonable certainty,

that “in light of the nature of the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the

document can fairly be said to have been prepared or obtained because of the prospect of

litigation.” Lutheran Social Servs.,

. Moreover, because Respondent is a party to

each of the communications, the claim fails for the same reasons described above: without

knowing in what capacity Respondent was operating in the context of a given communication

and in relation to what proceeding, the Court cannot draw any inferences as to the author’s

motivations or, for that matter, that the communication was made consistent with the

maintenance of secrecy from one’s adversary.

Finally, the Court has reviewed in camera Documents 397-400, which cannot support the

claimed privilege. In an e-mail chain bearing the subject-line, “Re: Lunch?,” Respondent and

others discuss the timing and location of a meeting. Answering in the affirmative to the question

posed in the subject-line, Respondent writes, “Sure. Will Thursday at 1 work for you?” Eric

Bloom responds, “That would be great. Do you want to come by the office or meet somewhere?

The office address is 1700 K Street.” Finally, the exchange ends with Respondent’s reply, “Your

25 Office is OK.” Simply put, the work product privilege does not attach to discussions concerning

the timing and location of counsel’s lunch. The Court does not want to minimize the matter;

Respondent’s specious privilege claims with respect to these particular documents – each of

which were logged and withheld as separate communications19 – casts doubt upon Respondent’s

claims as a whole. In any event, none of the documents within this category can be withheld on

the basis of the work product privilege.20

G. Documents for which the Republic Asserts the Attorney-Client Privilege

The Republic asserts the attorney-client privilege with respect to four documents

(Documents 364-367). The assertion is unavailing. All four documents involved Respondent.

Although the Republic offers its unsworn statement that Respondent was operating in his

capacity as counsel for the Republic, see Republic’s Opp’n at 7, there is no evidentiary support in

the record for that assertion, especially given that each of the communications were made at a

time when Respondent was still – in his words – an “active member” of the Lago Agrio

Plaintiffs’ litigation team. After scouring the Privilege Log, Respondent’s declaration, the Cover

Letter, and other materials, the Court finds no competent evidence indicating, one way or the

other, what Respondent’s role was with respect to particular communications. Therefore, the

invocation of the privilege fails for the same reasons it did above: absent competent evidence

establishing some context as to Respondent’s role and the relationship among the parties, the

Court cannot say whether the communication was made for the purposes of legal advice, and in

19 Respondent should, at the bare minimum, be aware of his obligation to redact and produce non-privileged portions of responsive documents. 20 Documents 135-137, 140, 303-310, 329-330, 364-367, and 397-400.

26 confidence and outside the presence of strangers. Moreover, Documents 366-367 are between

Respondent and Marta Escobar, who is identified by Respondent as both “client” and “attorney

for Ecuador,” without any further specification or context. Finally, Documents 364-365 both

involve Esperanza Martinez, the “3rd party activist” – and Juan Velasco, purportedly “counsel

for Petroecuador,” is copied on Document 364 – which alone vitiates the privilege absent

countervailing record support. Thus, the attorney-client privilege does not shield these

documents from production.21

H. Documents Disclosed to Testifying Experts

In their moving papers, Applicants argued that communications that were sent to or

received from the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ testifying experts were subject to a “bright-line” rule of

full disclosure. Mot. to Compel at 8.22 Indeed, Applicants specifically identified three such

individuals by name: (a) Charles Calmbacher; (b) Edison Camino; and (c) Oscar Davila.

Nevertheless, in opposing the present motion, neither Respondent nor the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs

offer any rejoinder either to Applicants’ contention that the individuals identified are in fact

“testifying experts” or that, as a consequence, their communications are subject to full disclosure.

Lago Agrio Pls.’ Opp’n at 11-12. See Phrasavang v. Deutsche Bank,

, 201

21 Documents 364-367. 22 Although no court within this District appears to have endorsed the so-called “bright line” rule, the majority approach, that rule directs that any matters considered by a testifying expert are automatically discoverable – i.e., any materials that an expert generated, reviewed, reflected upon, read, or used in formulating his or her conclusions, irrespective of whether those materials were ultimately relied upon by the expert in reaching his or her opinions. Synthes Spine Co., L.P. v. Walden,

(E.D. Pa. 2005); see also South Yuba River Citizens League v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv.,

(E.D. Cal. 2009) (collecting cases).

27 (D.D.C. 2009) (where party fails to respond to arguments in opposition papers, the court may

treat them as conceded) (citing Fed. Deposit Ins. Co. v. Bender,

(D.C. Cir.

1997). Accordingly, documents involving Calmbacher, Camino, and Davila are discoverable on

this ground alone.23

In their reply papers, Applicants identify additional individuals purportedly within the

confines of the “testifying expert” category, including Jen Bilbao, Jorge Jurado, and David

Russell, each of whom is identified by Respondent as a “retained expert” or “retained

consultant.” See Applicants’ Reply at 6. Because the Court concludes that neither Respondent

nor the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs were on sufficient notice that Applicants were claiming such

individuals qualified as testifying experts, and because the record is not clear on the point, the

Court does not reach the issue. In any event, each of the documents are captured within other

categories for which production is required.

Similarly, Applicants seek the disclosure of documents involving three additional third

parties not heretofore discussed: (a) Luis Yanza, identified as “member of litigation team;” (b)

Lauren Schrero, identified as “retained legal research assistant;” and (c) Manuel Pallares,

identified as a “retained consultant.” The parties dispute, with varying degrees of specificity, the

precise roles these individuals played in the context of the Lago Agrio Litigation. See Mot. to

Compel at 10; Lago Agrio Pls.’ Opp’n at 11-12; Applicants’ Reply at 6. Because each of the

communications affected are also captured within other categories for which production is

23 Documents 1, 4, 8, 11, 14-21, 23-24, 27, 39, 57-58, 63-64, 66-68, 104, 112-113, 115, 120, 124-129, 139, 141-145, 148, 151-155, 157, 161-162, 164-176, 179-182, 184-186, 188-189, 191, 193-198, 200, 202-207, 210-211, 224-225, 227-238, 240-241, 243-249, 251, 253-254, 258, 266-269, 270-273, 293, 302, 314-315, 332-333, and 338-339.

28 required, the Court need not reach the issue. Applicants are, of course, free to put to Respondent

foundational questions regarding the role of such individuals during the course of his deposition.

I. Documents Allegedly Relating to the Subject-Matter of the Crude Documentary

Applicants further contend that an unidentified number of documents identified on

Respondent’s Privilege Log touch upon the same topics that the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ counsel

were captured discussing during the filming of a documentary film titled “Crude.” Mot. to

Compel at 7. The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs persuasively counter that Applicants have failed to make

a sufficiently particularized showing to justify the broad subject-matter waiver they seek. Briefly

stated, Applicants make no effort to correlate specific excerpts from the documentary, for which

there are transcripts, with comparable entries on Respondent’s Privilege Log, such that would

allow this Court to draw the conclusion that the specific topics are sufficiently aligned.

Accordingly, as the record now stands, this cannot serve as a basis for compelling production of

otherwise privileged documents.

J. Substantial Need, Undue Hardship, and Crime-Fraud

Although the Court does not consider it necessary to reach the issue in light of its other

conclusions, it nevertheless pauses to observe that there is some merit to Applicants’ assertions

that they have a “substantial need” for the materials at issue and cannot, without undue hardship,

obtain their substantial equivalent by other means. The evidence sought “undoubtedly goes to

the heart” of Applicants’ claims and defenses in the foreign proceedings, HealthSouth Corp., 250

F.R.D. at 13, and the Court fails to see how Applicants could obtain the substantial equivalent of

such evidence through other avenues, particularly given the Interested Parties’ positions in this

action. Moreover, despite their generalized and conclusory allegations to the contrary, neither

29 Respondent nor the Interested Parties point to any competent evidence in the record that would

suggest that the communications at issue contain core attorney work product – i.e., the sort of

“mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories” that may merit heightened

scrutiny. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B). Ultimately, however, the Court need not reach the issue,

and it declines to do so. Nor will the Court opine on the merits of Applicants’ proffered “crime-

fraud exception” argument based on the record created by the parties. See Stratus Consulting,

, at *11 (deferring to Ecuadorian courts to adjudicate allegations concerning

crime-fraud).

V. CONCLUSION

The Court has considered the remaining arguments tendered by the parties, and has

concluded that they are without merit. Therefore, and for the reasons stated above, the Court

shall GRANT Applicants’ Motion to Compel. An appropriate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

Date: November 3, 2010

/s/ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY United States District Judge

30