American Forest Resource Council v. Jewell
American Forest Resource Council v. Jewell
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment by plaintiffs and defendant. Pis.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt # 16 (“Pis.’ Mot.”), Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 19] (“Def.’s Mot.”). In these motions, the parties dispute the lawfulness of the Bureau of Land Management’s (“BLM”) decisions in May and June 1995 adopting Resource Management Plans (“1995 RMPs”) for six BLM districts in Western Oregon. Upon due consideration of the parties’ pleadings, the relevant law, and the entire record herein, I find that plaintiffs lack standing to bring this suit and, accordingly, plaintiffs’ Motion .for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 16] is DENIED, defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 19] is GRANTED, and the case is DISMISSED.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs brought suit against the Secretary of Interior challenging BLM’s approval of the 1995 RMPs that placed more than 70 percent of all lands subject to the Oregon and California Railroad and Coos Bay Wagon Road Grant Lands Act of 1937 (“0 & C Act”), 43 U.S.C. § 1181a, into reserve classifications where no sustained yield timber harvest is permitted. See Compl. ¶¶ 34-37, No. 14-368 [Dkt. # 1]. Plaintiffs allege violations of 0 & C Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1181a, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), 43 U.S.C.A. § 1701 Savings Provision, and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C.§§ 701-706. See Compl. ¶ 1.
This case is one of three separate actions currently before the Court, at the summary judgment stage, involving challenges related to timber sales in the Pacific Northwest and habitat for the northern spotted owl. See Carpenters Industrial Council, et al. v. Jewell, et al., No. 13-361 (filed on March 21, 2013) (“CIC v. Jewell ”);
In light of the standing decision in Swanson I and the significant overlap between the plaintiffs in that case and the three above-referenced actions, I ordered the parties in these three cases to show cause in writing why the cases should not also be dismissed for lack of standing. See Order to Show Cause, CIC v. Jewell, No. 13-361 [Dkt. # 82]; Swanson II, No. 14-211 [Dkt. # 28]; AFRC v. Jewell, No. 14-368 [Dkt. # 30]. In response to the show cause orders, plaintiffs in each of the three actions filed briefs accompanied by ten new declarations. See CIC v. Jewell, No. 13-361 [Dkts. # # 84-1-84-11]
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and the record demonstrate that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). In this case, where cross-motions for summary judgment are at issue, the Court draws all reasonable inferences regarding the assertions made in a light favorable to the non-moving party. Union Neighbors United, Inc. v. Jewell, 83 F.Supp.3d 280, 285 (D.D.C. 2015). The Court will “grant summary judgment only if one of the moving parties is entitled to judgment as a matter of law upon material facts that are not genuinely disputed.” Select Specialty Hosp.-Bloomington, Inc. v. Sebelius, 774 F.Supp.2d 332, 338 (D.D.C. 2011).
ANALYSIS
“Article III of the Constitution confines the jurisdiction of the federal courts to actual ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies,’ and ... ‘the doctrine of standing serves to identify those disputes which are appropriately resolved through the judicial process.’ ” Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417, 429-30, 118 S.Ct. 2091, 141 L.Ed.2d 393 (1998) (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 155, 110 S.Ct. 1717, 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990)). Plaintiffs bear the burden of demonstrating they have standing to pursue their claims. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). “[T]he irreducible constitutional minimum of standing” requires “[1] an injury in fact ... which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical, ... [2] a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of ..., [and] [3] it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. at 560-61,
At the summary judgment stage, plaintiffs “can no longer rest on ... ‘mere allegations,’ but must ‘set forth’ by affidavit or other evidence ‘specific facts,’ which for purposes of the summary judgment motion will be taken to be true.” Id. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (citations omitted). Statements of fact must be sufficiently specific to rise above the level of “conclusory allegations.” Lujan v. Nat'l Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 888, 110 S.Ct. 3177, 111 L.Ed.2d 695 (1990). Although “general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice” to show standing at the motion to dismiss stage, Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 561, at summary judgment, a court will not “ ‘presume’ the missing facts” necessary to establish an element of standing, Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. at 889, 110 S.Ct. 3177.
“[W]hen the plaintiff is not himself the object of the government action or inaction he challenges, standing is not precluded, but it is ordinarily ‘substantially more difficult’ to establish.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (quoting Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 758, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984)). Indeed, “courts [only] occasionally find the elements of standing to be satisfied in cases challenging government action on the basis of third-party conduct.” Nat’l Wrestling Coaches Ass’n v. Dep’t of Educ., 366 F.3d 930, 940 (D.C.Cir. 2004).
Furthermore, because plaintiffs here seek injunctive relief, they must show that they suffer an ongoing injury or face imminent future injury. See Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C.Cir. 2011). This creates “ ‘a significantly more rigorous burden to establish standing’” than that on parties seeking redress for past injuries. Chamber of Commerce v. EPA, 642 F.3d 192, 200 (D.C.Cir. 2011) (quoting United Transp. Union v. ICC, 891 F.2d 908, 913 (D.C.Cir. 1989)). That is, “to shift[] injury from conjectural to imminent,’ the [plaintiffs] must show that there is a ‘substantial ... probability’ of injury.” Id. (first alteration in original) (quoting Sherley v. Sebelius, 610 F.3d 69, 74 (D.C.Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
I. Consideration of Newly Submitted Declarations
In Sierra Club v. EPA, our Circuit Court held that a petitioner whose standing is not self-evident “should establish its standing by the submission of its arguments and any affidavits or other evidence appurtenant thereto at the first appropriate point in the review proceeding.” 292 F.3d 895, 900 (D.C.Cir. 2002) (emphasis added). Our Circuit Court further explained that “[a]bsent good cause shown, however, a litigant should not expect the court” to grant an “opportunity to submit post-argument affidavits further demonstrating” standing. Id.; see also Fed. R.Civ.P. 6(c)(2) (“Any affidavit supporting a motion must be served with the motion.”).
Here, plaintiffs have had ample opportunity to establish standing. Indeed, in moving for summary judgment, plaintiffs put forward numerous declarations alleging facts and advancing arguments as to why they had standing.
II. Standing Analysis
Much of the substance of the original standing declarations that plaintiffs filed along with their motion for summary judgment concern the very same allegations of economic harm that were rejected by our Circuit Court in Swanson I.
The only record evidence that Rough & Ready will be harmed by future shortfalls in Medford timber sales is Phillip-pi’s averment that the company has suffered economic loss and hardship as a result of the sharp decrease in BLM Medford district timber sales in recent years.... Phillippi’s averments that harm to his company was caused by BLM’s failure to sell enough timber in Medford and may recur as a result of the same are general averments and conclusory allegations that are inadequate to demonstrate standing....
Neither is it self evident that the harm to Rough & Ready was caused by reduced timber sales in Medford. Phil-lippi does not indicate the extent of Rough & Ready’s reliance on timber purchased from Medford.... Moreover, the record shows that the 2008 economic decline affected the timber market as demand for housing construction declined. Without information about Rough & Ready’s past injury, Phillippi’s declaration does not show Rough & Ready’s economic losses fairly can be traced to BLM’s failure to comply with the annual sales provision of the 0 & C Act, rather than to an independent source, such as the recession.
Id. at 242-43 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiffs have presented no new arguments as to why their general averments and conclusory allegations of economic harm are now sufficient. Indeed, just as in Swanson I, plaintiffs cannot show that any of their economic losses are traceable to the BLM’s approval of the 1995 RMPs instead of to an “independent source, such as the recession,” or that their prediction of future injury is “more certain than those [the D.C. Circuit] has concluded are ‘insufficient.’ ” Id.
Lastly, plaintiffs fail to demonstrate organizational standing based on the standing of any member. See Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Adver. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 343, 97 S.Ct. 2434, 53 L.Ed.2d 383 (1977). Just as in Swanson I, plaintiffs fail to present evidence identifying members that have “suffered the requisite harm” from-BLM’s approval of the 1995 RMPs. See Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 499, 129 S.Ct. 1142, 173 L.Ed.2d 1 (2009); Chamber of Commerce v. EPA, 642 F.3d at 199.
Therefore, in accordance with our Circuit Court’s decision in Swanson I, I find that plaintiffs have not demonstrated economic injury sufficient to have Article III standing to challenge BLM’s approval of the 1995 RMPs.
CONCLUSION
Thus, for all of the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is DENIED, defendant’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and this ease is DISMISSED for lack of standing. An Order consistent with this decision accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
. The complaint initially named Kenneth Salazar in his official capacity as the Secretary of the Interior as defendant, who was succeeded by the current Secretary of the Interi- or, Sally Jewell.
. Another case involving similar claims was dismissed voluntarily by plaintiffs. See American Forest Resource Council, et al. v. Salazar, et al, No. 11-1174 [Dkt. # 44]. An additional case involving similar claims and many of the same plaintiffs was filed recently with this Court. See Swanson et al. v. Jewell et al., No. 15-1419 (filed on August 31, 2015).
.American Forest Resource Council and Swanson Group Manufacturing LLC, both of which are plaintiffs in all three of the current actions, were plaintiffs in Swanson I as well. Douglas Timber Operation, Inc., another plaintiff in Swanson I, is a plaintiff in two of the three remaining actions.
. Plaintiff-intervenors in CIC v. Jewell moved for permission to respond to the show cause order, which the Court granted. See No. 13-361 [Dkt. # 84]; Minute Order, July 22, 2015.
. See No. 14-368 [Dkts. # # 16-1 — 16-7, 17] (Declarations of Thomas L. Partin, Tony Had-ley, Bob Ragon, David Johnson, Todd A. Payne, Sean M. Smith, Steven D. Swanson, and Robert T. Freres).
. Plaintiffs here also make the same allegation as in No. 13-361 that a lack of management under the challenged plan will lead, to a “substantially raised” risk of fire, but, for similar reasons why plaintiffs failed to make the necessary showing in No. 13-361, plaintiffs here have failed to demonstrate exactly how the challenged resource management plans at issue have raised the risk of forest fire, as compared to, say, any other resource management plan the BLM could have adopted. See Federal Forest Resource Coalition v. Vilsack, 100 F.Supp.3d 21, 45, 2015 WL 1906022, at *17 (D.D.C. 2015) (dismissing on standing where "the instant record simply fails to support the assumption that there is any causal connection between decreased harvesting and increased wildfires”).
. Even if I were to consider the newly filed declarations, many of their averments of economic harm postdate the filing of this lawsuit. See, e.g., Decl. of Lee Sanders, No. 14-368 [Dkt. # 32-4]; Decl. of Rick Svilich, No. 14-368 [Dkt. # 32-6]. Standing, however, is assessed by considering facts at the time the complaint was first filed. See Wheaton Coll. v. Sebelius, 703 F.3d 551, 552 (D.C.Cir. 2012) (citing Chamber of Commerce v. EPA, 642 F.3d 192, 200 (D.C.Cir. 2011)); see also La Botz v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 61 F.Supp.3d 21, 28 (D.D.C. 2014) ("[Standing in the present action is ascertained from the facts as they existed when [the plaintiff] first filed his complaint in this Court.... ”).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- AMERICAN FOREST RESOURCE COUNCIL v. Sally JEWELL
- Status
- Published