UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, et al.,

Plaintiffs, v. Civil Action Nos. 18-112 (JEB) WILBUR ROSS, et al., 18-283 (JEB)

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Alarmed by the continued decline in the population of the North Atlantic right whale,

four environmental and conservation groups have brought these two consolidated cases seeking

to reverse that trend. They do so by challenging the National Marine Fisheries Service’s

oversight and authorization of the American lobster fishery, an industry Plaintiffs contend

contributes heavily to the whale’s demise. Specifically, Plaintiffs bring suit against the Secretary

of Commerce, NMFS, and the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries at the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, alleging that these Defendants have violated the Administrative

Procedure Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act.

Plaintiffs currently seek discovery and the admission of extra-record evidence pursuant to

their two ESA counts. Defendants counter that such materials should not be considered by the

Court, contending that all of Plaintiffs’ claims must be examined solely on the basis of the

current administrative record. The Court attempted to assist the parties in reaching a

compromise on this issue, but apparently to no avail, as they continue to hold fast to their

respective positions. See ECF No. 40 (Status Report).

1 Thus forced to address the merits of the discovery dispute, the Court concludes that while

Plaintiffs’ two APA-based counts are confined to the record, evaluation of the two ESA counts

may be based on evidence beyond that scope. It will, accordingly, grant Plaintiffs’ Motion for

Discovery.

I. Background

Many of the facts underlying this case have been described in depth in this Court’s prior

Opinion, see Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Ross,

(D.D.C. 2018), and most

are not relevant to the discovery question presented here. A brief stage-setting is all that is

required.

Two statutes — the Endangered Species Act,

et seq., and the Marine

Mammal Protection Act,

et seq. — seek to protect species in danger of

extinction, such as the right whale. The Secretary of Commerce is responsible for administering

and enforcing the statutes. For most marine species, including the right whale, the Secretary has

delegated this responsibility to the National Marine Fisheries Service, a line office within the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which itself sits in the Department of

Commerce. See

(b).

In order to determine the effects of the American lobster fishery on threatened and

endangered species, NMFS must prepare biological opinions (BiOps) stating whether the

proposed action is likely to jeopardize listed species or their habitat. See

(b);

; CBD Compl., ¶¶ 90-91. In 2014, the Agency issued a BiOp to analyze the

effects on the North Atlantic right whale.

. The opinion estimated that right-whale

entanglements from the lobster fishery would be unlikely to increase above 3.25 per year and

concluded that the fishery does not threaten the survival of the whale.

.

2 In January 2018, the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, and the

Humane Society of the United States brought suit, alleging that agency actions, including the

2014 BiOp, do not comply with the ESA, the MMPA, or the Administrative Procedure Act.

. The following month, the Conservation Law Foundation followed suit by filing a Complaint

with substantially similar claims and requests for relief. See CLF Compl. Together, Plaintiffs

set forth four causes of action alleging that Defendants are falling short in their duties to protect

the right whale. See Mot. at 1. Their first and fourth counts arise under the APA, alleging that

the 2014 BiOp regarding the authorization and management of the lobster fishery and its

continued authorization under the MMPA are arbitrary, capricious, and not in accordance with

the law. See CBD Compl., ¶¶ 117-125, 135-39; CLF Compl., ¶¶ 118-126, 140-48.

Their second and third counts, by contrast, relate to Defendants’ “mandatory substantive

obligations under the ESA.” Mot. at 1. Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants are

violating their ongoing duty under ESA § 7 to ensure against jeopardy of endangered right

whales and their obligation under § 9 of the Act to prevent unauthorized “take” of the cetaceans.

See CBD Compl., ¶¶ 126-34; CLF Compl., ¶¶ 128-32, 134-39. Both of these claims are brought

pursuant to the “citizen-suit provision” of the ESA, which provides that any individual may bring

a civil suit “to enjoin any person, including the United States and any other governmental

instrumentality or agency . . . who is alleged to be in violation of any provision of this [Act] or

regulation issued under the authority thereof.”

(g)(1)(A). As relief, Plaintiffs

seek to compel the Government to comply with its substantive duties to avoid jeopardy and to

refrain from committing unauthorized take. In pursuit of these ends, they seek declaratory and

injunctive relief, including an order directing Defendants to implement mitigation measures to

protect the whales from entanglements in lobster gear. See CBD Compl. at 32; CLF Compl. at

3 38-39.

On June 8, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a Joint Motion on the Scope of Review, requesting that

the court permit discovery on their two ESA claims. In an attempt to narrow or resolve the

dispute, the Court – as is its practice in non-APA cases – held a conference call and a status

hearing. See Minute Orders of July 19, 2018 & Sept. 5, 2018. Its efforts did not bear fruit. See

Status Report of Sept. 18, 2018.

II. Analysis

As both sides agree, the Court need not address Plaintiffs’ APA and MMPA claims, the

adjudication of which is confined to the administrative record. See Mot. at 3 n.2, 7. Where the

sides part ways, however, is over whether Plaintiffs are entitled to discovery on the citizen-suit

ESA counts. Because their Motion is in large part based upon the specific provisions of the ESA

under which those counts arise – namely, §§ 7 and 9 – the Court will provide a brief statutory

background before analyzing the availability of discovery.

A. Statutory Background

The ESA is “the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered

species ever enacted by any nation” and “reveals a conscious decision by Congress to give

endangered species priority over the ‘primary missions’ of federal agencies.” Tenn. Valley

Auth. v. Hill,

(1978). Pursuant to that prioritization, the citizen-suit

provision of the Act,

(g)(1)(A), allows parties to file suit against actors –

including federal agencies – to “enforce the substantive provisions of the ESA.” Nat'l Ass'n of

Home Builders v. Norton,

(D.D.C. 2003), aff'd,

(D.C. Cir.

2005). This provision “provides a cause of action to enjoin ongoing violations or to prevent

imminent future violations,” Yurok Tribe v. United States Bureau of Reclamation,

3d 450, 463–64 (N.D. Cal. 2017), and is “frequently used to compel agency action.” Nw. Coal.

for Alternatives to Pesticides v. U.S. EPA,

(W.D. Wash. 2013).

In pursuit of the ESA’s conservation goals, § 7(a)(2) of the Act prohibits federal agencies

from taking actions that are “likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered

species.”

(a)(2). Jeopardy exists when it is reasonable to expect that an agency

action would “reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed

species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species.”

. To comply with this prohibition, the ESA requires agencies to consult with and

obtain the opinion of the relevant wildlife consulting agency, either the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service or NMFS, prior to taking any discretionary action that may affect an endangered species.

See

(a)(2);

(a). After such consultation, the wildlife agency

provides a biological opinion analyzing whether the proposed agency action is likely to cause

jeopardy and, if so, identifying alternatives to avoid such an outcome. See

(b)(3)(A);

, 402.14(g), (h). Agencies’ obligations under § 7, however,

are not fulfilled merely by engaging in this procedural consultation process. Rather, the ESA

also imposes substantive requirements pursuant to the “no-jeopardy” provision. Under § 7, the

agency has an ongoing duty to avoid jeopardy that continues regardless of the status of

consultation, so long as the agency retains discretionary control over the action. See, e.g.,

Cottonwood Envtl. Law Ctr. v. U.S. Forest Service,

(9th Cir. 2015).

The provision thus contains a procedural, consultative requirement and a substantive obligation

to insure against jeopardy. See Defs. of Wildlife v. Martin,

(E.D.

Wash. 2006) (“Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA imposes a substantive duty in addition to its

5 procedural consultation requirement.”).

Section 9 of the ESA provides additional, substantive restrictions on agency actions

affecting endangered species. The provision prohibits any person, including federal agencies,

from “tak[ing]” endangered species, defined as actions that “harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot,

wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect” a listed species, as well as any “attempt to engage in any

such conduct.”

(a)(1)(B);

§ 1532(19). This take prohibition is not, however,

absolute. Instead, the relevant wildlife agency may permit a federal agency to take individual

members of a listed species, provided that the action does not jeopardize that population. Id. §

1536(b)(4), (o)(2);

(i). Such permission typically occurs through the issuance

of an “incidental take statement,” which is attached to a biological opinion and details the

parameters of the permitted take. See

(i).

B. Citizen-Suit Provision

As an initial matter, Plaintiffs assert that the fact that their ESA § 7 and § 9 claims are

brought pursuant to the Act’s citizen-suit provision is sufficient to entitle them to discovery. See

Mot. at 6. The Supreme Court has characterized this provision as “a means by which private

parties may enforce the substantive provisions of the ESA against regulated parties – both private

entities and Government agencies.” Bennett v. Spear,

(1997). According to

Plaintiffs, this enforcement capacity includes the opportunity to “obtain relevant evidence

through discovery without restriction.” Mot. at 8.

Plaintiffs’ reasoning is that because claims and relief sought under the citizen-suit

provision “are forward-looking,” their evaluation should not be constrained to the administrative

record.

They additionally note that because they bear the burden of proof, “[d]enying

discovery would effectively grant Defendants the opportunity to invent a purported record for

6 these claims.” Id. at 9. Allowing discovery, conversely, would “decrease[] the likelihood that

Plaintiffs will later need to show that the self-serving ‘record’ Defendants compiled was

deficient.” Id. at 10. Defendants counter that the citizen-suit provision does not per se condone

discovery. On the contrary, they assert that “settled principles of administrative law compel the

conclusion that extra record affidavits and discovery would be entirely improper.” Resp. at 5.

To the extent that Plaintiffs assert that all citizen-suit ESA cases may involve materials

outside the administrative record, Defendants are correct that this is not so – at least in this

Circuit. In Cabinet Mountains Wilderness v. Peterson,

(D.C. Cir. 1982), the court

addressed a citizen-suit challenge to a decision by the Forest Service approving a mineral-

exploration project. The court concluded that the appropriate level of review, in that case, was

the arbitrary-and-capricious standard provided by the APA.

; see also Newton Cty.

Wildlife Ass'n v. Rogers,

(8th Cir. 1998) (rejecting argument that plaintiff

“should be entitled to go outside the administrative record because it has invoked the citizen-suit

provisions of the Endangered Species Act”); but see Washington Toxics Coal. v. EPA,

(9th Cir. 2005) (finding that because ESA citizen-suit provision “authorizes a private

right of action,” APA does not govern judicial review of plaintiffs’ § 7 claims). Concluding that

the district court had not “erred by refusing to conduct de novo review of the Forest Service’s

actions,” our Circuit resolved the case on the basis of the administrative record and the standards

of the APA. Cabinet Mountains,

.

Although Cabinet Mountains stands for the proposition that simply invoking the ESA

citizen-suit provision does not entitle Plaintiffs to discovery, it does not mean that extra-record

evidence is necessarily precluded in such cases. As discussed below, the Court concludes that

Plaintiffs’ specific claims here, and the distinctions between such allegations and those at issue

7 in Cabinet Mountains, counsel in favor of permitting discovery. See San Francisco BayKeeper

v. Whitman,

(9th Cir. 2002) (employing abuse-of-discretion standard for

district court's decision to consider evidence outside administrative record); Seattle Audubon

Soc'y v. Norton,

, at *2 (W.D. Wash. May 25, 2006) (noting that “the scope of

the record to be admitted for an ESA citizen suit is a question of the district court’s discretion”).

C. Section 7 Claim

Leaving aside their assertion that they are entitled to discovery under the citizen-suit

provision writ large, Plaintiffs also argue that their § 7 claim provides a specific basis for going

beyond the administrative record. This allegation states that Defendants’ “ongoing authorization

and management of the American lobster fishery,” CLF Compl., ¶ 1, is violating their

substantive ESA Section 7 obligation to avoid jeopardy to right whales. Id., ¶¶ 127-32; CBD

Compl., ¶¶ 126-29. Plaintiffs contend that because resolving this claim requires an assessment

of the “totality of [the] circumstances with regard to Defendants’ recent and ongoing actions and

inactions related to right whales and the consequent likelihood of jeopardy to the species,” Mot.

at 16, an administrative record will not suffice. In support, they offer examples of evidence that

would be relevant to their § 7 contention but that are not contained in the administrative records

from the 2014 BiOp or the 2017 fisheries determination, such as “new scientific information

showing right whales have declined[,] . . . continue to be entangled in fishing gear, and may face

functional extinction.” Id. at 17. In light of these alleged gaps in agency records, Plaintiffs

assert that discovery is the reasonable course forward.

Defendants respond first that the cases Plaintiffs muster as support for their position “did

not consider or discuss the propriety of considering extra-record evidence or allowing

discovery.” Resp. at 10. Because the opinions did not “wrestle[] with the question presented in

8 Plaintiffs’ Motion,” Defendants contend that they “do not provide persuasive authority in support

of the Motion.” Id. The agency also asserts that “[a]s a practical matter . . . there is no need for

‘expert’ witness testimony or discovery,” as “[t]he Administrative Record will contain

documents on all of the topics on which Plaintiffs seek discovery.” Resp. at 12. Relatedly,

Defendants take the position that, although Plaintiffs assert that there is “no end point for the

Administrative Record” and thus request discovery, this apparent conundrum is in fact the

product of “[t]he timing of Plaintiffs’ Complaints,” which were filed “after NMFS reinitiated

consultation and commenced the Atlantic Whale Take Reduction Team process.” Id. at 13.

The Court finds none of Defendants’ arguments ultimately convincing. Although it

appreciates the pragmatism and efficiency issues raised by the Government, such concerns do

not obviate Plaintiffs’ right to an opportunity to develop information necessary to prove their

claims. As discussed below, the Court concludes that the posture of this case and the specific

allegations at issue weigh in favor of permitting discovery to ensure Plaintiffs’ access to such

materials.

The Court begins with the implications of Cabinet Mountains with respect to the

availability of discovery in this case. The Circuit there addressed a challenge to a Forest Service

decision approving a mineral-exploration project and drilling program in Montana, which the

plaintiffs alleged violated § 7 of the ESA. As noted above, the court found that “[s]ince the ESA

does not specify a standard of review, judicial review is governed by section 706 of the [APA],”

and “the appropriate standard of review under the ESA is [thus] the arbitrary and capricious

standard provided by” that section. See

. The court ultimately determined

that the Forest Service’s action did not violate § 7 as it was “reasonable and supported by the

9 record,” and “[s]ufficient evidence exists to support the [agency’s] decision that the . . . proposal,

as modified, will not endanger the Cabinet Mountains grizzly bear population.” Id. at 687.

The Court acknowledges that the language in Cabinet Mountains is fairly sweeping and,

at first glance, may seem to stand for the principle that all ESA suits must be considered under

the APA standards for review. A closer analysis of the case, however, reveals that it is not quite

so broad a holding. First, as Plaintiffs note, the district court in Cabinet Mountains in fact

specifically did not address whether it could consider documents plaintiffs in that case wanted to

introduce because the materials were “cumulative of evidence that was considered in the

administrative proceedings” and were therefore already in the record. See Cabinet Mountains

Wilderness v. Peterson,

, 1189 n.2 (D.D.C. 1981). As this determination

indicates, the case did not squarely present the issue of the availability of discovery (or lack

thereof) on appeal. Rather, the Circuit was concerned with the appropriate standard of review to

be applied – a concept distinct from the question of the permissible scope of the record before

the district court. See, e.g., W. Watersheds Project v. Kraayenbrink,

, 497–98 (9th

Cir. 2011) (relying on expert reports submitted by plaintiffs to determine whether federal agency

considered relevant factors in evaluating ESA citizen-suit claim alleging violation of § 7(a)(2)

under arbitrary-and-capricious standard); Or. Natural Desert Ass’n v. Tidwell,

, 987–88 (D. Or. 2010) (same).

Second, there are meaningful distinctions between the claims presented in Cabinet

Mountains and those raised in this case. As discussed in more depth below, the plaintiffs in

Cabinet Mountains, unlike those here, did not bring a claim under § 9 of the ESA. In addition,

the agency actions involved are very different. Here, Plaintiffs claim that the agency is

“violating [its] ongoing obligation under ESA Section 7(a)(2), after the issuance of the 2014

10 biological opinion and after the 2017 authorization of the fishery under the MMPA, by

continuing to allow lobster fishing in a manner that is jeopardizing critically endangered right

whales.” Reply at 21. As Plaintiffs note, “By definition, the administrative record related to

those 2014 and 2017 decisions cannot include post-decisional evidence of harm to right whales

from the lobster fishery, because that evidence did not exist at the time of the decisions and could

not have been considered by Defendants in making those decisions.” Id. Unlike in Cabinet

Mountains, the allegation at issue here does not revolve around the jeopardy caused by a prior

agency determination but, instead, an assertion that regardless of the reasonableness of the 2014

and 2017 actions, defendants are now violating § 7 of the ESA. This temporal distinction

matters in terms of the appropriate scope of review. While the evidence necessary to adjudicate

a Cabinet Mountains-type claim may well be contained in the administrative record or

proceedings before the agency, the relevant information needed to determine whether there is

ongoing and future jeopardy is far more likely to require discovery. As Plaintiffs put it, “In

effect, there can be no administrative record for incidents of unlawful take, as they do not

constitute a final agency decision but instead subsequently flow from a decision’s

implementation.” Reply at 15-16. The Court agrees that, in a § 7 case alleging ongoing and

prospective violations of the ESA, the administrative record may well be insufficient to resolve

the relevant claims.

There is, additionally, a distinction to be made between the form of relief sought here

versus that pursued in Cabinet Mountains. In that case, the plaintiffs alleged that the agency’s

approval of the drilling project violated the ESA and moved for summary judgment on that

claim. There is no indication in the opinion that they sought an injunction of any ongoing

agency action, as they were instead challenging the Government’s approval of the drilling plan.

11 Here, Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief under § 7(a)(2) of the ESA, which provides that the

remedies for a substantive violation of the Act can include an injunction pending compliance. In

order to show that they are entitled to such a remedy, Plaintiffs must “make a showing that a

violation of the ESA is at least likely in the future.” Nat'l Wildlife Fed'n v. Burlington N.R.R.,

Inc.,

(9th Cir. 1994) (considering preliminary injunction). The relevant

inquiry for the Court, subsequently, is whether there is a “definitive threat” to the right whale

under Defendants’ current administration of their agency policies and past actions.

at 1512

n.8. Unlike in Cabinet Mountains, therefore, the relief at issue is not the propriety of a prior

government act, but the enjoining or modification of the agency’s ongoing administration of its

oversight with respect to an endangered species. Again, the Court finds that confining the record

to past agency determinations is far less appropriate when plaintiffs seek an injunction based on

present-day agency actions and the risk of future harm. See Or. Nat. Desert Ass'n v. Kimbell,

, 1219 (D. Or. 2009) (finding that magistrate judge did not err in holding

that plaintiffs’ § 7 claim supported “introduc[ing] evidence obtained after administrative

decisions were issued,” as “extra-record evidence is necessary for plaintiffs to meet the burden of

proof required for obtaining injunctive relief pursuant to the ESA citizen-suit provision”).

D. Section 9 Claim

In addition to asserting that they are entitled to discovery based on their § 7 claim,

Plaintiffs also argue that their § 9 count requires the submission of extra-record evidence. Their

allegations under this provision are predicated on the assertion that Defendants have long

acknowledged that the lobster fishery takes right whales by entanglement, but that, in

contravention of the ESA, there is no incidental-take statement or permit authorizing any such

take. See Mot. at 10. Plaintiffs seek to hold NMFS liable for this alleged violation, as it is the

12 federal agency responsible for authorizing and managing the ongoing operations of the fishery.

Id. In doing so, they make clear that they are not holding the agency to account for any

“particular decision,” but instead bringing suit to remedy its ongoing failure to prevent the

unauthorized incidental take of right whales. Id. at 11. Plaintiffs assert that because they are

seeking to enjoin ongoing and future actions resulting in such harm, there is no relevant

administrative record upon which their § 9 claim can be decided and that they are thus entitled to

discovery. In response, Defendants raise the same arguments as they levy against discovery

under the § 7 claim – namely, that Cabinet Mountains precludes such extra-record evidence –

that the cases cited by Plaintiffs are inapposite, and that judicial efficiency counsels in favor of

relying on the administrative record.

The Court finds that Plaintiffs again have the better of this issue. First, it can easily

dispose of Defendants’ reliance upon Cabinet Mountains, as that case included no claim under §

9. In the years since that decision, moreover, at least one court in this district has permitted

discovery on an ESA § 9 claim – a fact that is difficult to square with Defendants’ argument that

Cabinet Mountains precludes discovery in § 9 suits. In Am. Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty to

Animals v. Feld Entm't, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2009), aff'd,

(D.C. Cir.

2011), the court, in addressing a § 9 claim regarding the “taking” of Asian elephants, issued an

order stating that “Plaintiffs are entitled to take discovery regarding all of defendants’ practices

that plaintiffs allege violate the Endangered Species Act and that statute’s implementing

regulations, including past, present and on-going practices.” Order, Case No. 03-2006

(November 25, 2003). There is no indication in the record that either the district court or the

court of appeals found this discovery improper in light of Cabinet Mountains. Instead, the

district court explicitly noted that it had decided an earlier motion for summary judgment

13 “following several years of extensive discovery,” and that it had then granted “additional

discovery.” Feld Entm’t,

; see also Am. Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty

to Animals v. Feld Entm't, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that district court “held

a six-week bench trial, heard testimony from approximately thirty witnesses, [and] reviewed

hundreds of documents entered into the evidentiary record”). To the extent that Defendants

argue that discovery is precluded in all § 9 citizen-suit claims, they are thus mistaken.

Second, although the Government is correct that there is no case in this Circuit directly

addressing the availability of discovery under § 9, there are a number of opinions in other courts

finding that such evidentiary proceedings are appropriate. Indeed, courts have repeatedly held

that the consideration of extra-record evidence is available – and necessary – to determine

whether there is an ongoing, impermissible “take” of a species. In Or. Nat. Desert Ass'n,

, for instance, the court found that it was appropriate to allow plaintiffs to develop

“[w]hatever evidence [they] can develop to prove that unlawful take has occurred.” Id. at 1220

(citation omitted). In doing so, the court distinguished between the § 9 claims, which it found

“[did] not challenge specific administrative decisions . . . [but] [i]nstead . . . advance[d] an

enforcement action and require[d] proof of harm,” and claims “challenging the propriety of a

consulting agency [action].” Id. at 1220-21. The former – viz., claims “based upon events

occurring in the aftermath of agency decisions” – the court found were “not limited by the APA

scope of review.” Id. The court in Red Wolf Coal. v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

(E.D.N.C. 2016), reached a similar conclusion. In addressing the plaintiff’s § 9

claim, it found that discovery was appropriate “[w]here, as here, a Section 9 claim seeks

injunctive relief, such relief is forward looking, and thus limitation to an administrative record

may not provide a sufficient basis upon which a court can consider the propriety of the

14 defendant’s actions.” Id. at 802 (citing Or. Nat. Desert Ass’n, 593 F. Supp. 2d at 1220); see also

Nw. Coal. for Alternatives to Pesticides v. U.S. EPA,

(W.D.

Wash. 2013) (finding that “extra-record evidence is permissible and appropriate” when plaintiffs

brought ESA § 9 and § 7 claims asserting “ongoing” agency failure to protected endangered

species); Wild Fish Conservancy v. Nat’l Park Service,

, at *1 (W.D. Wash.

2012) (denying agencies’ motion to limit scope of review to administrative record and stating

that “[e]ven if confusion exists regarding discovery in ESA citizen suit cases, the Court finds that

a completely developed record is the best solution, at trial and on appeal, for the just, speedy, and

inexpensive determination of Plaintiffs’ claims”) (citation omitted); Aransas Project v. Shaw,

, 653–63 (5th Cir. 2014) (reviewing bench-trial ruling addressing ESA § 9 claim);

Hill v. Coggins,

(4th Cir. 2017) (noting lower court “considered the

conflicting evidence, weighed the credibility of witnesses, [and] assessed the relevant discovery

history” in ESA § 9 case regarding grizzly bears).

The Court finds that the logic of these cases is sound in light of the intent behind § 9 – to

prevent the take of endangered species without proper agency authorization. In bringing their

claim, Plaintiffs do not seek this Court’s review of a past agency action or specific

determination, but rather are attempting to enjoin ongoing or future unlawful incidental take.

The question is therefore whether NMFS is currently authorizing and is likely to continue

authorizing activities that result in such harms. It is hard to imagine how such an inquiry could

be resolved on the basis of an administrative record underlying a past agency action, as such

records are unlikely to include evidence showing ongoing take or reflecting future potential

harm. See Nw. Coal.,

(permitting discovery on ESA § 7 and § 9 claims

15 and noting that “there is no final agency action and therefore no closed administrative record for

the Court to review”).

* * *

In sum, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs are entitled to discovery on their ESA counts.

This result reflects the intent of the Act to ensure the ongoing conservation of endangered

species and to ensure that agencies charged with safeguarding such species fulfill their role as

stewards. Permitting discovery will also best serve the interests of the Court in adjudicating the

§ 7 and § 9 claims, as Plaintiffs ask it to evaluate both the current and future risk Defendants’

actions pose to the right whale. In order to accurately assess the alleged crisis of these cetaceans,

the Court will benefit from a record that reflects the actual, ongoing effects of the lobster fishery

on the species.

III. Conclusion

For these reasons, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ Motion for Discovery. A separate Order

so stating will issue this day.

/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge

Date: October 4, 2018

16