UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

v. Criminal No. 11-00129-2 (CKK) Civil No. 17-2182 (CKK) WILLIAM MARTIN BOWMAN,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION December 3, 2018

Presently before the Court is Defendant William Bowman’s [961] Motion to Vacate, Set

Aside or Correct Sentence pursuant to

. Defendant, William Bowman (“Mr.

Bowman” or “Defendant”), who is proceeding pro se, requests that this Court vacate or reduce his

sentence based upon his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and his challenges to the

constitutionality of his sentence regarding the firearms charge and the drug conspiracy charge.

Upon a searching review of the parties’ submissions, 1 the relevant authorities, and the record as a

whole, the Court finds that Mr. Bowman is not entitled to the requested relief. Accordingly, the

Court shall DENY Mr. Bowman’s Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence.

1 In connection with this Memorandum Opinion and the accompanying Order, this Court considered Def.’s Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence, ECF No. 961; Def.’s Supp. Mem. of Law in Support of Mot., ECF No. 968; the Govt.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 982; and Def’s Reply, ECF No. 990. 1 I. BACKGROUND

A. Arrest and Conviction

In a superseding indictment filed on September 17, 2012, Mr. Bowman was charged with

one count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more

of cocaine, three counts of using, carrying and possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking

offense, three counts of distribution of cocaine, and two counts of unlawful distribution of

cocaine base occurring on July 1 and 7, 2000. Redacted Superseding Indictment, ECF No. 440.

Upon motion by the Government, the two counts of unlawful distribution of cocaine base

occurring on July 1 and 7, 2000 were dismissed by the Court on October 11, 2012. Two of the

counts of using, carrying and possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense were

consolidated into one count before the case went to the jury.

On November 20, 2012, following a month long jury trial, the jury found Mr. Bowman

guilty on the following charges: 1) conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute

five kilograms or more of cocaine (

, 841 (a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(ii)) (Count One),

three counts of distribution of cocaine (

(a)(1) and 841 (b)(1)(C))(Counts Three-

Five), and one count of using, carrying, and possessing a firearm (

(c)(1)) (Count

Two). Verdict Form, ECF No. 653. 2 The facts underlying these charges may be summarized as

follows: Mr. Bowman was an upper level manager of a wholesale cocaine trafficking organization

operating in the District of Columbia (the “District”) metropolitan area from January 2009 through

April 26, 2011, when he was arrested as a result of an investigation by the Federal Bureau of

Investigation and the Metropolitan Police Department. Mr. Bowman and his co-conspirators

2 Mr. Bowman was acquitted by the jury of the second count of using, carrying, and possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense. 2 acquired large quantities of cocaine in California, shipped it to the District and distributed it to

mid-level and street-level dealers. Mr. Bowman was primarily responsible for the logistics of

paying the suppliers and arranging shipments of cocaine from California to the District. In this

role, Mr. Bowman directed his co-conspirators to rent shipping pods in which to ship money and

cocaine between the District and California. He also provided financing for the drug-trafficking

organization, and he was involved in cutting and processing the cocaine received from California.

See Govt’s Mem. in Aid of Sentencing, ECF No. 696, at 1-2. During most of his pretrial and trial

proceedings, Mr. Bowman was represented by a court-appointed attorney, Mr. Dwight Crawley.

CJA 20 Appointment, ECF No. 24.

B. Sentencing and Appeal

The court held a sentencing hearing on April 9, 2013, and Mr. Bowman was sentenced to

two hundred forty (240) months of imprisonment on Counts 1, 3, 4 and 5, to run concurrently, and

a term of three hundred (300) months of imprisonment on Count 2, to run consecutively to Counts

1, 3, 4 and 5, together with a supervised release period of one hundred and twenty (120) months

on Count 1, sixty (60) months on Count 2, and seventy-two (72) months on Counts 3, 4, and 5,

with supervised release running concurrently. Judgment in a Criminal Case, ECF No. 761. Mr.

Bowman and co-defendant Mr. Williams directly appealed the judgment, arguing that: (1) the

Court erroneously denied their motions to suppress evidence gained from wiretapping; (2) the

Court erroneously allowed the government to present lay opinion testimony from the case

investigator; (3) the Court should have granted the Mr. Williams’ motion for severance and

judgment of acquittal; and (4) the government engaged in unconstitutional overreaching in

“wiring” the plea offers extended to Mr. Bowman and Mr. Williams.

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit rejected Mr.

3 Bowman’s claims and affirmed his conviction on July 8, 2016. United States v. Henry Brandon

Williams,

(D.C. Cir. 2016). Notably, the Circuit Court found that Mr. Bowman’s

due process challenge on the wired plea deals failed under United States v. Pollard,

(D.C. Cir. 1992). Under Pollard, a plea offer that is wired to co-defendants does not automatically

offend due process so long as there is no indication of government coercion or bad faith, and in

this case, “[n]othing in the record suggests that the Government wired Bowman’s plea in a bad-

faith effort to coerce him into involuntarily accepting a plea…” United States v. Williams,

. Furthermore, because the Government had probable cause to arrest and prosecute

both Bowman and co-defendant Williams, Bowman “had ‘no right to be offered a plea’ at all much

less the particular plea agreement of his choosing.”

at 1165 (citing Missouri v. Frye,

(2012)).

C. Present Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence under

Pending before the Court is Mr. Bowman’s Motion under

to Vacate, Set

Aside, or Correct Sentence (“Motion”). Mr. Bowman’s Motion is premised on allegations of

ineffective assistance of counsel related to his trial counsel, Dwight Crawley, and his appellate

counsel, Julian S. Greenspun. More specifically, Mr. Bowman claims that his trial counsel failed

to “address[ ] the fact that [he] was willing to accept a plea without inducing any other co-

defendants to plea[d]” and to inform the Government that Mr. Bowman “still wanted to accept a

plea” before trial and further, that counsel did not properly advise him of the consecutive nature

of sentencing on the firearms counts. Def.’s Mot. To Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence, ECF

No. 961, at 4-5. Mr. Bowman asserts generally that his appellate counsel failed to raise these

[same] issues on appeal. Additionally, Mr. Bowman claims that his trial counsel visited him rarely

and he challenges the alleged unconstitutionality of the punishment imposed for his firearms and

4 drug conspiracy convictions.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Under

, federal prisoners may file a motion to vacate, set aside or correct

his sentence if he believes that the otherwise final sentence was imposed “in violation of the

Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such

sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise

subject to collateral attack.”

(a). The standard for granting such a motion is high,

as courts want to generally respect the finality of judgments and note the opportunities already

afforded to prisoners to raise objections during trial or on appeal. “[T]o obtain collateral relief a

prisoner must clear a significantly higher hurdle than would exist on direct appeal.” United States

v. Frady,

(1982). The petitioner has the burden of proof to demonstrate his right

to such relief by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Basu,

(D.D.C. 2012). A court shall grant a hearing to determine the issues and make findings of fact and

conclusions of law “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show

that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.”

(b).

With few exceptions, a prisoner may not raise a claim as part of a collateral attack if that

claim could have been raised on direct appeal, unless he can demonstrate either: (1) “cause” for

his failure to do so and “prejudice” as a result of the alleged violation, or (2) “actual innocence”

of the crime of which he was convicted. Bousley v. United States,

(1998).

However, “[w]here a petitioner raises claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in a § 2255

motion, he need not show ‘cause and prejudice’ for not having raised such claims on direct appeal,

as these claims may properly be raised for the first time in a § 2255 motion.” United States v.

Cook,

(D.D.C. 2000) (citation omitted), aff’d,

(D.C. Cir.

5 2001).

A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel may raise it for the first time as a

collateral attack, rather than on direct appeal, but must show (1) “that counsel’s performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms,” and (2) “that

this error caused [him] prejudice.” United States v. Hurt,

(D.C. Cir. 2008)

(citation omitted). For the first prong, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly

deferential” and defendant must “overcome the presumption that under the circumstances, the

challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland v. Washington,

(1984) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The benchmark for judging any

claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning

of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.”

Strickland,

. It is the petitioner’s burden to show that counsel’s errors were “so

serious” that counsel could not be said to be functioning as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth

Amendment. Harrington v. Richter,

(2011). The Court must consider “counsel’s

overall performance,” Kimmelman v. Morrison,

(1986), and “indulge a strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance,” Strickland,

.

Furthermore, the defendant must meet the second Strickland prong and “affirmatively

prove prejudice.”

. That is, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.”

. See also Cullen v. Pinholster,

(2011) (To find prejudice, the

petitioner must show that there is “a substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a different

6 result.”). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is defeated if the defendant fails to

demonstrate either prong.

III. DISCUSSION

A district court may deny a Section 2255 motion without a hearing when “the motion and

files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.”

(b). Whether or not to hold a hearing is a decision “committed to the district court’s

discretion, particularly when, as here, the judge who is considering the § 2255 motion also presided

over the proceeding in which the petitioner claims to have been prejudiced.” United States v.

Orleans-Lindsey,

(D.D.C. 2008); see also United States v. Agramonte,

(D.D.C. 2005), aff’d, 304 Fed. App’x 877 (D.C. Cir. 2008). “The judge’s

own recollection of the events at issue may enable him summarily to deny a Section 2255 motion.”

Agramonte,

(citing United States v. Pollard,

(D.C. Cir.

1992), cert. denied,

(1992)). To warrant a hearing, the petitioner’s Section 2255

motion must “raise[] ‘detailed and specific’ factual allegations whose resolution requires

information outside of the record or the judge’s ‘personal knowledge or recollection.’” Pollard,

(quoting Machibroda v. United States,

(1962)).

Based on a review of the parties’ pleadings and the entire record in the criminal proceeding,

the Court finds that there is no need for an evidentiary hearing on the instant motion. As explained

below, Mr. Bowman has not proffered detailed and specific factual allegations requiring this Court

— which handled the trial and sentencing in this case — to look outside the record and hold a

hearing on the issues raised in Mr. Bowman’s motion. Accordingly, the Court shall render its

findings based on the parties’ pleadings and the record in this case.

Mr. Bowman raises claims of: (1) ineffective assistance of his trial counsel; (2) ineffective

7 assistance of his appellate counsel; and (3) the unconstitutionality of the length of his sentences.

The court shall address each claim in turn.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

Mr. Bowman claims that his trial counsel: (1) failed to “address[ ] the fact that [he] was

willing to accept a plea without inducing any other co-defendants to plea[d];” (2) failed to inform

the Government that Mr. Bowman “still wanted to accept a plea” before trial; and (3) did not

properly advise him of the consecutive nature of sentencing on the firearms counts. Def.’s Mot.

To Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence, ECF No. 961, at 4-5. Mr. Bowman’s arguments center

on his claim that trial counsel prevented him from entering a plea, thus subjecting him to trial and

ultimately, a much higher sentence than what the Government had offered.

The Court relies on the record in this case in setting forth the history of Mr. Bowman’s plea

negotiations. The Government’s first plea agreement offer to Mr. Bowman was for 25 years of

imprisonment, but that plea agreement was “wired;” i.e., contingent on the acceptance of a plea

offer by one or more of his co-conspirators. Mr. Crawley informed the Court that Mr. Bowman

“communicated to [him] that he did not want to accept [the plea] offer.” Transcript (“Tr”) of April

13, 2012 Status Hearing, ECF No. 890, at 19. Upon inquiry by the Court, Mr. Bowman indicated

that he rejected this offer. See id. at 21-22 (the Court inquired if Mr. Bowman needed additional

time to discuss the plea offer with his counsel before responding to the plea offer, but Mr. Bowman

indicated that he was “not accepting [the plea offer]” and he was “satisfied with [his] decision.”)

The Government’s second plea agreement offer was for a sentence of no more than 23

years, and it was wired only to co-defendant Henry Brandon Williams (“Williams”) accepting a

plea offer. September 7, 2012 Status Hearing Tr., ECF No. 897, at 71, 75. Mr. Bowman was

present when his counsel informed the Court on September 7, 2012 that Defendant wanted to

8 accept that offer but could not because of the wiring of the offer and his co-defendant Williams’

refusal to enter a plea. Id. at 66. This Court noted that the conditions of the plea offer were within

the Government’s discretion. Id. at 75.

The third iteration of the Government’s plea agreement offer was discussed by counsel in

front of the Court and in the presence of Mr. Bowman, on October 22, 2012. 3 Mr. Crawley noted

that the Government had held open its plea offer to Mr. Bowman, conditioned either on (1) c-

defendant Williams pleading guilty, or (2) Mr. Bowman cooperating against his co-defendants.

More specifically, “[Mr. Bowman] [was] made aware of the plea agreement which would require

that he either cooperate against his co-defendants or that in the alternative[,] [if] Mr. Henry

Williams decided to plead guilty, the Government would remove the wired aspect of the plea and

allow Mr. Bowman to plead guilty.” October 22, 2012 Trial Tr., ECF No. 929, at 7. Mr. Crawley

indicated that Mr. Bowman did “not wish to engage in any discussions with the Government and

[did] not wish to plead guilty based upon the offer that has been made to him.” Id. That third

offer — which was not necessarily wired — was accordingly rejected, and Mr. Bowman pled not

guilty. On November 20, 2012, the jury found him guilty on all counts except for one count of

using, carrying or possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense.

The Government made three plea offers, two of which were wired to one of Mr. Bowman’s

co-defendants accepting a plea, and the third which was either wired to a co-defendant’s plea or

required Mr. Bowman to cooperate and provide evidence against his co-defendants. Mr. Bowman

was unable to accept any of the offers that were contingent on his co-defendant accepting a plea

based on the co-defendant’s refusal to do so. On September 7, 2012, Mr. Crawley informed

3 Jury selection was ongoing on October 22, 2012, and the trial commenced on October 23, 2012. 9 opposing counsel and the Court that:

[T]he last offer we had regarding Mr. Bowman is that if Mr. Williams were to plead guilty, the Government would seek a sentence under a Rule 11(c) to have his sentence capped at 23 years; that would be including both his charges here and his violation. Mr. Bowman is prepared to take that deal and would hope that they would unwire it. He would take the deal, Your Honor.

Tr., ECF No. 897, at 75. Mr. Williams was still unwilling to plead guilty.

The record in this case demonstrates however that Mr. Bowman could have accepted the

final plea offer if he agreed to cooperate with the Government and testify against his co-defendants

Edwards and Williams. The record shows that Mr. Bowman was aware of his opportunity to

accept a plea deal that was not wired to his co-defendants, if he cooperated with the Government,

and he elected not to do so, and Mr. Bowman has provided no evidence that challenges what the

record shows. The record indicates further that Mr. Bowman’s counsel not only requested that the

Government unwire the plea, but he made it clear to the Government that Mr. Bowman was

interested in a plea if the wired aspect of the plea was dropped or the condition that he cooperate

against his co-defendants was removed. September 7, 2012 Status Hearing Tr., ECF No. 897, at

75; October 22, 2012 Trial Tr., ECF No. 929, at 7.

Additionally, the record contradicts Mr. Bowman’s claims that he was not advised of the

consecutive nature of sentencing on the firearm counts or the mandatory minimum sentence which

would be imposed. At the April 13, 2012 Status Hearing, with Defendant present, Mr. Crawley

stated on the record:

So, essentially we’re taking the case where the guidelines may call for 360 months to life, we’re making it essentially 45 years to life because, as the Court is aware, once the mandatory minimums take effect, you cannot deviate from those. So he would be looking at essentially 45 years to life, and that’s without any regard to whether or not the Court decided that the other convictions, what weight it would give to the other convictions as to what type of sentence you would ultimately fashion. Obviously, the gun charge has to

10 run consecutive, the 924(c) charge has to run consecutive to the substantive gun charges.

April 13, 2012 Status Hearing Tr., ECF No. 890, at 13 (emphasis added).

On October 22, 2012, with Defendant present, defense counsel made the following

statements regarding sentencing:

[W]hat I’ve always advised Mr. Bowman is that under the statute, as it relates to the conspiracy charge, he’s looking at a mandatory minimum time of ten years, maximum punishment is life. Because the Government has filed an 851 notice and because it appears that he does have a prior conviction for a drug-related offense that would qualify as a predicate offense, that takes his mandatory minimum from ten to 20 years on the conspiracy charge alone. . . . At all times I’ve advised him that as it relates to the gun charges, that they would consolidate. . . . Because he has a prior conviction involving a 924(c) count. The consolidation of all the charges concerning the 924(c) counts in this case would lead to a mandatory sentence of 25 years consecutive. That is based on a second or subsequent conviction for the 924(c) counts. That being said, my advice to Mr. Bowman has always been that at a minimum, if he were found guilty without regard to any other issues concerning the sentencing guidelines or otherwise, that this Court would have to sentence him to 45 years to life, and that the Court could not depart from the 45-year mandatory minimum for any reason.

Tr., ECF No. 929, at 6-7 (emphasis added). Accordingly, Defendant was informed that the gun

charge sentence would be consecutive and told that the total mandatory minimum sentence as

indicated would consist of a total 20 years and 25 years or a 45-year sentence which the Court

would be required to impose

Finally, Mr. Bowman’s broad claims that his counsel “visit[ed] [him] scarcely,” and “took

[him] to trial without preparing adequately” are not actionable because they are unsupported by

any facts, and the Court shall summarily deny these claims as vague and conclusory. See Mitchell

v. United States,

(D.D.C. 2012) (“district courts have the power to deny

§ 2255 motions if they offer only bald legal conclusions with no supporting factual allegations”).

Moreover, it is the Court’s observation that Mr. Crawley was well prepared to go to trial.

11 Mr. Bowman cannot establish counsel’s deficient performance under the first prong in

Strickland, as nothing in the record supports Defendant’s claims that counsel’s performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness. Mr. Crawley made it clear to the Government and

this Court that Mr. Bowman was willing to accept a plea offer that was not wired. Counsel even

suggested that the Government unwire the plea offer, but when there was a later unwired plea

offer, which required Defendant’s cooperation, Mr. Bowman voluntarily elected not to take it. In

the presence of Mr. Bowman, his counsel stated on the record that he discussed with Defendant

the consecutive nature of the firearm sentences.

Even assuming arguendo that the Court found Mr. Bowman’s counsel did not behave in a

professionally reasonable manner, Mr. Bowman does not meet the second prong in Strickland

because he fails to prove that, “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Strickland,

. Mr. Bowman could not have accepted the

wired plea deals without his co-Defendants’ cooperation and he willingly chose not to accept the

final plea deal requiring cooperation even after he had been advised of the prospective mandatory

minimum sentence which would be imposed, including a consecutive sentence. Mr. Bowman has

not proven that his counsel behaved in a professionally unreasonable manner which unjustly

prejudiced him, and neither prong of the standard in Strickland has been met.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel

Mr. Bowman argues also that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

“fail[ing] to raise all of the above mention[ed] arguments.” Def’s Supp. Mem. In support of Mot.,

ECF No. 968, at 9. Similar to some of his claims about his trial counsel being ineffective,

addressed above, this claim is vague and conclusory, and it must be denied for the same reason.

Furthermore, even where claims of appellate ineffectiveness may be raised and sufficiently pled,

12 “it is difficult to show deficient performance under those circumstances because counsel ‘need not

(and should not) raise every non-frivolous claim on appeal and may instead select from among

them in order to maximize the likelihood of success of appeal.’” Cargel v. Mullin,

(10th Cir. 2003) (quoting Smith v. Robbins,

(2000)).

Given that Mr. Bowman’s proposed claims lack merit, the Court finds that appellate

counsel did not act in an objectively unreasonable manner by failing to raise these issues on appeal.

“This process of ‘winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal and focusing on’ those more likely

to prevail, far from being evidence of incompetence, is the hallmark of effective appellate

advocacy.” Smith v. Murray,

(1986 (quoting Jones v. Barnes,

, 751-

52 (1983)). Mr. Bowman has not established deficient performance or prejudice with respect to

his appellate counsel.

C. Unconstitutionality of Sentences

Mr. Bowman claims that his sentence for the drug conspiracy count, Count One, is

unconstitutional because “the district judge followed the presentence report recommendations and

raised the base offense level above the require[d] sentencing guideline calculation.” Def’s Mot. To

Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence at 2. The facts determined at trial established that Mr.

Bowman possessed with the intent to distribute more than 50 kilograms but less than 150 kilograms

of cocaine, and Mr. Bowman’s base offense level properly accounted for the 50 kilograms but less

than 150 kilograms of cocaine. See Final PSI Report, ECF No. 689, at 9. Additionally, Mr.

Bowman claims — without further argument or explanation — that his “[f]irearms sentence is

unconstitutional.” See Def,’s Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence, ECF No. 961, at 6

(referencing this issue in one sentence). Because this claim is vague, conclusory, and without

support, it may be summarily denied. See

.

13 Mr. Bowman did not raise on direct appeal his claims that his firearm and drug conspiracy

sentences are unconstitutional, and more than the punishment allowed by the statute. Def’s Supp.

Mem., ECF No. 968, at 5. The law is clear that if a defendant fails to raise an available challenge

on direct appeal, he is procedurally barred from raising the claim in a subsequent collateral attack,

unless he shows cause for failure to do so and prejudice as a result of his failure. United States v.

Pettigrew,

(D.C. Cir. 2003); see McCleskey v. Zant,

(1991); United States v. Frady,

(1982).

Mr. Bowman’s claims that his sentenced are unconstitutional are procedurally barred

because they were not raised on direct appeal nor does he show cause or prejudice. Mr. Bowman

asserts that he failed to raise the issues on appeal because of ineffective assistance of counsel but

his claims are conclusory and vague. Mr. Bowman’s claim that his “Appeal counsel failed to raise

all of the above mention[ed] arguments” is insufficient to show cause. To establish cause, a

defendant must demonstrate “some objective factor external to the defense [that] impeded

counsel’s efforts to raise the claim.” McCleskey,

. Additionally, Mr. Bowman must

show actual prejudice, which means: “not merely that the errors at his trial created a possibility of

prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire trial

with error of constitutional dimensions.” United States v. Frady,

(1982)

(emphasis omitted).

Mr. Bowman’s claim that his sentence for the drug conspiracy count is unconstitutional is

belied by the “[e]vidence at trial, which included witness testimony, controlled narcotics purchases

and documentary evidence” establishing the amount of drugs for which Mr. Bowman was

accountable. Final PSI Report, ECF No. 689, at 9. Furthermore, this Court has already addressed

the appropriateness of Mr. Bowman’s sentence, including a gun charge sentence that was

14 consecutive and the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence. Accordingly, Mr. Bowman is

unable to show actual prejudice because raising these issues on appeal would have warranted him

no relief. Accordingly, Mr. Bowman’s claims that his sentencings on the firearms and drug

conspiracy charges are unconstitutional are procedurally barred because these claims were not

raised on direct appeal nor does he show cause or prejudice

IV. CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court shall DENY Mr. Bowman’s [961] Motion to

Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence pursuant to

. Furthermore, no Certificate

of Appealability shall issue from this Court. To the extent Mr. Bowman intends to file an appeal,

he must seek a Certificate of Appealability from the United States Court of Appeals for the District

of Columbia Circuit in accordance with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 22.

An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

/s/ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

15