UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMARA EMUWA, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v. Case No. 1:20-cv-01756 (TNM)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The Freedom of Information Act’s (“FOIA”) Exemption 5 encompasses, among other

things, the deliberative process privilege. This privilege protects from disclosure agency

documents that are both predecisional and deliberative. It allows agency officials to

communicate candidly without fear that their tentative opinions and recommendations will

become public. The privilege is thus meant to improve agency decisionmaking.

Plaintiffs—four individuals and one organization—filed this FOIA action seeking

“Assessments to Refer” (“Assessments”) from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security

(“DHS” or “the Government”). Assessments are brief documents containing an asylum officer’s

impressions after an asylum interview and his recommendation on whether asylum should be

granted. While DHS released the factual portions of the Assessments, Plaintiffs seek the analysis

portions too.

Before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment. Although the parties disagree

on several points, the crux of their dispute concerns whether Exemption 5’s deliberative process

privilege protects the analysis portions of the Assessments. Because the Court finds that it does, and otherwise finds that DHS is entitled to summary judgment, the Court will grant the

Government’s motion and deny Plaintiffs’ cross-motion.

I.

Plaintiff Louise Trauma Center, LLC submitted FOIA requests to U.S. Citizenship and

Immigration Services (“USCIS”), a DHS component, on behalf of the other four plaintiffs

here—Amara Emuwa, Michaux Lukusa, Mohammed AlQaraghuli, and FNU Alatanhua. Def.’s

Statement of Material Facts (“DSMF”) ⁋⁋ 1, 6, 12, 16, ECF No. 14. The FOIA requests concern

Assessments to Refer, which are prepared after an asylum interview and recommend whether to

grant asylum. Id. ⁋⁋ 27–28; Pls.’ Counter Statement of Facts (“PSMF”) at 1, ECF No. 18-2. 1 If

USCIS ultimately determines that the applicant is not eligible for asylum, it sends the individual

a “Referral Notice” advising that the agency has made a final decision to refer him to an

immigration judge for removal proceedings. DSMF ⁋ 29; PSMF at 1.

Each FOIA request here sought “the assessment written by the Asylum Officer”; “the

notes of the asylum officer”; and the materials consulted by the asylum officer or mentioned in

the Referral Notice. DSMF ⁋⁋ 1, 6, 12, 16. As to each request, DHS released hundreds of pages

in full, released some pages in part, and withheld others in full. See DSMF ⁋⁋ 3, 8, 14, 18.

Except for AlQaraghuli, each Plaintiff administratively appealed the agency’s determination. Id.

⁋⁋ 4, 10, 15, 19. For Emuwa, Lukusa, and Alatanhua, the agency released more pages upon

appeal, but otherwise upheld its determination. Id. ⁋⁋ 5, 11, 20. DHS applied full and partial

redactions under FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(E). See id. ⁋ 21;

(b)(3),

(5)–(6), (7)(C), (7)(E). 2

1 All page citations refer to the page numbers that the CM/ECF system generates. 2 Neither party complied with the directives in the Court’s Standing Order when submitting their statement of facts. See Standing Order at 6, ECF No. 4 (requiring “[t]he party responding to a

2 Plaintiffs then sued. Their Complaint raises six causes of action: in Counts 1–4, the

individual Plaintiffs seek the entire Assessments; Count 5 alleges that DHS “negligently trained

its processors”; and Count 6, brought only by Louise Trauma Center, challenges DHS’ policies

and practices. Compl. at 36–40, ECF No. 1. Both parties cross-move for summary judgment.

Their motions are ripe. 3

II.

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Article III constrains the judicial power

to deciding “Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. “Standing to sue is a doctrine

rooted in the traditional understanding of a case or controversy.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins,

(2016). To have standing, a plaintiff must show (1) that it has “suffered an injury

in fact”; (2) that the injury is “fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant”; and (3)

that the injury is “likely” to be “redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife,

(1992) (cleaned up). Article III standing is jurisdictional, so it “can be raised

at any point in a case proceeding and, as a jurisdictional matter, may be raised, sua sponte, by the

court.” Bauer v. Marmara,

(D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Steffan v. Perry,

, 697 n.20 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (en banc)).

statement of material facts” to “respond to each paragraph with a correspondingly numbered paragraph, indicating whether that paragraph is admitted or denied”). Plaintiffs responded to paragraphs in DHS’ statement in groups. See, e.g., PSMF at 1 (“1-22. Agreed.”). And DHS did not respond to Plaintiffs’ statement of facts. See Pls.’ Statement of Facts, ECF No. 16-1. The Court has tried to discern when the parties agree and where they do not. But if either party has not specifically stated that “facts are controverted in [its] statement filed in opposition,” “[t]he Court may assume that facts identified by the moving party in its statement of material facts are admitted.” Standing Order at 7. 3 The Court has jurisdiction under

(a)(4)(B) and

.

3 To prevail at summary judgment, a movant must show that “there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact” and that it “is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

(1986). The party seeking

summary judgment has the initial burden to identify those portions of the record that show the

lack of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

(1986). The

non-moving party must then “designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for

trial.”

(cleaned up). The Court construes the evidence “in the light most favorable to

the non-moving party.” Brubaker v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,

(D.C. Cir. 2007).

Courts can decide the “vast majority” of FOIA cases on motions for summary judgment.

Brayton v. Off. of U.S. Trade Repr.,

(D.C. Cir. 2011). An agency withholding

records under a FOIA exemption “bears the burden of establishing that a claimed exemption

applies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. DOJ,

(D.C. Cir. 2014).

“[A]n agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears logical or

plausible.” ACLU v. DOD,

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (cleaned up). “To successfully

challenge an agency’s showing that it complied with the FOIA, the plaintiff must come forward

with specific facts demonstrating that there is a genuine issue with respect to whether the agency

has improperly withheld extant agency records.” Span v. DOJ,

(D.D.C. 2010) (cleaned up).

The agency may rely on declarations, a Vaughn index, or both to meet its burden. See

Jud. Watch, Inc. v. FDA,

(D.C. Cir. 2006). And the Court affords this

evidence a “presumption of good faith.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC,

(D.C. Cir. 1991). Courts review the applicability of FOIA exemptions de novo. King v. DOJ,

(D.C. Cir. 1987).

4 III.

The Court considers: (A) DHS’ withholdings under Exemption 5; (B) whether DHS

sufficiently complied with FOIA’s segregability requirement; and (C) Plaintiffs’ policy-or-

practice and inadequate training claims.

A.

First up: Did the agency properly rely on FOIA exemptions to withhold information? 4

The Government’s summary judgment brief cites Exemptions 3, 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(E) to justify its

withholdings. Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 26–27, ECF No.

14. These exemptions were applied to many records, including State Department documents

pertaining to the issuance of permits, personal information of third parties and USCIS

employees, and law enforcement systems checks and database codes. Decl. of Jill A. Eggleston

(“Eggleston Decl.”) ⁋⁋ 20, 29, 33–34, 36, ECF No. 14-2. But the dispute before the Court is

much narrower.

Plaintiffs suggest that they seek only the release of the entire Assessments for each

Plaintiff or the sources cited in the Assessments and so waive any challenges to the

Government’s other withholdings. See, e.g., Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pls.’ Mot.”) at 9, ECF

No. 16 (“DHS will suffer no harm if assessments are released. DHS will suffer no harm if

sources cited in assessments are released.”); Pls.’ Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J.

(“Pls.’ Opp’n”) at 5, ECF No. 18-1 (arguing that Plaintiffs “seek[] the entire assessment of the

4 Although the parties do not raise the issue, the Court has an obligation to assure itself that Plaintiffs have standing to challenge the Government’s withholdings. See Bauer,

. The Court is satisfied that they have made this showing, as they contend that DHS improperly denied their FOIA requests. Cf. Zivotofsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State,

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (stating that “[a]nyone whose request for specific information has been denied [under FOIA] has standing to bring an action” and collecting authorities).

5 asylum office” and that “DHS will not suffer any harm if assessments are disclosed”). While

DHS released the “factual narrative” section of Assessments to FOIA requesters, it withheld “the

analysis sections.” Def.’s Mot. at 32.

The Government’s Vaughn index shows that Exemption 5 was mainly used to withhold

the analysis portions of the Assessments. See Vaughn Index at 2, ECF No. 14-1 (describing

exemptions from Emuwa’s Assessment to Refer); id. at 8 (same for Alatanhua); id. at 14 (same

for AlQaraghuli); id. at 27 (same for Lukusa). The parties’ summary judgment briefing also

clarifies that only Exemption 5 is at issue. See, e.g., Pls.’ Opp’n at 11 (“Plaintiffs want four

entire assessments to be released. Exemption 3 withholdings do not apply to assessments.”); id.

at 23 (“Exemption 6 does not apply to assessments.”); id. (“DHS does not contend that

Exemption 7 applies to the four assessments.”); see also, e.g., Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for

Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 5–9, ECF No. 19 (making arguments only under Exemption 5). 5

So the Court need only address Exemption 5.

Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would

not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.”

(b)(5). “As the text indicates—albeit in a less-than-straightforward way—this exemption

incorporates the privileges available to Government agencies in civil litigation,” which include

“the deliberative process privilege, attorney-client privilege, and attorney work-product

privilege.” U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc.,

, 785 (2021). This case

mainly concerns the deliberative process privilege.

5 DHS may have used Exemption 7(E), which it cited in its Vaughn index, to withhold information in the Assessments. See Vaughn Index at 14. But it is not clear that the Government has relied on this exemption, as it did not respond to Plaintiffs’ argument that the agency “does not contend that Exemption 7 applies to the four assessments.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 23; see also Def.’s Reply at 5–9 (not responding to this assertion). The Court therefore will not address it.

6 1.

“[T]he deliberative process privilege covers deliberative, pre-decisional communications

within the Executive Branch.” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. CIA,

(D.C. Cir. 2014)

(Kavanaugh, J.). As the Supreme Court recently reiterated in Sierra Club, this privilege “shields

from disclosure documents reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations

comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are formulated” in

order “[t]o protect agencies from being forced to operate in a fishbowl.” 141 S. Ct. at 785

(cleaned up). “To encourage candor, which improves agency decisionmaking, the privilege

blunts the chilling effect that accompanies the prospect of disclosure.” Id.

For documents to come within the privilege’s protection, they must be both predecisional

and deliberative. Coastal States Gas Corp. v. DOE,

(D.C. Cir. 1980).

“Documents are ‘predecisional’ if they were generated before the agency’s final decision on the

matter, and they are ‘deliberative’ if they were prepared to help the agency formulate its

position.” Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 786. “There is considerable overlap between” the two

requirements “because a document cannot be deliberative unless it is predecisional.” Id. When

deciding “whether a document communicates the agency’s settled position, courts must consider

whether the agency treats the document as its final view on the matter.” Id. Because the

deliberative process privilege “is so dependent upon the individual document and the role it plays

in the administrative process,” the “agency’s description of each document redacted or withheld

plays a particularly important role.” Crestek, Inc. & Subsidiaries v. IRS,

(D.D.C. 2018) (cleaned up).

The deliberative process privilege applies to the Assessments. In fact, the D.C. Circuit

has already answered this question. In Abtew v. DHS, the Circuit held that Abtew’s “Assessment

7 to Refer” was predecisional and deliberative and therefore covered by the privilege.

, 898–99 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Kavanaugh, J.). It described an Assessment to Refer as a “short

document prepared by a Department official after interviewing an asylum applicant,” which

“summarizes the asylum interview,” “assesses the applicant’s credibility and consistency,” and

“recommends whether to grant asylum.”

. The court explained that “[t]he Department

official who wrote the Assessment to Refer then forwards it to a supervisor, who in turn decides

whether to grant asylum.”

The Circuit reasoned that the assessment was predecisional

because “it was merely a recommendation to a supervisor,” as “[t]he supervisor, not the official

writing the Assessment, made the final decision.”

. It was also deliberative because “it

was written as part of the process by which the supervisor came to that final decision.”

The

document thus “had no operative effect” on its own.

(cleaned up). 6

Abtew controls here. The Government’s declaration states that Assessments to Refer “are

prepared for and provided to the asylum officer’s supervisor for review and approval.”

Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 16. They “reflect the asylum officer’s analysis, opinions, deliberations, and

recommendation regarding the applicant’s eligibility for asylum”—for example, the officer’s

analysis of “testimonial and documentary evidence presented by the applicant.”

⁋ 23. If “the

asylum officer recommends referral and the supervisory asylum officer agrees,” the agency

6 Some courts in this District have held that Exemption 5 does not cover the factual portions of Assessments to Refer and that those parts are segregable. See, e.g., Gatore v. DHS,

(D.D.C. 2018) (“Upon in camera review of the plaintiffs’ assessments, the Court agrees with the plaintiffs that a number of factual introductory paragraphs in each assessment do not qualify for protection under Exemption 5.”); Bayala v. DHS,

(D.D.C. 2017) (“the first eight paragraphs [of an Assessment to Refer] can be segregated” because they contained only a “dispassionate narration of facts”). That is irrelevant here. The Government has released those factual portions. See Def.’s Mot. at 32; Pls.’ Statement of Facts at 1–2.

8 sends the applicant a “Referral Notice” advising that the agency reached “a final decision to refer

the applicant to an immigration judge for removal proceedings.”

⁋ 16.

The analysis portions of the Assessments are predecisional—they do not “communicate[]

the agency’s settled position” because the agency does not treat them “as its final view on the

matter.” Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 786. Rather, the Assessments contain the asylum officer’s

impression of eligibility after an asylum interview, which he then passes along to a supervisor for

review and a final decision. See Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 16. “[A] document that leaves agency

decisionmakers free to change their minds does not reflect the agency’s final decision.” Sierra

Club, 141 S. Ct. at 786 (cleaned up). The Assessments are also deliberative, as “they were

prepared to help the agency formulate its position.” Id. Indeed, “[a] recommendation to a

supervisor on a matter pending before the supervisor is a classic example of a deliberative

document.” Abtew,

; accord Machado Amadis v. U.S. Dep’t of State,

, 370 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (“[R]ecommendations from subordinates to superiors lie at the core of

the deliberative-process privilege.”). The deliberative process privilege thus covers the analysis

portions of Plaintiffs’ Assessments to Refer. 7

Sierra Club also supports this conclusion. There, the Supreme Court considered whether

the deliberative process privilege protected “draft biological opinions” (of the Fish and Wildlife

7 Plaintiffs’ attempt to analogize the Assessments to the Department of Energy (“DOE”) memoranda at issue in Coastal States is unavailing. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 12. They contend that the Assessments, like those memoranda, are not “candid or personal in nature.”

(cleaned up). Not so. The memoranda at issue in Coastal States were written “from regional counsel to auditors working in DOE’s field offices” and “issued in response to requests for interpretations of regulations within the context of particular facts encountered while conducting an audit of a firm.” Coastal States,

. The Circuit explained that the memoranda were “simply straightforward explanations of agency regulations in specific factual situations.”

. Importantly, the memoranda were “not advice to a superior,” “suggested dispositions of a case,” or “one step of an established adjudicatory process, which would result in a formal opinion.”

Those memos were going down the chain of command, not up as in Abtew and here.

9 Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service) assessing whether a proposed EPA rule

would jeopardize threatened or endangered species. Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 783–84. The

Court held that the privilege applied to the drafts because, among other things, they were

“opinions that were subject to change.” Id. at 786. It also explained that “a decision’s real

operative effect”—meaning “the legal, not practical consequences that flow from an agency’s

action”—is “an indication of its finality.” Id. at 787 (cleaned up). And while “a final biological

opinion leads to direct and appreciable legal consequences” by “alter[ing] the legal regime,” the

same was “not true of a draft biological opinion.” Id. (cleaned up).

So too here. The Assessments were “opinions subject to change,” id. at 786, as the

asylum officer’s supervisor reviews the Assessment and chooses whether to accept its

recommendation, see Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 16. They also do not “lead[] to direct and appreciable

legal consequences.” Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 787 (cleaned up). If an asylum officer

recommends referral, the supervisor could approve it and the agency could issue a “Referral

Notice”—which may lead to legal consequences when the applicant appears before an

immigration judge for removal proceedings—but the supervisor could also disagree. Eggleston

Decl. ⁋ 16; accord Abtew,

(holding that an Assessment “had no operative effect”

(cleaned up)).

2.

Plaintiffs raise several counterarguments, but the Court is unpersuaded.

First, while Plaintiffs do not dispute Abtew’s holding, they argue that—contrary to the

Government’s assertion—the Assessments are the agency’s final decision. See Pls.’ Opp’n at

12–13.

10 The Circuit rejected Abtew’s contention that the Assessment was final because “the

Department’s supervisor adopted it as the ‘final decision,’” evidenced by the supervisor

“initial[ing]” the Assessment.

. The court explained that while “an agency may

forfeit Exemption 5’s protection if it chooses expressly to adopt or incorporate by reference an

intra-agency memorandum previously covered by Exemption 5 in what would otherwise be a

final opinion,” “it would be wrong and misleading to think that initialing necessarily indicates

adoption or approval of all of the memo’s reasoning.”

(cleaned up); accord Machado

Amadis, 971 F.3d at 370 (“[A] recommendation does not lose its predecisional or deliberative

character simply because a final decisionmaker later follows or rejects it without comment.”).

But the Circuit left open “the possibility that initialing a memo together with other circumstances

might indicate agency adoption of that memo in some cases.” Abtew,

n.1.

Plaintiffs contend that they have supplied that “evidence” here. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 13.

They rely on their attorney’s declaration, which conveys that sometime in “the years 2013 or

2014, [he] talked face-to-face with two former asylum officers” who told him about procedures

in the asylum office, including that the Assessments are “the final decision of the agency.” Decl.

of David Cleveland ⁋ 4, ECF No. 18-3; Pls.’ Opp’n at 13. Plaintiffs acknowledge that “this is

hearsay,” but they “seek discovery to establish the truth of this matter.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 13.

The Court will not credit hearsay and speculation as evidence. “It is well-settled that

only admissible evidence may be considered by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary

judgment.” Humane Soc’y v. Animal & Plant Health Inspection Serv.,

(D.D.C. 2019) (cleaned up); see also Beyene v. Coleman Sec. Servs., Inc.,

, 1181

(9th Cir. 1988). Of course, hearsay, an out-of-court statement that “a party offers in evidence to

prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement,” is generally inadmissible. Fed. R. Evid.

11 801(c), 802. True, in the FOIA context, the Government’s “FOIA declarants may rely on

information obtained through inter-agency consultation.” Humane Soc’y,

.

But it is another matter for a party “to rely on out-of-court statements from private third-parties”

at summary judgment.

This Court, like others, has not allowed government defendants to

rely on such evidence because of hearsay concerns, and it will not allow Plaintiffs here to do so

either. See

Nor are allegations from unnamed former government employees enough to

undermine the Government’s admissible evidence supporting summary judgment.

Second, Plaintiffs challenge the Government’s declaration from Jill Eggleston, the

Associate Center Director in the Freedom of Information and Privacy Act Unit of the National

Records Center within USCIS. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 13–15; Def.’s Reply at 1–5. Plaintiffs argue

that the Eggleston declaration is not based on personal knowledge because “Ms. Eggleston does

not claim to have ever in her life talked to an asylum officer, or anyone who worked in an

asylum office.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 13–14.

A FOIA declarant “demonstrate[s] ample personal knowledge to render him competent to

testify” when, in his declaration, he “attest[s] to his personal knowledge of the procedures used

in handling [the FOIA] request and his familiarity with the documents in question.” Spannaus v.

DOJ,

(4th Cir. 1987). And “FOIA declarants may include statements in

their declarations based on information they have obtained in the course of their official duties.”

Barnard v. DHS,

(D.D.C. 2009); see also DiBacco v. Dep’t of the Army,

(D.C. Cir. 2019) (explaining that a FOIA declarant may include information

relayed to her “by her subordinates . . . without running afoul of Rule 56”); Crestek,

(“Crestek cites no legal authority stating that the person who conducted a search must

author the agency’s declaration to prove the search’s adequacy.”).

12 The Eggleston declaration is appropriate and admissible. Eggleston declares that she is

“familiar with USCIS’s standard process for responding to FOIA requests,” as well as the

“actions taken in response” to Plaintiffs’ requests in particular. Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 3. She also

asserts that her statements were “based on [her] personal knowledge, [her] review of relevant

documents kept by USCIS in the course of ordinary business, and upon information provided to

[her] by other USCIS employees in the course of [her] official duties.”

⁋ 4. These statements

satisfy the personal knowledge requirement. Cf. Thompson v. Exec. Off. for U.S. Att’ys,

, 208 n.4 (D.D.C. 2008) (describing an admissible declaration, which stated that it

rested on the person’s “review of [the agency’s] official files and records, [her] own personal

knowledge, and the information [she] acquired in performing [her] official duties”).

Contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertion, see, e.g., Pls.’ Opp’n at 13–14, Evans v. Federal Bureau

of Prisons,

(D.C. Cir. 2020) does not counsel otherwise. To start, Plaintiffs say

that the Evans Court “rejected conclusions offered by an agency employee who did not have

personal knowledge of what a prison video camera would record.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 14; see also

Pls.’ Reply at 6 (stating that “summary judgment was denied” in Evans because “[t]he agency

official who provided the court with a declaration did not claim to have personal knowledge of

the camera’s range in the prison”). But the Circuit’s opinion does not mention “personal

knowledge” once.

It was a lack of specificity—not personal knowledge—that doomed the affidavit in

Evans. The Circuit held that the agency did not meet its burden to show that Exemption 7

applied to prison surveillance footage because its affidavit “lack[ed] specificity,” was

“conclusory,” and “recite[d] statutory language without demonstrating its applicability to the

information withheld.” Evans, 951 F.3d at 586. The lesson of Evans is that “an agency claiming

13 a FOIA exemption may carry [its] burden by the production of affidavits,” but “such affidavits

must show, with reasonable specificity, why the documents fall within the exemption.” Id. And

the Government complied with that requirement here.

Courts also afford agency declarations a presumption of good faith. See SafeCard,

. Plaintiffs assert that Eggleston’s declaration is “confusing and inconsistent.” Pls.’

Opp’n at 18. But such “purely speculative claims” do not undermine the good-faith presumption

to which an agency declaration is otherwise entitled. Crestek, 322 F. Supp. 3d at 193–95.

Third, Plaintiffs assert that the Government has not carried its burden to withhold the

Assessments because it did not sufficiently describe how the agency would be harmed if the

entire Assessments were disclosed. See, e.g., Pls.’ Opp’n at 15. The Court disagrees.

“To withhold a responsive record, an agency must show both that the record falls within a

FOIA exemption and that the agency ‘reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest

protected by [the] exemption.’” Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 370 (citing

(b) and

quoting

(a)(8)(A)(i)(I)). Exemption 5’s deliberative process privilege “protects

debate and candid consideration of alternatives within an agency, thus improving agency

decisionmaking.”

(cleaned up). It is “rooted in the obvious realization that officials

will not communicate candidly among themselves if each remark is a potential item of discovery

and front page news.” Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 785 (cleaned up).

DHS sufficiently explained why disclosure of the redacted information in the

Assessments would cause harm. Its declaration states that, because the Assessments “did not

represent the Agency’s final decisions and . . . reflect the analysis, opinions, deliberations and

recommendations of the asylum officer,” the agency “determined that releasing the information

that was redacted would chill or deter USCIS employees from engaging in the candid and frank

14 discussions that are so important and necessary to the full and proper analysis and fair

consideration of these asylum requests on the merits.” 8 Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 24. “Such chilling of

candid advice is exactly what the privilege seeks to prevent.” Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at

371. 9

The Circuit’s decision in Machado Amadis confirms this conclusion. There, the court

considered redacted “Blitz Forms,” in which DOJ line attorneys identify and analyze issues

presented in FOIA appeals and “make recommendations to senior attorneys.” Id. at 370. The

agency produced the Blitz Forms at issue, but “redacted the fields for recommendations,

discussion, and search notes.” Id. The Circuit reasoned that the agency’s “affidavit adequately

explained that full disclosure of the Blitz Forms would discourage line attorneys from ‘candidly

discuss[ing] their ideas, strategies, and recommendations,’ thus impairing ‘the forthright internal

discussions necessary for efficient and proper adjudication of administrative appeals.’” Id. at

371. It held that “[t]he agency correctly understood the governing legal requirement and

reasonably explained why it was met here.” Id.

8 Plaintiffs argue that DHS’ justification for the withholdings here differs from that used in other cases. Pls.’ Opp’n at 17–18. But so what? As the Government argues, statements in the agency’s declaration will change depending on the focus of the litigation. See Def.’s Reply at 4– 5. 9 DHS also asserted a second justification—that “revealing the internal deliberations and analysis of USCIS asylum and supervisory asylum officers could provide a bad actor with information that would allow him to tailor his asylum application and testimony in a favorable, but fraudulent, manner.” Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 24. Whether this justification would be enough is less clear. See Ctr. for Investigative Reporting v. DOI, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, No. 18-CV-1599- DLF,

, at *5 (D.D.C. Apr. 7, 2020) (“[T]he Department must show that disclosure would cause reasonably foreseeable harms, not that it could cause such harms.”). Because DHS’ assertion of chill is sufficient, though, the Court need not address the agency’s other reason.

15 Plaintiffs seek to distinguish this case from Machado Amadis only by arguing that there,

“the agency adequately and fully explained the contents of the documents, and did not have a

history of earlier inconsistencies.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 18. But here, as in Machado Amadis, the

agency has “specifically focused on the information at issue” in the Assessments, 971 F.3d at

371 (cleaned up)—in particular, “the analysis, opinions, deliberations and recommendations of

the asylum officer,” Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 24. And the Circuit did not circumscribe its holding to

cases in which the agency never changed its withholding policies.

Fourth and relatedly, Plaintiffs argue that the Government changed its withholding

policies, undermining DHS’ assertion of future harm here. See, e.g., Pls.’ Opp’n at 17, 19, 22.

Specifically, Plaintiffs say that “DHS routinely released entire assessments to FOIA requesters

from 1998-2005” and that doing so caused no harm. Id. at 17.

But “an agency does not forfeit a FOIA exemption simply by releasing similar

documents in other contexts.” Abtew,

. Put differently, “[a]lthough an agency

may waive the deliberative process privilege as to a particular document by releasing it to the

public, an agency does not waive the privilege as to an entire class of documents by voluntarily

releasing one document of that type.” Bayala v. DHS,

(D.D.C. 2017).

As the Circuit has recognized, “that kind of forfeiture rule would encourage agencies to

voluntarily release fewer documents, a result in tension with FOIA’s broad purposes.” Abtew,

.

Plaintiffs’ assertion of inconsistency relies on an alleged seven-year practice from almost

two decades ago. For much of that time, DHS did not even exist. 10 The Government may have

10 History, Dep’t of Homeland Sec. (last visited May 24, 2021), https://www.dhs.gov/history (stating the agency “was established in 2002”).

16 changed its practice for good reason—to allow asylum officers to candidly express their opinions

and recommendations. The Court will not punish an agency for learning from past mistakes.

Finally, Plaintiffs argue that DHS’ release of other “similar” asylum documents

“undermines its claim that it will suffer harm if assessments are released in full.” Pls.’ Opp’n at

20 (cleaned up). But they cite no authority to support their position and, as Plaintiffs

acknowledge, these documents relate to different asylum procedures. See

at 20–21.

In sum, the Court determines that the deliberative process privilege applies to the analysis

portions of the Assessments. 11 DHS appropriately withheld them under Exemption 5. The Court

will therefore grant its motion for summary judgment on this issue.

B.

Plaintiffs assert that DHS has not released all reasonably segregable information—in

particular, the “sources of information” that asylum officers relied on in formulating the

Assessments. Id. at 23 (cleaned up).

FOIA requires agencies to disclose “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion” of an otherwise

exempt record.

(b). “It has long been a rule in this Circuit that non-exempt

portions of a document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt

portions.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv.,

(D.C. Cir. 2007) (cleaned up).

11 The Court construes DHS’ Vaughn index as asserting the work-product privilege as an alternative ground to withhold one section of one Assessment (titled “Focused Legal Analysis”). See Vaughn Index at 8. Because the Court finds that the deliberative process privilege shields the analysis portions of the Assessments, the Court need not reach the Government’s assertion of the work-product privilege. If the Government relied on the work-product privilege to withhold information that the deliberative process privilege would not otherwise cover, the Court would grant its motion for summary judgment on this issue as conceded, given Plaintiffs’ sparse response. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 11; Machado Amadis v. DOJ,

(D.D.C. 2019) (treating agency’s arguments unrefuted by plaintiff as conceded), aff’d sub nom. Machado Amadis,

.

17 District courts must “mak[e] an express finding on segregability” before approving of an

agency’s withholding of exempt documents. Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 371 (cleaned up).

The Government bears “the burden of demonstrating that no reasonably segregable

information exists within documents withheld.” Loving v. DOD,

(D.C. Cir.

2008) (cleaned up). It “must provide a detailed justification for its non-segregability,” but “is not

required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed.”

Johnson v. Exec. Off. for U.S. Att’ys,

, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (cleaned up). The

Circuit has held that an agency satisfied this burden where it provided “a comprehensive Vaughn

index, describing each document withheld, as well as the exemption under which it was

withheld,” along with an affidavit explaining that the agency “conducted a line-by-line review of

each document withheld in full and determined that no documents contained releasable

information which could be reasonably segregated from the nonreleasable portions.” Id.

(cleaned up). The Circuit has likewise held that “the description of the document set forth in the

Vaughn index and the agency’s declaration that it released all segregable material” are

“sufficient” to find that the agency complied with its requirement. Loving,

.

“Agencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the obligation to disclose

reasonably segregable material.” Sussman,

.

Here, the Vaughn index adequately describes DHS’ withholdings within the Assessments

and provides the exemption relied on. See Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776; see also Vaughn Index at 2,

8, 14, 27. DHS’ declaration also explains that “it released all segregable material.” Loving,

. It provides that, as to the material withheld under Exemption 5, “[o]nly predecisional

and deliberative material was withheld and all other information was segregated and released.”

Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 27. It also states more broadly that after the agency reviewed the redactions

18 applied and “considered whether any information could be segregated and released without

causing a foreseeable harm to the agency and its operations,” it determined that “no further

segregation” was “possible without disclosing information that warrants protection under the

law.”

⁋⁋ 27, 38. That the agency released the factual portions of the Assessments but

withheld the analysis portions is also evidence that it segregated exempt from non-exempt

information. Cf. Bayala,

(finding that the analysis portion of an

Assessment to Refer exempt but the factual portion non-exempt and segregable).

The Court finds that the agency has met its burden on segregability and that Plaintiffs

have not submitted evidence to overcome the presumption afforded to the agency. 12 See

Sussman,

.

Incidentally, Plaintiffs concede the adequacy of DHS’ search. Pls.’ Opp’n at 8. In any

event, the Court would independently find that the search was adequate. Cf. Ctr. for Biological

Diversity v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs,

, 139 (D.D.C. 2019) (explaining

that, although the plaintiff did “not challenge the adequacy of the defendants’ search . . . the

Court has an independent duty to determine whether the government has met its FOIA

obligations”). DHS determined that any responsive records “would be located in the [Plaintiffs’]

A-Files”—their “Alien File” where “all immigration transactions involving a particular

individual are documented and stored.” Eggleston Decl. ⁋⁋ 8, 10. The agency has met its burden

12 Congress added another segregability provision in 2016. See

(a)(8)(A)(ii) (requiring an agency to “consider whether partial disclosure of information is possible whenever the agency determines that a full disclosure of a requested record is not possible” and “take reasonable steps necessary to segregate and release nonexempt information”). But this provision “appears to require no more than” what the Circuit has interpreted

(b) to require. Ctr. for Investigative Reporting v. CBP,

, 115 (D.D.C. 2019). While Plaintiffs argue that having a segregability requirement in two sections “shows that Congress was serious about” it, Pls.’ Opp’n at 24, they point to no authority that the provision requires a different standard. Regardless, the Court finds that DHS has satisfied § 552(a)(8)(A)(ii) as well.

19 to “show that it made a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records.” Oglesby

v. U.S. Dep’t of Army,

(D.C. Cir. 1990).

C.

The Court finally considers the policy-or-practice and negligent training claims.

First, Louise Trauma Center’s “policy-or-practice” claim. Pls.’ Mot. at 9; Pls.’ Opp’n at

27. Neither the Complaint nor Plaintiffs’ briefs expound on this claim or cite legal authority to

support it. As best the Court can tell, Louise Trauma Center challenges the agency’s “continued

policy and/or pattern and practice of not releasing entire Assessments.” Compl. ⁋ 309

(explaining “Commonality” as to class allegations). Among other things, the Center asks the

Court to “[d]eclare that the policy and practice of defendant of refusing to disclose [the

Assessments] violates FOIA.” Id. at 47.

The Court must first consider whether Louise Trauma Center has standing to bring this

claim. “[A] plaintiff seeking to assert a ‘policy-or-practice’ claim under the FOIA must satisfy

constitutional standing requirements, just like any other plaintiff.” Muckrock, LLC v. CIA,

(D.D.C. 2018). A plaintiff can satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement when

challenging a policy or practice if it “demonstrates that it will be subjected in the near future to

the particular agency policy or practice that it challenges under FOIA.”

(cleaned up).

Thus, “[w]hen a plaintiff seeks injunctive or declaratory relief specifically for the purpose

of challenging an alleged policy or practice of a government agency, it must also demonstrate

that it is realistically threatened by a repetition of its experience.” Nat’l Sec. Couns. v. CIA,

(D.D.C. 2013) (cleaned up) (citing Haase v. Sessions,

, 910–11

(D.C. Cir. 1987)). Article III requires “more than generalized plans to file unspecified requests

for information at some uncertain point in the future.” Tipograph v. DOJ,

,

20 175 (D.D.C. 2015). “[T]o challenge an agency policy or practice as a violation of FOIA, a

plaintiff must establish likely future injury that is both concrete and imminent.”

(cleaned up).

While “general factual allegations of injury” may be enough to show standing at the pleading

stage, “the plaintiff can no longer rest on such mere allegations” at summary judgment. Lujan,

(cleaned up). It “must set forth by affidavit or other evidence specific facts.”

(cleaned up).

Louise Trauma Center has not shown that it is likely to suffer a future injury. True, it

alleges that it “helps asylum applicants,” “has made FOIA request for Assessments of asylum

applicants in the past, and will continue to do so in the future.” Compl. ⁋ 215; see also

⁋ 265

(stating that the Center “relies heavily and frequently on FOIA to conduct work that is essential

to the performance of certain of its primary institutional activities”). But mere allegations cannot

survive summary judgment. See Lujan,

; see also Cal. Cattlemen’s Ass’n v. U.S.

Fish & Wildlife Serv.,

(D.D.C. 2019) (noting plaintiff’s burden to show

standing grows heavier at each stage of litigation).

The Center submits no evidence showing, for example, that it has other FOIA requests

for Assessments pending or that it will submit future requests. Cf. Gatore v. DHS,

(D.D.C. 2018) (finding an organization had standing where it “assert[ed] that it has

several FOIA requests for assessments pending” and where “the record support[ed] [its] assertion

that it will continue to make FOIA requests for assessments in the future” because it had, among

other things, “made twenty new requests for assessments” after filing its class-certification

motion (cleaned up)). When (as here) a plaintiff does not show that it “has any FOIA requests

pending that could implicate the alleged . . . policy or practice nor identifies a specific FOIA

21 request that [it] intends to file in the near future” and “claims only that [it] will continue

submitting FOIA requests,” it lacks standing. Tipograph,

(cleaned up). 13

Second, all Plaintiffs argue that DHS has not adequately trained its FOIA processors on

the 2016 FOIA amendment. See Pls.’ Mot. at 8; Pls.’ Opp’n at 27; see also Compl. at 38–39.

They ask the Court to “[o]rder defendant to revamp and improve its training of officers.” Compl.

at 47. While Plaintiffs do not develop their legal basis for this claim either, the Court construes it

as a policy-or-practice claim, as Plaintiffs challenge DHS’ alleged policy of not training

processors and seek injunctive relief. For the reasons just explained, Plaintiffs lack standing to

pursue this claim too. Plaintiffs have submitted no evidence showing that they will be harmed

by the allegedly inadequate training in the future. 14 Cf. Gatore,

(“[T]he

individual plaintiffs have not asserted that they are suffering an ongoing injury or face an

immediate threat of injury; rather, they assert only that their FOIA requests for their assessments

have been denied, which is a past harm insufficient to establish entitlement to prospective

relief.”).

13 Louise Trauma Center provides no evidence to support its policy-or-practice claim on the merits either. Because Plaintiffs have not shown that the Government violated FOIA by withholding the analysis portions of the Assessments here, Louise Trauma Center cannot make out its more sweeping claim based on this practice. Cf. Muckrock,

(entering summary judgment for the plaintiff when the Court found “there [was] no genuine dispute that the CIA has employed a policy” that “violates the FOIA”); Gatore,

(determining that the plaintiff “presented evidence showing that all assessments contain at least some reasonably segregable material, and consequently, that the defendant’s challenged policy or practice . . . violates the FOIA”). 14 Even if the Court were to conclude that Plaintiffs had standing, Plaintiffs cite no legal authority showing the agency’s training is inadequate under FOIA—the only statute they rely on. More, the Court has already found that DHS complied with the requirements in the 2016 amendment by adequately explaining the harm that would occur if the withheld information were disclosed. See, e.g., Eggleston Decl. ⁋ 24.

22 IV.

For all these reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be granted, and

Plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary judgment will be denied. 15 A separate Order will issue.

2021.06.03 12:59:50 -04'00' Dated: June 3, 2021 TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

15 Because of this decision, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification, ECF No. 13, will be denied as moot. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File a Sur-reply, ECF No. 22, will be granted in part. The Court will allow the sur-reply as to Plaintiffs’ arguments about the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Sierra Club. But Plaintiffs’ motion will otherwise be denied. Besides Sierra Club, the Government’s Notice of Supplemental Authority, ECF No. 21, did not raise issues that were not already presented in its summary judgment briefing. A sur-reply is thus not warranted as to Plaintiffs’ other arguments. See Robinson v. Detroit News, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2002) (“The standard for granting leave to file a surreply is whether the party making the motion would be unable to contest matters presented to the court for the first time in the opposing party’s reply.” (cleaned up)). Even if the Court had granted Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file in its entirety, nothing in their proposed sur-reply would have changed the outcome here.

23