UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

) ANTHONY PERRY, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 17-cv-1932 (TSC) ) ) WILBUR ROSS ) United States Secretary of Commerce, ) ) Defendant. ) )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Despite his diligent efforts in pursuing this employment action, pro se plaintiff

Anthony Perry has been unsuccessful in having his discrimination claims adjudicated in

prior administrative or judicial fora. Unfortunately for Perry, this court will not reach

his discrimination claims either, but instead will affirm the Merit Systems Protection

Board’s (MSPB or “Board”) decision dismissing his claims for lack of jurisdiction.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Perry was a Supervisory Information Technology Specialist with the U.S. Census Bureau

(“Bureau”) 1 when he retired in 2012 after thirty years of service. ECF No. 30-3, Pls. Br. at 5.

Starting in 2007, he filed six Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaints (alleging age,

1 The Census Bureau is an agency within the Department of Commerce.

Page 1 of 28 gender, race and retaliation), which were still pending in the spring of 2011. ECF No. 35-4,

Defs. SOF, ¶¶ 6, 8.

On April 13, 2011, Perry’s supervisor informed his staff that, effective April 18, they

were required to sign a daily attendance log. Id. ¶ 9; Pls. Br. at 6. On four occasions, Perry

failed to comply with the sign-in requirement. ECF No. 35-13, Removal Notice at 10; Pls. Br. at

6. On April 26, the supervisor “again informed [Perry] of his directive regarding the requirement

to sign-in/out on the attendance log,” but Perry failed to comply eleven more times. ECF No.

35-13, Removal Notice at 10–11.

On June 7, 2011, Information Technology Assistant Division Chief Daren Gutschow sent

Perry a memorandum proposing to terminate him because he had received pay for time he had

not worked. ECF No. 35-13, Removal Notice. The Bureau’s identification badge monitoring

reports indicated that from October 2010 through April 2011, Perry’s time and attendance

records showed he was absent sixty-two times when he should have been working. Id. at 10.

The Bureau also recommended removing him because of his initial refusal to sign the daily

attendance log. Id. at 10–11.

Perry subsequently met with IT Chief Terryne Murphy, the deciding official, on several

occasions. ECF No. 43, Pls Resp. to Defs. SOF ¶¶ 16–17; ECF No. 35-14. After one of those

meetings, Murphy drafted a file memorandum indicating that Perry had proposed, inter alia, that

he repay the money he was allegedly paid for the time he was not working, and that he be

allowed to continue his employment through September 2012, when he would be eligible to

retire with thirty years of service. ECF No. 35-14. Although Perry challenges this account,

claiming that he indicated he would contest the removal and had no plans to resign or retire, his

June 22, 2011 post-meeting email to Murphy suggests otherwise. ECF No. 43, Pls Resp. to Defs.

Page 2 of 28 SOF ¶ 17, 19; ECF No. 35-15. While he did not admit fault, Perry’s email stated: “Please allow

me to repay the debt, be punished, and stay until May 30, 2012 and walk out of here with

dignity.” ECF No. 35-15.

One week later, in a June 30 email copied to his union representative, Perry formally

responded to the removal notice. ECF No. 35-7. He explained that some of his absences were

due to an “informal accommodation” with his supervisor, who allowed Perry to walk, stretch and

exercise outside the building in an effort to manage his osteoarthritic hip and degenerative

osteoarthritis in his lower back and knee joint. Id. ¶ I(A); Pls. Br. at 5. Perry claimed his

supervisor had not placed any constraints on this arrangement and Perry had not been informed

that the arrangement had ceased. ECF No. 35-7, ¶ I(A). He also indicated that he had not been

told that walking outside the building created “different accountability” issues than walking

inside the building and had he been so informed, he could have formally requested

accommodations through the agency disability program. 2 Id. Perry also explained that in some

instances he had taken extended lunch breaks, as was the “accepted practice” at the Census

Bureau. Id. ¶ I(B).

In his email, Perry further explained that some of his missed time was due to “failed

communications between me and my supervisor in the leave request process, change in work

schedule (worked on days leave was taken and on leave days I worked), not remembering to

complete request afterwards, or not remembering to correct time and attendance for leave taken.”

Id. ¶ I(C). Finally, Perry admitted that “[s]ome of the extended time taken outside of the

2 After receiving the removal memorandum Perry formally applied for disability accommodations and the Bureau granted his request. See Pls. Br at 7. Perry claims that before this, he was not told he could request such accommodations, ECF No. 35-7, ¶ I(A), and he now attempts to bring a failure to accommodate claim. But the court need not reach Perry’s failure to accommodate claim because, as discussed below, his underlying discrimination claims are not actionable. Page 3 of 28 building was also to deal with the emotional and physical stress of at least six years of EEO

struggles with the agency. I attempted to represent myself and I would work on aspects of those

actions in my car.” Id. ¶ I(B).

With respect to the sign-in requirement, Perry explained:

After the initial request to sign-in, I requested an explanation from my supervisor regarding the change in procedure from the prior three years when no sign-in was required. My supervisor refused to provide any feedback nor did he pursue this matter in any manner with me until after I received the “proposal to remove.” I inquired of my supervisor again and at that time he stated a purpose for the changed procedure after which I started to sign the log provided.

Id. ¶ 1(E). Perry claims his supervisor explained that the Bureau instituted the new procedure to

“get” Perry. Pls. Br. at 30.

Finally, Perry asked the Bureau to consider several mitigating factors, including his

supervisor’s prior approval of breaks, the fact that he had no past performance issues, his length

of service, and that he had never been offered an opportunity to correct the attendance problem

before the removal notice. ECF No. 35-7, ¶ III. He proposed that, in light of these factors, he be

given instead a fourteen-day suspension and ordered to reimburse the agency for the hours it

claimed he was paid when he was not working; he did not mention retirement. Id. ¶ VI.

On July 25, 2011, the Bureau presented Perry with a written settlement proposal

requiring, among other things, that Perry “resign/retire no later than” May 30, 2012—the same

date on which Perry had earlier suggested he could leave “with dignity.” ECF No. 35-16,

12/23/13 ALJ Opinion 2-3. Several weeks later, on August 16, 2011, Perry and his local Union

President, Johnny Zuagar, signed a Settlement Agreement (“Agreement”) under which Perry

would dismiss his EEO claims and the Bureau would suspend him for thirty days, but maintain

his employment until he retired in September 2012. ECF No. 35-10, Settlement Agreement.

Page 4 of 28 In signing the Agreement, Perry acknowledged that “his decision to retire [wa]s both

voluntary and irrevocable.” Id. ¶ 2(a). Specifically, the Agreement provided that:

Complainant further agrees to voluntarily waive all appeal rights he has and to not litigate in any forum, judicial or administrative, any claims arising from a removal . . . .

Complaint specifically waives any and all rights and claims arising out of the issues raised in the above-cited formal complaints of discrimination. . . . Complainant waives any and all rights and claims arising from Complainant’s employment under the [ADEA], the Older Workers’ Benefit Protection Act, the Rehabilitation Act. . . and/or Title VII. . . . This release includes but is not limited to release of any right to administrative, judicial, or congressional relief, or any other type of relief . . . .

. . . .

By signing this Agreement, Complainant agrees that Complainant has read and understands the entire Agreement, the effect(s) of each provision, . . .and that Complainant has signed this Agreement voluntarily and was in no way coerced. Complainant shall have twenty-one (21) days from the date of receipt of this Agreement to consider it terms. Should Complainant sign this Agreement before the twenty-one (21) day time period expired, [sic] Complainant attests that Complainant’s decision to accept such a shortening of this period is knowing and voluntary, and was not induced by the Agency through fraud, misrepresentation, and/or threat to withdraw or alter the terms of the Agreement.

Id. ¶¶ 2(c), 2(h), 8.

On March 28, 2012, five months after signing the Agreement, Perry informed the Bureau

that he “need[ed] and want[ed] to stay several years past” his agreed-upon retirement date. Pls.

Ex. 1, JA69. But the following day, he applied for voluntary retirement effective in September,

in exchange for a $25,000 incentive payment. ECF Nos. 34-19; 34-20; Defs. SOF ¶ 37. The

Bureau approved his application shortly thereafter and, less than one month later, he appealed his

“involuntary” retirement to the MSPB. ECF Nos. 34-5; 34-6. Around the same time, he also

sent an email to Murphy indicating a desire to “stay several years past September.” Pls. Ex. 1,

JA69. Perry now claims he was attempting to rescind his retirement request. See ECF No. 30-2,

Pls. SOF ¶¶ 53-54. Nonetheless, the Bureau retired Perry as scheduled. Page 5 of 28 B. Prior Administrative Proceedings

Challenging his retirement, Perry filed an administrative appeal in which he reasserted

his EEO claims, argued that the proposed removal was in retaliation for his EEO activities, and

claimed that he had signed the Agreement involuntarily. Pls. Ex. 1, JA30. As such, he argued,

the Agreement’s waiver provisions did not prevent him from pursuing his underlying

discrimination claims nor challenging his forced retirement. See Perry v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

____ U.S.____,

(2017) (citation omitted). The MSPB administrative law

judge (ALJ) found that Perry had voluntarily signed the Agreement and had therefore waived his

right to appeal. ECF No. 35-22, 7/30/12 ALJ Opinion at 3–5. Accordingly, the ALJ dismissed

the case for lack of jurisdiction, without a hearing.

Perry appealed to the MSPB, which affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded the

matter. Perry v. Dep’t of Commerce, No. DC-0752-12-0486-I-1,

, at *1

(M.S.P.B. June 12, 2013). The MSPB rejected Perry’s claim that the Agreement was coercive

because the Bureau knew it would have been unable to sustain the removal, finding that Perry

failed to make a nonfrivolous showing on this claim. Id. at *2. It noted that Perry had “admitted

to his ongoing absences from the workplace,” although he had tried to explain them. Id.

Further, Perry conceded that several of the charges “were attributable to ‘failed communications

between him and his supervisor,’ including the appellant forgetting to complete leave requests

and/or ‘correct time and attendance for leave taken.’” Id. Perry admitted that “despite being

aware of [his supervisors’] directive” to sign-in and out on an attendance log, he “did not begin

signing in and out until his supervisor responded to his requests for an explanation regarding this

change in procedure, sometime after he received the June 7, 2011 proposed removal notice.” Id.

(internal quotations omitted). Accordingly, the MSPB found that “[b]ased on the appellant’s

Page 6 of 28 own statements,” “there appears to have been at least some basis for the proposed discipline” and

affirmed the ALJ on the coercion claim. Id.

The MSPB also found however, that Perry made “nonfrivolous” allegations of

involuntariness on his misrepresentation claim. Id. at *3–5. Specifically, Perry alleged that the

Agreement was not voluntary because the Bureau falsely advised him that he had no right to

appeal the removal and that his only option was to sign the Agreement. Id. Consequently, the

Board ruled that Perry was entitled to a jurisdictional hearing before the ALJ. Id.

On remand, the ALJ held a hearing, at which Perry declined to testify. 12/23/13 ALJ

Opinion at 7 n.6. The ALJ instead heard testimony from, among others, Rhonda Brown, the

attorney who drafted the Agreement and represented the Bureau during the EEO proceedings,

Murphy, the deciding official, Benjamin Felder, the Bureau’s Labor Relations Officer, and

Union President Zuagar, who assisted Perry during settlement negotiations. Id. at 7–10.

Zuagar testified that “it was the union, and not management, that recommended having

[Perry] retire pursuant to the settlement and so it was not something management forced upon”

him. Id. at 10. According to Zuagar, Perry and the union “‘went over’ every section of the

agreement until it was ‘well known’ by both parties” and that both the union and Perry “thought

that signing the agreement ‘was the best way to go’ under the circumstances.” Id. at 9–10

(quoting Zugar’s hearing testimony). Indeed, Zuagar “specifically recalled talking to the

appellant about considering settling instead of litigating the removal action and possibly risk

losing his case before the Board.” Id. at 10. Zuagar said he explained to Perry his appeal rights

should he decline to sign the Agreement, and that he would relinquish those rights if he signed

the Agreement. Id. at 12. Finally, Zuagar testified that he did not hear anyone tell Perry that he

would lose his appeal rights if he refused to sign the Agreement. Id.

Page 7 of 28 Numerous Bureau representatives involved in the matter testified that the agency did not

make any misrepresentations to induce Perry to sign the Agreement. Id. at 11. Further,

according to one of these representatives, one month after the Agreement was finalized, Perry

emailed the Associate Director of Information Technology and stated that he wanted to thank the

Bureau for allowing him to stay for another year: “I don’t know if this is appropriate . . . but [I]

wanted you to know I am thankful.” Id. at 11 (alterations in original).

The ALJ credited the witnesses’ testimony and found that the Bureau had not

misrepresented Perry’s rights during settlement negotiations. Id. at 12–15. Accordingly, the

ALJ ruled that Perry, whom the ALJ described as “highly educated,” “literate,” and “articulate,”

had voluntarily signed the Agreement. Id. at 13. Therefore, the MSPB did not have jurisdiction

over his misrepresentation claim. Id. at 15–16. The ALJ refused to consider Perry’s claim that

the Agreement was coercive because the Bureau knew it could not sustain the proposed removal

because the MSPB had already rejected that argument and had limited the remand solely to the

issue of alleged misrepresentation. See id. at 7 n.5

On appeal, the MSPB first noted that it must defer to the ALJ’s credibility

determinations. Perry v. Dep’t of Commerce,

, at *3 (Aug. 6, 2014) (citing

Haebe v. Dep’t of Justice,

(Fed. Cir. 2002)). Consequently, the MSPB

affirmed the ALJ’s finding that no-one had made misrepresentations to Perry and upheld the

ALJ’s determination that Perry had signed the Agreement voluntarily, thereby divesting the

Board of jurisdiction over Perry’s misrepresentation claim. Perry

, at *1–3.

Further, the MSPB refused to consider Perry’s claim that the Agreement was coercive

because the Bureau knew it could not sustain the removal decision and that the ALJ should have

heard evidence on this issue. Id. at *2. The MSPB explained that the coercion claim exceeded

Page 8 of 28 the scope of the remand order and Perry had not presented non-frivolous arguments supporting

this claim. Id. Therefore, the ALJ was correct in refusing to consider the matter at the hearing.

Id.

Finally, the MSPB refused to consider Perry’s underlying discrimination claims,

explaining (as it had in its remand order) that it could consider such claims only if it had

jurisdiction, which it did not. Id. at *4 (citing Cruz v. Dep’t of the Navy,

(Fed. Cir. 1991)).

C. Proceedings in Federal Court

Perry sought review of the MSPB’s decision in the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit,

which held that the Federal Circuit had jurisdiction over the appeal. Perry v. Merit Sys. Prot.

Bd.,

(D.C. Cir. 2016). In so doing, the D.C. Circuit rejected Perry’s argument that

the District Court had jurisdiction over his claims.

at 763–68. Perry appealed to the United

States Supreme Court, which reversed, holding that because the matter was a “mixed-case” 3 that

was dismissed by the MSPB for lack of jurisdiction, the District Court had jurisdiction. Perry v.

Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(2017); see

.

The D.C. Circuit subsequently transferred the matter to this court, which allowed Perry to

file an Amended Complaint. See ECF No. 7; 10/13/17 Minute Entry. After the parties engaged

in unsuccessful mediation, the court ordered them to propose a briefing schedule on the issue of

whether the MSPB’s decision dismissing Perry’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction should be

3 “A mixed case is an adverse personnel action [as defined by the Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA)] . . . coupled with a claim that the action was motivated by discrimination.” Frank v. Ridge,

(D.D.C. 2004), aff’d sub nom. Frank v. Chertoff,

(D.C. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

Page 9 of 28 affirmed. 5/3/18 Minute Order. Both parties ultimately filed extensive summary judgment

motions and submitted documentary evidence. See ECF Nos. 30, 35, 37, 41, 43.

Here, Perry again challenges the MSPB’s finding that it had no jurisdiction over his

misrepresentation claim and that he failed to present a nonfrivolous claim that the Bureau

coerced him into signing the Agreement because it would have been unable to sustain his

removal. He again challenges the ALJ’s failure to hold a hearing on the coercion claim and

attempts to litigate his discrimination claims in this court.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

In reviewing a MSPB decision, the court decides only whether the decision is:

(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.

(c). Whether the board had jurisdiction to adjudicate a case is a question of law, which [the district court] review[s] de novo. Vesser v. Office of Personnel Management,

(Fed. Cir. 1994).

Forest v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(Fed. Cir. 1995) (alterations in original). 4

III. ANALYSIS

A. Employment Claims

The MSPB has “jurisdiction to hear appeals of certain enumerated adverse actions taken

by an agency against a [federal] employee. The enumerated adverse actions include removals,”

but resignations or retirements generally lie “outside the Board’s jurisdiction.” Parrott v. Merit

Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing

(d)(1);

(a)(2); Garcia v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

, 1328–29 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).

4 Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Perry,

(2017), mixed cases dismissed by the MSPB on jurisdictional grounds were appealed to the Federal Circuit. Accordingly, Federal Circuit cases decided before Perry on MSPB jurisdiction have precedential value.

Page 10 of 28 This is because “[a] decision to resign or retire is presumed to be voluntary.” Shoaf v. Dep’t of

Agr.,

(Fed. Cir. 2001) (citations omitted); Rebish v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(Fed. Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).

There are several ways in which an employee can rebut this voluntariness presumption.

For example, a retirement is involuntary “if obtained by agency misrepresentation or deception.”

Scharf v. Dep't of the Air Force,

(Fed. Cir. 1983) (citations omitted). An

employee can also establish involuntariness by showing that they unwillingly “accepted the

terms of the agency, that circumstances permitted no other alternative,” or that retirement was

“the result of coercive acts of the agency.” Edgerton v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(Fed. Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). To secure a hearing, a former employee must make a

non-frivolous showing of involuntariness. See Garcia,

; Middleton v. Dep't of

Def.,

, 1379–80 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Absent such a showing, the employee is not

entitled to a hearing because the Board does not have jurisdiction over challenges to the

voluntariness of a settlement agreement. Cruz,

. And without jurisdiction over

the involuntariness claim, the Board lacks jurisdiction over any underlying discrimination

claims.

at 1245– 46 (“The Board has not been granted jurisdiction over Title VII claims per

se, i.e., over ‘pure’ or ‘naked’ Title VII claims unaccompanied by an appealable action over

which the Board does have jurisdiction.”).

1. Misrepresentation

Perry claims his retirement was involuntary because the Bureau made misrepresentations,

upon which he relied, to force him to sign the Agreement. Specifically, he asserts that the

Bureau falsely told him he had no right to challenge or appeal the removal decision and that his

only option, short of termination, was to sign the Agreement. Rejecting this argument on

Page 11 of 28 remand, the ALJ found that no misrepresentations had been made and therefore Perry voluntarily

signed the Agreement. Accordingly, the Board lacked jurisdiction over Perry’s claims.

Here, Perry’s only support for his misrepresentation claim appears to be his assertion that

this court “owes no deference to the decision or credibility determinations made by a prior

tribunal” because he is entitled to a “trial de novo.” ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition at 2. This

argument is unavailing.

While the court “may review freely the Board’s conclusion that it did not have

jurisdiction over [an] appeal, [the court is] bound by the AJ’s factual determinations unless those

findings are not supported by substantial evidence.” Bolton v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). Perry submitted sworn and unsworn statements

to the ALJ, but declined to testify at the hearing. 12/23/13 ALJ Opinion at 7 n.6, 13. The ALJ

heard testimony from the union president and Bureau witnesses, all of whom corroborated each

other’s assertion that no-one made misrepresentations to Perry.

at 7–11. Indeed, Perry’s

union president testified that the union, not management, raised the issue of retirement. Id. at 10.

The union president also testified that he discussed with Perry the option of challenging the

removal rather than signing the Agreement, but they both ultimately agreed that settlement was

the better option because Perry might lose before the Board if he elected to challenge the

removal. Id. at 9–10. The ALJ credited the witnesses’ testimony and found that the Bureau had

not mispresented Perry’s appellate rights. Id. at 12–14.

Absent substantial evidence to the contrary (which Perry has not provided), this court is

bound by the ALJ’s credibility determinations. And the ALJ’s credibility determinations, along

with the signed Agreement, formed the bases for the ALJ and the Board’s findings that Perry had

not shown that he involuntarily signed the Agreement to retire due to misrepresentation. Even

Page 12 of 28 applying the required de novo standard, there is no evidence that the Board’s decision dismissing

Perry’s misrepresentation claim for lack of jurisdiction was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of

discretion. A “bare allegation” of misrepresentation or coercion is not enough to set aside a

settlement agreement. See Tiburzi v. Dep’t of Just.,

(Fed. Cir. 2001)

(upholding Board determination that employee failed to establish coercion).

2. Coercion

a. The Bureau’s Ability to Sustain the Removal: Douglas Factors

“[W]here an employee is faced merely with the unpleasant alternatives of resigning or

being subject to removal for cause, such limited choices do not make the resulting resignation an

involuntary act.” Schultz v. U.S. Navy,

(Fed. Cir. 1987). But, “inherent in

that proposition is that the agency has reasonable grounds for threatening to take an adverse

action.”

“If an employee can show that the agency knew that the reason for the threatened

removal could not be substantiated, the threatened action by the agency is purely coercive.”

(citations omitted).

Perry argues that the Bureau knew it would be unable to sustain its proposed removal

decision and therefore the negotiations and Agreement that led to his retirement were coercive.

Many of the cases he cites supporting this argument involve application of Douglas v. Veterans

Administration,

(1981), in which the court explained:

Any disciplinary action demands the exercise of responsible judgment so that an employee will not be penalized out of proportion to the character of the offense; this is particularly true of an employee who has a previous record of completely satisfactory service. An adverse action, such as suspension, should be ordered only after a responsible determination that a less severe penalty, such as admonition or reprimand, is inadequate.

Agencies should give consideration to all factors involved when deciding what penalty is appropriate, including not only the gravity of the offense but such other

Page 13 of 28 matters as mitigating circumstances, the frequency of the offense, and whether the action accords with justice in the particular situation.

5 M.S.P.R. at 304 (quoting

).

Although not exhaustive, some of the Douglas factors “generally recognized as relevant

include”:

(1) “[t]he nature and seriousness of the offense. . ., including whether the offense was intentional or technical or inadvertent, . . . or was frequently repeated”;

(2) “the employee’s past disciplinary record [and] past work record, including length of service, performance on the job, . . .”;

(3) “the clarity with which the employee was on notice of any rules that where [sic] violated in committing the offense, or had been warned about the conduct in question”;

(4) “potential for the employee’s rehabilitation”; and

(5) “the adequacy and effectiveness of alternative sanctions to deter such conduct in the future by the employee or others.”

at 305–6. “Selection of an appropriate penalty must thus involve a responsible balancing of

the relevant factors in the individual case.” Id. at 306.

Perry appears to argue that the ALJ and Board did not undertake the proper balancing

inquiry required under Douglas because they ignored mitigating evidence that:

• He had worked for the Bureau for close to thirty years without any disciplinary action;

• His supervisor had given him an informal accommodation for his disability that included a flexible schedule in which he took frequent breaks and made up for missed time after normal business hours, ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶¶ 17, 19, 52, 66; Pls Br. at 5, 12, 18, 21–22, 25–30;

• He was never notified that his supervisor rescinded this agreement, ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶ 22; ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition Br. at 17–18; and

• Bureau employees regularly smoke and jog outside the facility, ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶ 23.

Page 14 of 28 Perry contends that had they considered all his mitigating evidence, they would have concluded

that the Bureau should have proposed a penalty short of termination and therefore the Board

would have been unable to sustain the proposed removal.

It is unclear whether Perry made his Douglas factors argument before the Board, but in

its remand opinion the Board did address Perry’s broader argument that the Bureau coerced

Perry into signing the Agreement because it knew it could not sustain the proposed removal.

Perry,

, at *2. The Board found that there “appear[ed] to have been at least

some basis for the proposed discipline,” given Perry’s admissions regarding his ongoing

absences from work and his failure to complete leave requests and/or correct his attendance

records, as well as his failure to sign the attendance log until after he received the removal

notice.

Consequently, the Board found that Perry had not met his burden of asserting non-

frivolous allegations supporting his coercion argument, and the Board did not have jurisdiction

over the claim.

In light of this finding, on remand the ALJ first noted that arguments regarding the

Bureau’s ability to sustain the removal were not properly before him. 12/23/13 ALJ Opinion at 7

n.5. He then found that because he was dismissing the action for lack of jurisdiction, he did not

need to address Perry’s Douglas factors argument.

at 16 n.9.

In upholding the ALJ’s decision, the MSPB again noted that one of Perry’s arguments

was that the Bureau knew it could not sustain the proposed removal and therefore coerced Perry

into signing the Agreement. See Perry,

, at *2. The Board rejected this

argument because it “exceed[ed] the scope of the Board’s remand order.” See

Perry has not shown that the Board’s decision was arbitrary or capricious. “[W]here an

employee is faced with the unpleasant alternative of resigning or being subjected to an adverse

Page 15 of 28 action, the resulting resignation cannot be considered an involuntary retirement unless the

employee shows that the agency lacked reasonable grounds for threatening to take the adverse

action.” Terban v. Dep’t of Energy,

(Fed. Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).

Perry had the burden of establishing that the proposed removal “was made without reasonable

basis.”

He failed to meet this burden and the Board correctly found it lacked jurisdiction

over his coercion claim. Absent jurisdiction, as the ALJ pointed out, there was no reason to

address the Douglas factors.

Even if the Board had considered the Douglas factors, Perry would not have prevailed. A

reasonable employer could have found that Perry’s length of service, lack of prior disciplinary

action, and supervisor approval for breaks did not outweigh his admissions that he failed to

correct his time records, spent time in his car working on his EEO claims when his badge records

showed he should have been working, and repeatedly refused, despite a clear directive from his

supervisor, to use the attendance log. An employer considering the Douglas factors might

reasonably have concluded that a penalty less than removal was unwarranted given the

“seriousness of the offenses,” the “intentional,” and “repeated’ nature of his offenses, the “clarity

with which” Perry “was on notice of any rules,” and the “effect upon [his] supervisors’

confidence in” Perry’s “ability to perform assigned duties.” See Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305–6;

ECF No. 35-13, Removal Notice at 11–12.

None of the cases Perry cites in support of his Douglas factors argument suggest

otherwise. In some of those cases the court rejected the plaintiff’s removal challenge. 5 The

5 See Terban,

(upholding board’s determination that it lacked jurisdiction over plaintiff’s allegation of involuntariness where plaintiff failed to show the agency lacked a reasonable basis for converting plaintiff’s prior paid leave to leave without pay); Hite v. U.S. Postal Serv.,

, 437–39 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (finding that ALJ considered the relevant Douglas factors and his decision upholding claimant’s removal was “within the bounds Page 16 of 28 other cases did not involve a plaintiff who repeatedly failed to submit correct time and

attendance records, willfully disregarded valid supervisory directives and/or admitted to

spending work hours engaged in personal activities. 6

b. The Bureau’s Ability to Sustain the Removal: Efficiency of the Service

Perry claims the Bureau would have been unable to sustain his removal because it did not

consider whether the removal would have promoted the “efficiency of the service.” No 30-2,

Pls. SOF ¶ 65; Pls. Br. at 19. “A federal employee’s removal may not be sustained by the MSPB

of reasonableness” where claimant was not remorseful about tardiness and absenteeism, had previously been warned that further incidents might result in removal, and there was evidence the problems might continue). 6 See Fassett v. U.S. Postal Serv., No. PH-0752-96-0468-M-1,

(M.S.P.B. Apr. 19, 2000) (finding agency would have unable to sustain removal where it had proposed removing complainant for violating an agreement based on his refusal to submit to a drug test, but the terms of the agreement did not require testing); Crane v. Dep’t of Air Force,

(Fed. Cir. 2007) (remanding agency’s removal decision for reconsideration of Douglas factors where plaintiff improperly used surplus materials for his personal business, but his supervisor and the agency had previously approved plaintiff’s conduct and the agency had not told him he was violating its policies); VanFossen v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.,

(Fed. Cir. 1984) (remanding agency removal decision for consideration of mitigating factors where immediate supervisor approved claimant’s improper outside employment, but neither the supervisor nor the claimant knew that agency approval was required); Schultz,

(remanding decision finding no jurisdiction where former employee claimed she was forced to retire after her physician concluded she would be “totally disabled” for her position and should immediately take a leave of absence and ultimately transfer to another position, but the agency rejected her leave and transfer requests for lack of medical certification and threatened to place her on AWOL status if she did not return to work); Morall v. Drug Enf’t Admin.,

(D.C. Cir. 2005) (vacating DEA’s decision to revoke physician’s license to dispense controlled substances after she made record-keeping errors over a short time period, had experienced major health issues and emotional stress due to personal issues, appeared to regret her conduct, there was no evidence she diverted controlled substances, the state board had not recommended revocation, and the ALJ made numerous credibility determinations recommending against revocation); Garcia,

(remanding for consideration of non-frivolous claims of involuntariness where complainant applied for involuntary reduction in grade due to alleged refusal to accommodate her disability); Covington v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.,

(Fed. Cir. 1984) (remanded for hearing where claimant alleged involuntary retirement after agency RIF in which agency misled claimant about eligibility for reassignment). Page 17 of 28 unless the agency is able to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee’s actions

adversely affected either his performance or that of other employees and that his removal would

‘promote the efficiency of the service.’” Barnes v. Small,

(D.C. Cir. 1988)

(citing

(a);

(a)).

Perry’s argument is fatally undermined by the record. In the removal memorandum,

Gutschow, the deciding official, explained that he had considered Perry’s twenty-six years of

satisfactory performance with no disciplinary action, but, due to the “egregiousness and

repetitive nature” of Perry’s conduct, Gutschow concluded that any disciplinary alternatives

short of removal would not be “adequate and effective.” ECF No. 35-13, Removal Notice at 12.

Gutschow found that Perry’s conduct had caused a “loss of trust” in his “ability to reliably

perform” his duties, and that Perry’s conduct had “adversely impacted the Agency”:

Repeatedly accepting payment for time not worked, mispresenting your work hour commitments and failing to follow supervisory directives raises questions about your integrity and reliability.

This kind of impropriety is detrimental to the image of the Census Bureau. Providing erroneous information, failing to properly request and modify your time and attendance information and failing to follow reasonable supervisory directives is unacceptable behavior for any Census Bureau employee and violates the core value of our mission. In fact, even one false representation regarding data of any kind is grounds for immediate removal from the Census Bureau. Your time and attendance practices, including your failure to follow your Branch Chief’s directives to sign-in/out, call in to serious question your trustworthiness and judgment. You have been an employee since December 16, 1984, and you know, or should have known, that the Census Bureau does not tolerate such misconduct.

The Census Bureau must maintain a workforce of employees who prosses unusually high standards of trust, confidentiality, integrity, and conduct.

at 11–12.

These findings are sufficient to meet the “efficiency-of-the-service standard,” which

simply “requires an agency that proposes to remove an employee for misconduct to demonstrate

Page 18 of 28 a sufficient nexus between the misconduct and the job performance of the employee or others to

warrant removal.” Barnes, 840 F.2d at 979–80 (cleaned up and citation omitted). Even if Perry

performed at an appropriate productivity level, there is a sufficient nexus between his

misconduct and the Bureau’s ability to maintain order, encourage trust, and discourage

insubordination to have warranted his removal. See id. at 980 (upholding dismissal where, inter

alia, the plaintiff’s conduct “eroded management’s confidence in his judgment,” even though his

work did not suffer). 7

c. Insufficient Time to Consider the Agreement

Perry argues he was coerced into signing the Agreement because he did not have enough

time to consider the settlement terms after receiving the June 7 notice of removal. Pls. Br. at 26.

“Time pressure to make a retirement or resignation decision has, on occasion, provided the basis

for a finding of involuntariness, but only when the agency has demanded that the employee make

an immediate decision.” Middleton,

(cleaned up and citations omitted).

The record establishes that Perry had ample time to thoroughly consider the Agreement.

The Bureau issued the notice of removal on June 7, 2011, and Perry met with Murphy

approximately one week later, on June 15, and responded to the removal notice in writing fifteen

days later, on June 30. ECF Nos. 35–7; 35–13; 35–14. A little more than three weeks later, on

7 Perry also argued that the Bureau implemented the attendance log policy as a means to “get him” and that the policy served no valid purpose, particularly because it was not implemented agency-wide. Pls. Br. at 30–31. But Perry has cited no legal authority for the proposition that a federal employer who unilaterally implements a department-wide system to track time and attendance among non-union employees engages in an adverse action. And there is no evidence that the Bureau selectively enforced the policy with respect to Perry. Perry also appears to argue that the Bureau failed to explain the policy’s implementation or provide a written justification for the policy, ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition at 27–28, but he provides no legal authority that the agency was obligated to do so.

Page 19 of 28 July 25, Zuagar received the Bureau’s counteroffer, which required Perry to retire. 12/23/13

ALJ Opinion at 2–3. Thus, more than seven weeks elapsed between the date Perry received the

removal notice and the date he received the proposed Agreement. More importantly, the

Agreement contained a provision allowing Perry twenty-one days to consider the offer. ECF

No. 35-10, Settlement ¶ 8. During that time, Perry, Zuagar, and the Bureau engaged in

settlement negotiations, after which Perry signed the Agreement on August 16. ECF No. 35-10,

Settlement at 5; 12/23/13 ALJ Opinion at 2–3. These facts do not support Perry’s argument that

he had insufficient time to consider the terms of the Agreement.

This case is unlike Middleton, in which the court found that an employee on a Turkish

military base raised non-frivolous allegations of involuntariness.

. In that case,

the plaintiff took home a piano without obtaining approval.

. Approximately one

week later, upon learning he was not authorized to take the piano, he immediately returned it and

sent a letter to his boss explaining that a property clerk had told him the piano was surplus

property and had given him permission to take it home.

The plaintiff heard nothing further

about the matter until over three months later, when he received a notice of removal advising

him that he had eleven days to leave the military installation.

. There was evidence

that the plaintiff was suffering from severe health problems at the time, and he claimed he was

told that if he did not retire, he would lose his health and life insurance benefits.

at 1381–82.

The court found that under the circumstances, the plaintiff was entitled to a hearing on

involuntariness, as leaving on such short notice would have posed a great hardship.

.

The facts alleged here are not analogous. 8

8 See also Parrott, 519 F.3d at 1331–32, 1335 (rejecting involuntariness claim where plaintiff resigned approximately four hours after agency notified him that he could resign and avoid a negative employment reference or it would issue him a proposed removal notice). Page 20 of 28 d. No Alternatives to Retirement: Threat of Immediate Removal and Financial Distress

Perry claims he was coerced into signing the Agreement because Zuagar told him the

Bureau would terminate him immediately if he contested the charges or went to the EEOC and

therefore he had no alternative but to accept the Bureau’s offer. No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶¶ 36, 59.

This argument also is unavailing.

First, Perry did have an alternative: he could have allowed the removal to go forward and

subsequently challenged the decision. While this option may not have been ideal from his

perspective, “[t]his court has repeatedly held that the imminence of a less desirable alternative

does not render involuntary the choice made.” Cruz,

(citation omitted).

As the Court of Appeals has explained, “the doctrine of coercive involuntariness is a narrow one.

It does not apply to a case in which an employee decides to resign or retire because he does not

want to accept actions that the agency is authorized to adopt.” Terban,

(cleaned up and citation omitted); Roskos v. United States,

(Ct. Cl. 1977)

(“Of course, not every unpleasant working arrangement or distasteful set of alternatives

constitutes duress or renders an otherwise voluntary act involuntary.”) (citation omitted).

Perry also argues that the Bureau coerced him into signing the Agreement because

challenging the removal would have placed him in an untenable financial situation given his poor

health and the fact that his daughter was about to enter college. This is insufficient to establish

involuntariness.

Perry’s predicament was not much different from the kind faced by employees on a

regular basis. As the Court of Appeals has noted, “every loss of employment entails financial

hardship. If that alone were sufficient to establish economic duress, no settlement involving it

would ever be free from attack. Even threatened financial disaster is not sufficient.” Kent v.

Page 21 of 28 Dep’t of the Air Force,

(Fed. Cir. 2013) (cleaned up and citations

omitted).

3. Non-disclosure Provision

Perry next challenges the Agreement’s non-disclosure provision (NDA) which reads:

Non-Disclosure: The parties agree to keep the nature and terms of this Agreement confidential. The terms of the agreement may not be disclosed to any person or entity beyond the persons signing below, except to Complainant’s spouse as applicable, as required by law, as necessary to implement the terms of the Agreement, or as ordered by a court or administrative body of competent jurisdiction.

ECF No. 35-10, Settlement ¶ 6. He contends that the NDA “violates basic contract law,”

but he cites no legal authority supporting this proposition. ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶ 70;

Pls. Br. at 13.

Perry also contends that NDAs violate pages one through seven of the EEOC

Guidance Manual 915.002, titled “Enforcement Guidance on Reasonable

Accommodation and Undue Hardship under the ADA.” Pls. Br. at 13; Enforcement

Guidance on Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship under the Americans with

Disabilities Act,

. The court is unable to locate any relevant

provisions on those pages, but, more importantly, Perry has not asserted a viable ADA

claim, and even if he had, the Bureau is not bound by the EEOC’s policy manual. See

Garcia v. Spun Steak Co.,

(9th Cir. 1993) (noting that courts “are

not bound by [EEOC] Guidelines”) (citing Espinoza v. Farah Mfg. Co., Inc.,

(1973)).

Finally, Perry argues that the NDA violates the CSRA because it does not contain

certain specific language. ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶ 70; Pls. Br. at 13. The current

version of the CSRA provides that it is a “prohibited personnel practice,” 5 U.S.C. § Page 22 of 28 2302(a)(1), for “[a]ny employee who has authority to take, direct others to take,

recommend, or approve any personnel action” to

implement or enforce any nondisclosure policy, form, or agreement, if such policy, form, or agreement . . .does not contain the following statement: “These provisions are consistent with and do not supersede, conflict with, or otherwise alter the employee obligations, rights, or liabilities created by existing statute or Executive order relating to (1) classified information, (2) communications to Congress, (3) the reporting to an Inspector General or the Office of Special Counsel of a violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety, or (4) any other whistleblower protection. The definitions, requirements, obligations, rights, sanctions, and liabilities created by controlling Executive orders and statutory provisions are incorporated into this agreement and are controlling.”

(b)(13)(A).

Although it is undisputed that Perry’s Agreement does not contain this language, his

argument is inapplicable because the parties ratified the Agreement on August 22, 2011, but the

CSRA provision was enacted more than a year later, on November 27, 2012. See Whistleblower

Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 (P.L. 112–199).

4. Procedural Challenges to the Administrative Review Process

Perry challenges various ALJ and MSPB procedural decisions. He claims he was not

allowed to obtain discovery—he sought the deciding official’s notes, emails, and

communications about the proposed removal—nor was he allowed to present “material”

witnesses and evidence during the hearings before the ALJ. Pls. Br. at 15; ECF No. 41, Pls.

Opposition at 12; ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶¶ 56–57, 60. He also sought to call his supervisors

as witnesses, as well as the deciding officials, who were responsible for time and attendance.

Pls. Br. at 15; ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition at 12; ECF No. 30-2, Pls. SOF ¶¶ 56–57, 60.

The Board found that Perry failed to comply with its procedures regarding discovery.

Page 23 of 28 Perry,

, at *3 n.6. It also found that Perry withdrew his request to call his

supervisors as witnesses. Id. at *3. And it concluded that even if he had followed proper

procedures and had not withdrawn his request to present witnesses, the proffered evidence

related to the merits of Perry’s claim—matters over which the MSPB had no jurisdiction. Id.

Perry’s disagreement with the Board’s decisions is not enough to establish that the decisions

were arbitrary and capricious.

Perry also complains that certain portions of the audio recording of his hearing were

deleted, as the audio allegedly did not contain the testimony of Murphy, the deciding official.

Pls. Br. at 4, 15; ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition at 6. But Perry does not explain when or where

that testimony should have appeared in the audio recordings he submitted to the court. See Pls.

Br at 4, 15; ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition at 6. More importantly, any testimony from Murphy

relating to the merits of Perry’s discrimination claims would not have been relevant, because the

Board lacked jurisdiction over those claims. And Perry does not claim—nor is there any

evidence—that Murphy’s purported testimony addressed the issue of voluntariness.

5. Mixed Cases/Jurisdiction

As discussed above, this is a “mixed case,” in that it involves “an adverse personnel

action . . . coupled with a claim that the action was motivated by discrimination.” Frank,

(citation omitted). Because the MSPB found that the record supported the ALJ’s

finding that Perry voluntarily retired, the Board concluded it did not have jurisdiction over

Perry’s challenge to the Agreement and therefore could not consider his discrimination claims on

appeal. Perry,

, at *4. Perry challenges this finding, arguing that this court

has jurisdiction to review mixed cases and, pursuant to the CSRA, “[o]nce in the district court, a

mixed case should be decided on the merits.” Pls Br. at 12, 15–16; ECF No. 41, Pls. Opposition

Page 24 of 28 at 8–16.

Perry is correct that this court has jurisdiction to review mixed cases. However, he is

incorrect that, once in district court, a mixed case must automatically be decided on the merits.

Because the MSPB decided that it lacked jurisdiction over Perry’s discrimination claims, this

court’s task is to decide if that decision was arbitrary and capricious—not whether the

discrimination claims have merit. See Cruz,

(finding that the EEO retaliation

claim could not “be heard as a part of a case over which the Board has no jurisdiction”); Synan v.

Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,

, 1101–02 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“When an appeal has been taken

to the MSPB, until the discrimination issue and the appealable action have been decided on the

merits by the MSPB, an appellant is granted no rights to a trial de novo in a civil action under §

7702 or § 7703. Yet, threshold issues such as the MSPB’s own jurisdiction arise continually on

appeal to this court, and we have taken jurisdiction over these cases.”) (quoting Ballentine v.

Merit Systems Protection Board,

(Fed. Cir. 1984)). Accordingly, the court will

grant the Bureau’s motion for summary judgment on Perry’s employment/CSRA claims. 9

9 Perry brought the following employment claims:

• Count I: Involuntary Suspension, Coercion, Duress and Imposition of Unlawful Nondisclosure Agreement

• Count II Violation of the Rehabilitation Act and Anti-Retaliation Provision

• Count III: Violation of Title VII and Anti-Retaliation Provisions

• Count IV: Violations of 42 U.S.C. 1981 and 42 U.S.C. 1983

• Count V: Violation of the ADEA and Anti-Retaliation Provisions

• Count VI: Bias, Statutory, Administrative, and Constitutional Violations by MSPB. Statutory claims under the CSRA addressed above.

Page 25 of 28 B. Tort Claims

In addition to employment/CSRA claims, Perry’s Amended Complaint contains the

following tort-based claims:

• Count VII: Fraud • Count VIII: Conspiracy to Commit Fraud • Count IX: Extortion • Count X: Conspiracy to Commit Extortion • Count XI: Defamation • Count XII: Negligent Training and Supervision • Count XIII: Federal Tort Claims Act • Intentional and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (no Count listed)

Perry’s purported claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) are not actionable

because those claims are based on Perry’s employment with the Bureau, and therefore are

encompassed by his federal employment claims, which the court has already addressed. See

Coulibaly v. Kerry,

, 125–26 (D.D.C. 2016) (dismissing federal employee’s

tort claims relating to his employment because federal employment laws provide the exclusive

remedies for such claims).

Even if Perry were not limited to pursuing his claims under the federal employment laws,

he would still be unable to proceed on his fraud and defamation claims. Although the FTCA

waives the federal government’s sovereign immunity for some claims, fraud, deception, and

defamation claims are expressly excluded. Johnson v. Barr, No. 1:20-CV-00982 (UNA), 2020

Perry withdrew his Section 1983 claim and his remaining Section 1981 is not actionable. See Smalls v. Emanuel,

(D.D.C. 2012) (“In Brown v. General Services Administration,

,

,

(1976), the Supreme Court established that Title VII was the exclusive judicial remedy for claims of discrimination in the context of federal employment.”); Kizas v. Webster,

(D.C. Cir. 1983) (“The Title VII remedy declared exclusive for federal employees in Brown v. GSA precludes actions against federal officials for alleged constitutional violations as well as actions under other federal legislation.”). Perry’s remaining employment law claims are not actionable because, as noted above, he voluntarily signed the settlement agreement waiving his right to pursue such claims. Page 26 of

, at *2 (D.D.C. Apr. 28, 2020), aff’d,

(D.C. Cir. 2021) (noting

that plaintiff alleged tortious acts involving fraud and deception, and explaining that “the FTCA

expressly exempts fraud and misrepresentation from the general waiver of sovereign immunity.”)

(citing

(h)) (some citations omitted); Edmonds v. United States,

(D.D.C. 2006) (“[T]he FTCA exempts from its waiver of sovereign immunity any claim

‘arising out of’ libel or slander.”) (citing

(h)). Finally, there is no evidence that

Perry exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to any viable FTCA claims. Totten v.

Norton,

, 122–23 (D.D.C. 2006) (“Exhaustion under the FTCA occurs only

after a claimant has (1) presented a federal agency with a claim describing, with particularity, the

alleged injury and damages and (2) either received a written denial of the claim from the agency

or waited six months from the date of filing without obtaining a final agency disposition.

(a).”).

C. Whistleblower Protection Act Claim

Perry brings a Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA) claim in Count XIV. But there is no

indication he exhausted his administrative remedies, and therefore he cannot proceed with this

claim. See Brown v. Ulmer, No. 1:21-CV-03128 (UNA),

, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan.

21, 2022) (explaining exhaustion requirements and noting that “under no circumstances does the

WPA grant the District Court jurisdiction to entertain a whistleblower cause of action brought

directly before it in the first instance.”) (cleaned up) (citing Stella v. Mineta,

(D.C. Cir. 2002)).

D. Privacy Act Claim

Perry alleges that the Bureau violated the Privacy Act by sharing his personally

identifiable information with Gutschow (the Technology Division Chief), who drafted the

Page 27 of 28 proposed removal, and IT Chief Murphy, the deciding official, because those individuals were

not his immediate supervisors. See Amended Compl. ¶¶ 220–221. He also contends the Bureau

used his personal information to extract badge scan information that was used as the basis for his

proposed removal. Id. ¶ 222.

Perry has not explained the nature of the information he contends was improperly shared,

nor has he cited any provision of the Privacy Act prohibiting the Bureau from sharing relevant

information about his employment with supervisors responsible for deciding whether

disciplinary action was warranted. Likewise, he has not cited any provision of the Privacy Act

prohibiting the Bureau from monitoring his badge scans into and out of a federal workplace.

Finally, Perry’s Privacy Act claims appear to be an attempt to do an “end-run” around the

CSRA, which governs “adverse personnel actions.” See Lee v. Geren,

,

202–06 (D.D.C. 2007) (noting that employees may only proceed under the Privacy Act when the

adverse employment action was caused by an inaccurate or incomplete record), dismissed, No.

07-5175,

(D.C. Cir. Aug. 2, 2007)). Thus, the court will also grant summary

judgment on Perry’s Privacy Act claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the court will GRANT the Bureau’s motion for summary

judgment and DENY Plaintiff’s summary judgment motion.

Date: September 30, 2022

Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge

Page 28 of 28