UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE ASSOCIATION et al.,

Plaintiffs, v. Civil Action No. 22-3498 (JDB) UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS et al., Defendants, and TWIN PINES MINERALS, LLC, Intervenor-Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before the Court is a motion to transfer brought by intervenor-defendant Twin Pines

Minerals, LLC (“Twin Pines”). Twin Pines seeks to transfer this case to the Southern District of

Georgia. Plaintiffs oppose the motion to transfer, and the federal defendants take no position. For

the reasons explained below, the Court concludes that venue is proper in the Southern District of

Georgia and the interests of justice support transferring venue. The Court will accordingly grant

the motion.

Background

I. Factual Background

Twin Pines has been working since at least 2017 to obtain the necessary permits and

approvals to develop a heavy mineral-sands mine on a 12,000-acre plot of land in Charlton County,

Georgia located three miles from the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (“Okefenokee”), a

renowned protected wetland. J.A. [ECF No. 29-1] (“AR”) at 54–55, 115; see also Compl. for

Declaratory & Injunctive Relief [ECF No. 1] (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 25–27, 32.

1 Georgia law requires several permits before a site can be used for surface mining, and a

federal permit is also required under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act,

, for

“any activity” that causes “[a]ny discharge of dredged or fill material into the navigable waters,”

§ 1344(f)(2), which are defined as “the waters of the United States,” id. § 1362(7). See AR 59–

62.

Defendant United States Army Corps of Engineers (the “Corps”) offers approved

jurisdictional determinations (“AJDs”) as a public service to landowners to determine whether a

certain parcel of land contains “waters of the United States,” rendering it “jurisdictional” such that

a federal permit is required for any activity on that parcel that discharges material into such a body

of water. Compl. ¶ 36. AJDs are binding on the federal government for five years and represent

its position in any subsequent litigation concerning the determination. AR 103; see also U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.,

(2016).

This controversy emerged from changing definitions of “waters of the United States”

under § 1362(7). In 2019, Twin Pines applied for a Section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act

based on a December 2018 AJD “finding that over 45 percent of the proposed mine site was made

up of jurisdictional wetlands” based on the then-operative definition of “waters of the United

States.” Compl. ¶¶ 37–39; AR 116. Twin Pines slightly amended its application in March 2020.

Compl. ¶ 42; AR 63. Then, in April 2020, while the application was still pending, the EPA

promulgated the Navigable Waters Protection Rule (“NWPR”), which changed the definition of

“waters of the United States,” effectively “narrow[ing] . . . the scope of waters protected by the

Clean Water Act.” Id. ¶ 45; see AR 63; see also The Navigable Waters Protection Rule: Definition

of “Waters of the United States,”

(Apr. 21, 2020).

2 In response to this changed definition, Twin Pines applied for an AJD in June 2020 to

determine whether there were any protected wetlands at the mine site under the NWPR. AR 63–

64; Compl. ¶ 47. The Corps issued new AJDs in October 2020 and March 2021 confirming that

none of the wetlands on the proposed mine site were “waters of the United States” under the new

definition. AR 63–66, 250–63 (Mar. 2021 AJD), 268–83 (Oct. 2020 AJD); Compl. ¶¶ 48–49.

Because a Section 404 permit was no longer necessary per the new AJDs, Twin Pines withdrew

its application. AR 63–66, 116–17.

But the definition of “waters of the United States” changed again in August and September

2021 when the NWPR was vacated by two federal courts. Compl. ¶ 52. In June 2022, defendant

Michael Connor, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, rescinded the October 2020

and March 2021 AJDs before their five-year term of validity had expired due to the Corps’s failure

to consult with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and other Tribal Nations before issuing them, in

violation of the pre-NWPR regulatory regime.

¶¶ 58–59; see AR 200–02.

On June 22, 2022, Twin Pines filed suit against the Corps in the U.S. District Court for the

Southern District of Georgia seeking to reinstate the rescinded AJDs. See Twin Pines Mins., LLC

v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civ. A. No. 22-36 (S.D. Ga. 2022); Compl. ¶ 61; AR 163–89.

Two months later, Twin Pines and the Corps settled, and the Corps reinstated the October 2020

and March 2021 AJDs as part of the settlement terms. Compl. ¶ 62; AR 2–11.

II. Procedural Background

In November 2022, plaintiffs National Wildlife Refuge Association, National Parks

Conservation Association, Defenders of Wildlife, and Center for Biological Diversity brought this

action against the Corps and Assistant Secretary Connor challenging the Corps’s reinstatement of

the two AJDs issued to Twin Pines as arbitrary and capricious and lacking a reasoned explanation

3 under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). See Compl. ¶¶ 70–83. The Court granted Twin

Pines’s motion to intervene as a defendant on April 6, 2023. Apr. 6, 2023 Order [ECF No. 21] at

6. One month later, Twin Pines filed the instant motion to transfer to the Southern District of

Georgia pursuant to

(a). See Mot. to Transfer by Twin Pines [ECF No. 25]; Def.-

Intervenor Twin Pines’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. to Transfer [ECF No. 25-1] (“Mot.”). The

federal defendants take no position on the motion, see Defs.’ Resp. to Mot. to Transfer [ECF No.

26] (“Defs.’ Resp.”) at 1, and plaintiffs oppose the motion, see Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n to Mot. [ECF

No. 27] (“Opp’n”). Twin Pines filed a reply in support of its motion. See Def.-Intervenor Twin

Pines’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. [ECF No. 28] (“Reply”). The motion is now ripe for decision.

Legal Standard

(a) provides that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the

interest of justice,” a court may transfer a civil action to any other district “where it might have

been brought.” A court has “broad discretion to decide” whether transfer is appropriate,

Ravulapalli v. Napolitano,

(D.D.C. 2011) (citing SEC v. Savoy Indus. Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 1978)), based on an “individualized, case-by-case” assessment of

the interests involved,

(quoting Van Dusen v. Barrack,

(1964)). The moving

party bears the burden of establishing that transfer is warranted. Aracely, R. v. Nielsen,

(D.D.C. 2018) (citing Montgomery v. STG Int’l, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2008)).

To carry its burden, the movant must first establish that the proposed transferee district is

one where the action “might have been brought”—that is, where venue is proper. Ctr. for Env’t.

Sci., Accuracy & Reliability v. Nat’l Park Serv.,

(D.D.C. 2014) (quoting

§ 1404(a)). The movant must then show that “considerations of convenience and the interest of

4 justice weigh in favor of transfer.” Sierra Club v. Flowers,

(D.D.C. 2003).

Courts “‘balance a number of case-specific factors,’ related to both the public and private interests

at stake,” when making this assessment. Douglas v. Chariots for Hire,

(D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Stewart Org. v. Ricoh Corp.,

(1988)).

Analysis

I. Venue As relevant here, in “civil action[s] in which a defendant is an officer or employee of the

United States or any agency thereof,” or is “an agency of the United States,” venue is proper “in

any judicial district in which . . . a defendant in the action resides,” “a substantial part of the

events . . . giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of

the action is situated.”

(e)(1). “[A]n entity with the capacity to sue and be sued

in its common name under applicable law . . . shall be deemed to reside, if a defendant, in any

judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect

to the civil action in question.”

§ 1391(c)(2).

The Corps is “an agency of the United States” with an office located in Savannah, Georgia,

which is within the Southern District of Georgia. See Mot. at 8; see also AR 1, 130 (letterhead

with an office address in Savannah, Georgia). The Savannah office of the Corps was responsible

for the actions that form the basis of plaintiffs’ claim, namely reinstating Twin Pines’s AJDs and

effectuating the settlement agreement that terminated the prior action in the Southern District of

Georgia. Mot. at 8; see also AR 1, 130. And perhaps most importantly, the action revolves around

Twin Pines’s property, which is located within the Southern District of Georgia. Mot. at 8. Thus,

venue is proper in the proposed transferee district.

5 II. Balance of Public and Private Interests

Having established that venue is proper in the Southern District of Georgia, whether a

transfer is appropriate ultimately depends on a consideration of the public- and private-interest

factors. For the reasons described below, after weighing these factors, this Court finds that transfer

to the Southern District of Georgia is in the interests of convenience and justice.

A. Public-Interest Factors

In assessing whether transfer is in the public interest, courts consider “(1) the transferee’s

familiarity with the governing laws; (2) whether one circuit is more familiar with the same parties

and issues than other courts; (3) the relative congestion of each court; and (4) the local interest in

deciding local controversies at home.” Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers,

(D.D.C. 2018).

i. The Local Interest in Deciding Local Controversies at Home

“The Court begins with the final public-interest factor because the ‘interest in having local

controversies decided at home’ is preeminent.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(quoting W. Watersheds Project v. Pool,

(D.D.C. 2013)). Courts

weigh this factor heavily because “justice is promoted by having a ‘localized controversy []

resolved in the region it impacts.’”

(quoting W. Watersheds Project,

).

Accordingly, courts “have consistently transferred cases when the challenged action

predominately affects local interests.”

That this is an administrative law dispute does not

diminish the importance of this factor—“[t]his rationale applies to controversies involving federal

decisions that impact the local environment[] and to controversies requiring judicial review of an

administrative decision.” W. Watersheds Project,

(internal quotation marks

omitted). To determine if a controversy is local, courts consider

6 where the challenged decision was made; whether the decision directly affected the citizens of the transferee state; the location of the controversy[;] whether the issue involved federal constitutional issues rather than local property laws or statutes; whether the controversy involved issues of state law[;] whether the controversy has some national significance; and whether there was personal involvement by a [local] official.

Otay Mesa Prop. L.P. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior,

(D.D.C. 2008). However,

“[t]he mere presence of a local interest, in the form of property located within the proposed

transferee district, is not dispositive in the transfer analysis.” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v.

EPA,

(D.D.C. 2009).

Twin Pines and plaintiffs generally agree about the facts, but they disagree about their

import. The site for the proposed mine is located in the Southern District of Georgia. Mot. at 12;

see Opp’n at 15. Both parties agree that the mine will affect citizens residing within the transferee

district. Mot. at 13; Opp’n at 15. But while Twin Pines emphasizes the “intensely local” nature

of the controversy, Mot. at 10, plaintiffs argue that local concerns are not dispositive, especially

where there are national implications, see Opp’n 15–22.

It is certainly true that the economic and environmental impacts of the mine are not fully

contained to the local area, as evidenced by the national attention the dispute has drawn. Plaintiffs

cite the “nearly 200,000 comments submitted . . . from across the nation and abroad,” “the

sustained national media attention,” “the overwhelming number of non-resident visitors” to

Okefenokee, and the general value of the refuge for scientific research. Opp’n at 15–16; see

at

17–18 (noting that approximately 65% of visitors to Okefenokee are non-residents and

highlighting attention from several prominent national news outlets). Notable officials located in

Washington have commented on the controversy.

at 16–17.

But there is no escaping the conclusion that “[t]he instant controversy is decidedly local:

the [mining] project is local . . . and the impact will be on local residents . . . , local governments,

7 local economies, [and] local recreational opportunities.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(emphasis added). The natural site

at the center of this dispute [is] located within the [transferee district], as are the people, environments, and commercial interests that will be directly affected by a decision in this case. Decidedly, this controversy will have no real-world impact on this district. Hence, the “most important factor”—the “interest in having localized controversies decided at home”—strongly weighs in favor of transfer.

Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(D.D.C.

2018) (quoting W. Watersheds Project,

). There are strong local economic,

employment, recreational, and environmental interests on both sides of the dispute over the mine

site, see Mot. at 10–11, interests that eclipse any effects of this dispute felt outside Georgia. Cf.

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders,

(failing to give this factor much weight in

part because “[t]here [was]s no indication . . . that the designation of the relevant reaches of the

Santa Cruz River as traditional navigable waters will have a major impact on local economic,

political and environmental interests” and there were no “comments or any other type of

communication from the public indicating that there [wa]s a high degree of local public interest in

the regulation at issue” (citation omitted)).

Hence, because this dispute is an intensely local controversy, this factor weighs heavily in

favor of transfer.

ii. Transferee Court’s Familiarity with Governing Laws

The Southern District of Georgia’s relative familiarity with the governing laws does not

sway the outcome. It is widely understood that “no federal court is more competent than any other

to resolve questions of federal law.” Oceana v. Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgmt.,

(D.D.C. 2013); see also Miller v. Insulation Contractors, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2009) (“[A]ll federal courts are presumed to be equally familiar with the law governing

8 federal statutory claims . . . .”). Because this dispute is brought under a federal statute (the APA),

both this District and the transferee district are equally competent to resolve it. Hence, this factor

is neutral.

iii. Relative Familiarity with Parties and Issues

The courts’ relative familiarity with the parties and issues is also a neutral factor. Both the

Southern District of Georgia and this District have some familiarity with the controversy. The

previous litigation was before the transferee court, but only for a very short period, settling just

two months after the complaint was filed. That voluntary dismissal occurred “before the deadline

for the Corps and other federal defendants to answer or otherwise respond to the Complaint,”

Opp’n at 5, and “at no time did the court issue any substantive ruling,” Defs.’ Resp. at 2. Likewise,

the instant case has been before this Court for only seven months, and this Court has not made any

rulings on the merits. Thus, the Southern District of Georgia and this District are similarly familiar

with the parties and merits.

Both districts also have similar topical legal experience. Twin Pines contends that the

transferee district is “thoroughly familiar with [the] background principles of [the] Clean Water

Act” due to overseeing previous disputes. Mot. at 15. Plaintiffs make a similar argument with

respect to this District’s familiarity with administrative law. Opp’n at 14; see also Stewart v. Azar,

(D.D.C. 2018) (reasoning that “[i]f anything, [the District of the District

of Columbia] has more experience with APA cases, which would weigh against transfer”). But,

as discussed, “all federal courts are presumed to be equally familiar with the law governing federal

statutory claims.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(internal quotation marks

omitted).

9 Considering the abbreviated history of the prior litigation and this case, as well as both

courts’ experience in the legal subject matter, this factor is neutral.

iv. Relative Court Congestion

The only public-interest factor that weighs against transfer—albeit only slightly—is the

relative congestion of the courts. “[O]nly substantial congestion differences will tip the balance.”

Alaska Wilderness League v. Jewell,

(D.D.C. 2015) (cleaned up).

Although they do not tell the whole picture, the statistics measuring relative congestion indicate

that the Southern District of Georgia is relatively more congested.1 While judges in this District

have an average of 262 and 296 civil and total cases, respectively, judges in the Southern District

of Georgia have 332 and 529, respectively. U.S. Courts, Federal Court

Management Statistics 2, 95 (Mar. 2023), https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/data_table

s/fcms_na_distprofile0331.2023.pdf. And the median time each court takes to dispose of civil

cases, which is perhaps more indicative of congestion, tells a similar story: the median lifespan of

civil cases in this District is 4.7 months compared to 9.5 months in the Southern District of Georgia.

There is no hard-and-fast rule separating trivial from significant differences in congestion,

but case law provides some guidance. See, e.g., Alaska Wilderness League,

(“[D]ocket congestion [was] ‘neutral’ where [the] difference between [average time to

dispose] . . . was less than a month.” (quoting Johnson v. VCG Holding Corp.,

Court congestion “can be difficult to assess, because judicial ‘statistics provide, at best, only a rough measure of the relative congestion of the docket’ and ‘do not, for example, reflect the differences in the caseloads carried by different individual judges.’” Akinyode v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., Civ. A. No. 21-110 (JDB),

, at *5 (D.D.C. July 16, 2021) (quoting United States v. H&R Block, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2011)). Twin Pines argues that if there is a significant difference in congestion between the districts, that difference should not be accorded much weight because the Southern District of Georgia’s higher figures are due to either a higher prevalence of APA cases (which are resolved more quickly) in this District or more cases with pro se parties in the Southern District of Georgia. Mot. at 16 n.3. Although those observations may explain some variance in the statistics, they do not give the Court a basis to fully disregard the data.

10 208, 217 (D. Maine 2011))); F.T.C. v. Cephalon, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2008)

(finding that the difference between 5.7 and 9 months was “not an especially significant

difference”); Akinyode,

, at *5 (finding five-month discrepancy “slightly”

influential); Taylor v. Shinseki,

(D.D.C. 2014) (same regarding

approximately four-month difference); Virts v. Prudential Life Ins. Co.,

(D.D.C. 2013) (same regarding six-month difference). Because the difference in average time to

dispose between this District and the transferee district—4.8 months—is consistent with ranges

this court has deemed at least somewhat or “slightly” meaningful, and because the average

caseload per judge is higher in the transferee district, the relative congestion of the courts weighs

slightly against transfer.

* * *

Taking all the public-interest factors into account, the localized interests affected by this

dispute are “preeminent,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

; thus, the public-

interest factors support transfer to the Southern District of Georgia.

B. Private-Interest Factors

The private-interest factors to be considered include

(1) the plaintiffs’ choice of forum, unless the balance of convenience is strongly in favor of the defendants; (2) the defendants’ choice of forum; (3) whether the claim arose elsewhere; (4) the convenience of the parties; (5) the convenience of the witnesses; and (6) the ease of access to sources of proof.

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders,

(citing Trout Unlimited v. U.S. Dep’t of

Agric.,

(D.D.C. 1996)).

i. Plaintiffs’ Choice of Forum

“[A] plaintiff’s choice of forum is afforded substantial deference.” Alabrash v. U.S. Dep’t

of Homeland Sec., Civil Case No. 22-1875 (CKK),

, at *3 (D.D.C. Nov. 15,

11 2022). There are two exceptions: “when the plaintiff is a ‘foreigner’ to the forum, or there is a

lack of ‘meaningful ties’ between the controversy, the parties, and the forum.”

But neither

exception applies here. Plaintiffs are not “foreigner[s] to the forum,” as three of the four plaintiffs

are headquartered in D.C., and the fourth has an office in D.C. Compl. ¶¶ 16–19; Opp’n at 7–8.

There are also “‘meaningful ties’ between the controversy, the parties, and the forum”: the dispute

stems from the Corps’s reinstatement of Twin Pines’s AJDs, and approval for that decision came

from the Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division at the

Department of Justice, who was located in Washington.2

The Court will thus place a fair amount of weight on plaintiffs’ choice of forum.

ii. Defendant’s Choice of Forum

“[A] defendant’s choice of forum is typically granted deference only when they can

establish that the added convenience and justice of litigating in their chosen forum overcomes any

deference to plaintiffs’ choice of venue.” Melnattur v. U.S. Citizenship and Immigr. Servs., Civ.

A. No. 20-3013 (JDB),

, at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 23, 2021) (cleaned up). As

established above, plaintiffs’ choice of venue is entitled to deference. Twin Pines, an intervenor-

2 Twin Pines raises another reason for why plaintiffs’ choice of forum should not be afforded deference: they claim plaintiffs engaged in forum shopping when choosing to file their complaint in this District. Twin Pines contends that the Okefenokee Alliance—who is not a plaintiff in this case—specifically selected these four plaintiffs to represent them. Reply at 5. Because there are “more than 40 conservation organizations . . . that have joined forces to save the swamp from the proposed . . . mine,”

(internal quotation marks omitted), Twin Pines argues it is suspicious that “four organizations without offices in Georgia were selected to represent the interests” of the broader group,

Twin Pines also points to plaintiffs’ decision not to intervene in the previous Southern District of Georgia litigation as further evidence of forum shopping.

at 6–8. These criticisms fall flat. First, there are a plethora of reasons why these four plaintiffs could have been selected (if they were even “selected” at all) to bring this action that are not necessarily evidence of a broader, nefarious conspiracy to litigate the suit in Washington. Second, it is hard to fault plaintiffs for not intervening in the previous litigation because the suit was dismissed “within just 60 days.” Opp’n at 10. Finally, it is worth noting that forum shopping is a “two-way street.” Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp,

, 12–13 (D.D.C. 2007) (concluding that “plaintiffs’ alleged forum shopping [was] insufficient to warrant transfer” because “for each strategic rationale that motivated plaintiffs . . . there [wa]s likely an equally compelling strategic basis” spurring the movant’s motion to transfer). Every party to a lawsuit has strategic decisions to make; far from being evidence of maliciousness, these choices are inherent in the civil legal system.

12 defendant, fails to meet its high burden of demonstrating “the added convenience and justice” of

their proposed forum.

Convenience does not heavily favor Twin Pines’s choice of forum—while Twins Pines

and its counsel are located in the Southern District of Georgia, neither of the federal defendants

nor their counsel are located there, Opp’n at 13, and three of the four plaintiffs are headquartered

here, Compl. ¶¶ 16–19. Moreover, because this is a case that “involves judicial review of an

administrative decision . . . neither discovery, witnesses, nor a trial will be required,” and thus

convenience is not “particularly relevant to this case.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(quoting Alaska Wilderness League,

n.5).

Thus, this factor weighs against transfer.3

iii. Whether the Claim Arose Elsewhere

To determine where the claim arose, “courts generally focus on where the decisionmaking

process occurred.” Alaska Wilderness League,

(quoting Nat’l Ass’n of

Home Builders,

). But where the decision-making occurs is not always the

same as where the subject of the decision is located. See Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders,

(noting “the high degree of involvement of officials outside of Arizona” even

though the subject of the dispute was a river in Arizona); see also Akiachak Native Cmty. v. Dep’t

of Interior,

, 67–68 (D.D.C. 2007) (rejecting the argument that transferee court

was more appropriate because “the subject of [the] dispute [was] located there and the impact of

3 Twin Pines also argues that, as a matter of justice, their “original choice of forum should be given effect” because they were the “original” plaintiff. Mot. at 18. They contend that permitting plaintiffs to control the forum “would allow [them] to secure a back-door transfer of the Georgia litigation to this district, without . . . ever having to participate in the case, subject themselves to the jurisdiction of the Georgia court, or be bound by its rulings.”

at 18–19. The consequence, they argue, would be a de facto transfer of venue outside the process established in § 1404(a). For the same reasons the Court disregarded Twin Pines’s forum-shopping argument, it will reject this one as well. Plaintiffs were not parties to the original action and Twin Pines has not given the Court any reason to believe their decision to file this lawsuit in the District of Columbia was an attempt at a “back-door transfer.”

13 any decision [would] be felt there,” since the “national rule-making process . . . when formulating

the regulation” and “public discussions” occurred in the original district).

The central claim in this lawsuit is that Assistant Secretary Connor acted arbitrarily and

capriciously in his decision to reinstate the AJDs on behalf of the Corps as part of the terms of the

settlement of the previous Southern District of Georgia litigation. The parties paint different

pictures regarding where the relevant decision-making occurred: while Twin Pines contends the

process was confined to the Southern District of Georgia, plaintiffs and the federal defendants

insist the decision-making occurred in Washington. Twin Pines bases its view on settlement

negotiations that occurred in Georgia between “the Department of Justice trial attorney and

the . . . counsel for Twin Pines, all of whom were operating as officers of the court in the Southern

District of Georgia.” Reply at 3. They contend that “[n]one of the discussions occurred in

Washington D.C. or involved any D.C. officials” and that the “Settlement Agreement was not

signed by any official residing in Washington.” Id. at 2–3.

While not contesting that some discussions may have occurred in Georgia, plaintiffs

explain that “Savannah District personnel do not have the authority to withdraw or reverse a

decision made by the Assistant Secretary of the Army.” Opp’n at 12. Hence, D.C. decision-

makers directed the “Savannah District[] . . . to provide a letter to Twin Pines reiterating that the

Twin Pines AJDs [were] valid.” Id. (quoting AR 6). The Corps concurs with this characterization,

articulating that “[t]o enter into the Settlement Agreement . . . counsel obtained approval and

authorization from the Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources

Division[,] . . . [who] is located in Washington, DC.” Defs.’ Resp. at 2 (citing

(a)(4)); see AR 11; see also Dep’t of Just., Contact the Division,

https://www.justice.gov/enrd/contact-division (last visited Aug. 4, 2023).

14 But, as Twin Pines correctly notes, “mere involvement on the part of federal agencies[] or

some federal officials who are located in Washington D.C. is not determinative.” Shawnee Tribe

v. United States,

, 25–26 (D.D.C. 2002); see also Airport Working Grp. of

Orange Cnty., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense,

(D.D.C. 2002) (noting that

“connections” must “create a meaningful factual nexus”). Almost all decisions by administrative

agencies involve the participation of actors located in Washington at least to some degree. Here,

a substantial amount of the actions and decisions that led up to the challenged action took place in

the transferee district, with only the final approval taking place in Washington.

Thus, while this factor may not strongly favor transfer, it leans that way.

iv. Convenience of the Parties, Witnesses, and Access to Sources of Proof

This factor is neutral. As discussed above, three of the four plaintiffs are headquartered in

D.C., the fourth has an office here but is headquartered in Georgia, Compl. ¶¶ 16–19, plaintiffs’

attorneys are located in Georgia, Reply at 5–6, defendants and their counsel are located in D.C.,

and Twin Pines and its counsel are located in Georgia, id. at 18. Hence, the parties are split

between the forums and, because this is an APA case, there will be no depositions or discovery

that would suggest greater convenience in either forum.4

v. Other Factors

Twin Pines argues that this case should be adjudicated in the Southern District of Georgia,

where the prior action was settled, in the interest of disincentivizing piecemeal litigation. Because

the “parties to the first case spent time and money negotiating the settlement agreement plaintiffs

4 Twin Pines argues that the transferee district “would be far more accessible to interested observers” given its proximity to Okefenokee, Reply at 11, but interested observers are not parties to this dispute; this consideration is relevant to the public-interest factor concerning the local interest in deciding local controversies, not the private- interest convenience factor.

15 now seek to unwind,” the court should avoid “[w]asteful, duplicative litigation.” Mot. at 20.5 They

are concerned that if relief is granted, the previously settled case would be reinstated. Id.6 While

not particularly significant, this concern is an additional consideration leaning towards transfer.

* * *

The private-interest factors taken together are largely neutral: plaintiffs’ choice of forum is

entitled to more deference than Twin Pines’s preference, but the majority of the decision-making

process underlying the claim occurred in the Southern District of Georgia, and neither forum is

more convenient than the other.

III. Whether to Transfer to the Southern District of Georgia

To recap, one public-interest factor (the local interest in deciding local controversies at

home) weighs heavily in favor of transfer to the Southern District of Georgia, and one private-

interest factor (whether the claim arose elsewhere) also modestly supports transfer. One private-

interest factor (plaintiffs’ choice of forum) weighs against transfer, and one public-interest factor

(relative court congestion) slightly leans that same way. The remaining factors are neutral.

Despite the usual deference shown to the plaintiffs’ choice of forum, the Court will exercise

its discretion and grant the motion to transfer primarily because it is “particularly concerned about

exercising jurisdiction over a case that will affect the development of a massive area in [Georgia]

in a venue with which [Georgia] citizens have little to no connection.” Shawnee Tribe,

. “[S]uits such as this one, which involve water rights, environmental regulation,

5 The Court declines Twin Pines’s invitation to consider arguments regarding duplicative litigation because a motion to transfer venue is not the appropriate vehicle for making preclusion or abstention arguments. 6 As the federal defendants point out, this Court could grant relief other than reinstating the previous claim. See Defs.’ Resp. at 3 (the Court “could elect to award relief that leaves the Settlement Agreement intact”); see also Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(D.C. Cir. 2021) (under the APA, “unsupported agency action normally warrants vacatur, [but] a court is not without discretion to leave agency action in place while the decision is remanded for further explanation” (cleaned up)).

16 and local wildlife—matters that are of great importance in the State of [Georgia]—should be

resolved in the forum where the people ‘whose rights and interests are in fact most vitally affected

by the suit’” are located. Trout Unlimited, 944 F. Supp. at 19–20 (quoting Adams v. Bell,

, 167 n.34 (D.C. Cir. 1983)).

Thus, on balance, the Court determines that the interests of justice are better served by

transferring this action to the Southern District of Georgia, where the local effects are most acutely

felt.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, considerations of fairness, efficiency, and justice favor

transferring this dispute to the Southern District of Georgia. The Court will accordingly grant

Twin Pines’s motion to transfer venue to the Southern District of Georgia. A separate Order

consistent with this Opinion will issue.

/s/ JOHN D. BATES United States District Judge Dated: August 7, 2023

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