UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LAW OFFICES OF ARMAN DABIRI & ASSOCIATES P.L.L.C.,

Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 17-2497 (RDM) v.

AGRICULTURAL BANK OF SUDAN,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A D.C. law firm, the Law Offices of Arman Dabiri & Associates (“Dabiri”), brings this

action against one of its former clients, the Agricultural Bank of Sudan (“ABS”), alleging claims

for breach of contract and unpaid fees. Dkt. 62 at 1 (Am. Compl. ¶ 1). Now before the Court is

Dabiri’s motion for entry of a default judgment, Dkt. 86, and supplement thereto, Dkt. 87. 1 The

Court previously construed Dabiri’s motion, Dkt. 86; Dkt. 87, as seeking both an entry of default

and a default judgment. See Dkt. 88 at 1. At that time, the Court deferred ruling on Dabiri’s

motion for entry of a default judgment, but entered a default against ABS. See id. at 4. For the

reasons that follow, the Court now GRANTS Dabiri’s motion for entry of a default judgment

against ABS.

I. BACKGROUND

The Court provided a detailed summary of the background of this action in its decision

denying Dabiri’s motion for summary judgment and ABS’s motion to dismiss, Law Offices of

1 As the Court explained in its memorandum opinion entering default, although captioned as a separate motion, Dkt. 87 is best understood as a supplemental submission. See Dkt. 88 at 1 n.1. Arman Dabiri & Assocs. P.L.L.C. v. Agricultural Bank of Sudan,

, at *1–3

(D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2021) (“Dabiri III”), and will not repeat that summary here. In its memorandum

opinion entering the default against ABS, moreover, the Court explained how ABS has

abandoned this litigation. Dkt. 88 at 1–3. Because the Court previously granted Dabiri’s motion

for entry of default, id. at 4, all that remains to resolve is whether the Court should also enter a

default judgment and, if so, in what amount.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The entry of a default judgment “is not automatic.” Mwani v. Bin Laden,

(D.C. Cir. 2005). Before doing so, the Court must, at a minimum, satisfy itself that it has subject

matter jurisdiction over the claims at issue and personal jurisdiction over the defendants. See

Jerez v. Republic of Cuba,

(D.C. Cir. 2014); Mwani,

. This case

is governed by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) because ABS is an

instrumentality of the Republic of Sudan. See Law Offices of Arman Dabiri & Assocs.

P.L.L.C. v. Agricultural Bank of Sudan,

, at *3 (D.C.C. Jan. 16, 2019) (“Dabiri

II”). The FSIA’s “‘interlocking provisions’ . . . compress subject-matter jurisdiction and

personal jurisdiction into a single, two-pronged inquiry: (1) whether service of the foreign state

was accomplished properly, and (2) whether one of the statutory exceptions to sovereign

immunity applies.” Abur v. Sudan,

(D.D.C. 2006) (quoting Mar. Int’l

Nominees Establisment v. Guinea,

(D.C. Cir. 1982)).

Under the FSIA, the Court’s discretion to enter a default judgment is further

circumscribed; the Court may not enter a default judgment against a foreign state or

instrumentality “unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence

satisfactory to the court.”

(e). “This requirement ‘imposes a duty on FSIA

2 courts to not simply accept a complaint’s unsupported allegations as true, and obligates courts to

inquire further before entering judgment against parties in default.’” Wultz v. Islamic Republic of

Iran,

(D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Rimkus v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2010)). In evaluating whether a plaintiff has adequately supported its

claim, the Court may accept the plaintiff’s uncontroverted factual allegations if they are

supported by some evidence. See Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2012). Live testimony is not required. See also Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2009) (“In default judgment cases, plaintiffs may present such

evidence in the form of affidavits or declarations rather than through live witnesses testifying in

open court.”).

III. ANALYSIS

The Court first concludes that service was accomplished properly and that the FSIA’s

commercial activity exemption to sovereign immunity applies. The Court next turns to the

merits of Dabiri’s claim.

With respect to service of process, the Court initially held that Dabiri had not properly

served ABS but permitted Dabiri to make further efforts to effect proper service within forty-five

days of the Court’s order. See Dabiri II,

, at *8. As the Court noted in its

subsequent opinion, Dabiri properly effected service on ABS within that window. See Dabiri

III,

, at *3; see also Dkt. 47. As for the relevant statutory exception, the Court

previously observed that it has “no difficulty concluding that entering into a retainer agreement

with legal counsel,” as ABS did with Plaintiff, “falls under the commercial activity exception to

the FSIA.” Dabiri II,

, at *6; see

(a)(2). The Court remains

convinced that the commercial activity exception applies.

3 Turning to the merits, Dabiri originally alleged that it was seeking to recover for breach

of a retainer agreement and non-payment of attorneys’ fees. Dkt. 1 at 2, 10 (Compl. ¶¶ 1, 29).

In denying Dabiri’s motion for summary judgment, the Court explained that whether ABS’s

failure to tender the full $200,000 retainer payment to Dabiri constituted a breach of the retainer

agreement turned on a factual question—whether the retainer was a special retainer (“a species

of a fee advance”) or a general retainer (which does not involve a fee advance but instead is

“fully earned when paid”). Dabiri III,

, at *5. Two months later, Dabiri filed

an amended complaint. Dkt. 63. The amended complaint alleges a claim for “breach of contract

of a retainer agreement for non-payment of attorney’s fees for services rendered,” Dkt. 63 at 1

(Am. Compl. ¶ 1), characterized as a claim for “quantum meruit,” id. at 11 (Am. Compl.

Count I), and a claim for unjust enrichment, id. at 12 (Am. Compl. Count II). Dabiri has since

clarified that it “was engaged in the representation of one other client” during the relevant

timeframe and “thus did not have a ‘general’ retainer with ABS.” Dkt. 87 at 2.

“For a plaintiff to prevail in a FSIA default proceeding, the plaintiff must present a

legally sufficient prima facie case.” Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic,

(D.D.C. 2008). The elements of breach of contract under D.C. law, which governs the parties’

dispute, are: “(1) a valid contract between the parties; (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the

contract; (3) a breach of that duty; and (4) damages caused by breach.” Tsintolas Realty Co. v.

Mendez,

(D.C. 2009); see Dabiri III,

, at *4–5 (explaining

that D.C. law governs the parties’ dispute). 2

2 A claim for quantum meruit typically cannot stand when there is an express written agreement between the parties regarding the same subject matter. Dale Denton Real Estate, Inc. v. Fitzgerald,

(D.C. 1993); Standley v. Egbert,

(D.C. 1970) (“[Q]uantum meruit[] is not applicable when compensation of the parties is covered by an

4 Here, ABS admitted (while still participating in the litigation) that it executed the retainer

agreement, 3 and, in fact, attached the agreement to its motion to dismiss. Dkt. 12-2. The face of

the document indicates, and no party has disputed that, it is a valid contract containing the

necessary elements of offer, acceptance, and consideration. The Court, accordingly, finds that

the retainer agreement constitutes a valid contract.

Although not a model of clarity, the retainer agreement includes several provisions

relevant to the pending motion. First, it specifies that ABS would pay Dabiri “a lump sum

agreed upon fee,” and it sets forth the factors that the parties would consider “as guides in

determining the reasonableness of a fee.” Dkt. 86-1 at 3 (Retainer Agreement ¶ 3). One such

factor was “[t]he fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services.”

(Retainer

Agreement ¶ 3c). Then, in the next section, the agreement provided that Arman Dabiri’s current

rate was $800 per hour. Id. at 4 (Retainer Agreement ¶ 4). The retainer agreement further

provided that Dabiri would “require a retainer of $200,000 USD” and that the retainer fee would

be “due immediately to [Dabiri] upon execution” of the agreement. Id. at 4 (Retainer Agreement

¶ 4). Finally, the agreement provided that ABS retained the right to terminate Dabiri at any time,

but provided that “[s]uch termination” would not “relieve ABS of the obligation to pay for all

services rendered and expenses paid or incurred on behalf of ABS prior to the date of such

termination, or in connection with it.” Id. at 4 (Retainer Agreement ¶ 9). ABS never paid Dabiri

express written contract.”). Quantum meruit refers, after all, to an implied contractual or quasi- contractual duty. TVL Assocs. v. A & M Constr. Corp.,

(D.C. 1984). Thus, when the parties have reduced their agreement to an express writing there is ordinarily no need to go beyond its terms. See Dale Denton,

. The Court therefore need not reach Dabiri’s quantum meruit claim. 3 See Dkt. 65 at 3 (Answer to Am. Compl. ¶ 19); Dkt. 78 at 1 (status report filed by ABS indicating that it would rely upon the answer filed at Dkt. 65).

5 any compensation for its services, despite repeated demand letters. Dkt. 62 at 10 (Am. Compl.

¶ 34); Dkt. 86-2 at 4–5 (Dabiri Decl. ¶¶ 15–17).

The Court is persuaded that Dabiri is entitled to recover for the reasonable cost of the

legal services it actually provided. In its March 2021 opinion, the Court noted that the parties, at

that time, “ha[d] not addressed whether [the nonpayment of fees] constitute[d] a breach of the

[r]etainer [a]greement, irrespective of whether the $200,000 retainer was immediately owed as a

general retainer.” Dabiri III,

, at *6. The Court also observed that “D.C.

law . . . recognizes that ‘[a] lawyer’s normal remedy for unpaid fees lies in quantum meruit’ . . . .

Yet the parties ha[d] also failed to address whether Dabiri’s Complaint states a viable quantum

meruit claim.”

(quoting Telecomms. Law Pros. P.L.L.C. v. T-Mobile US, Inc.,

, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 12, 2015)); see also Robinson v. Nussbaum,

(D.D.C. 1997) (“[D]ischarged attorney’s recovery is limited to quantum meruit, or the reasonable

value of the services already performed.”). Dabiri’s amended complaint, Dkt. 63 at 1, 11 (Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 1, 38), and declarations, see Dkt. 86-2 at 4 (Dabiri Decl. ¶¶ 13, 16); Dkt. 87-1 at 2

(Dabiri Decl. ¶ 3), have resolved the Court’s questions. Those documents clarify that Dabiri is

alleging that the nonpayment of fees itself constituted a beach of the retainer agreement, which

entitled Dabiri to a reasonable fee for services rendered. Understood in this light, the Court finds

that ABS breached the retainer agreement and that Dabiri is entitled to an award of fees.

That leaves the question of the proper measure of the fees owed. Under the terms of the

retainer agreement, ABS agreed to pay a “lump sum agreed upon fee.” Dkt. 86-1 at 3 (Retainer

Agreement ¶ 3). Dabiri argues that the “[r]etainer [a]greement, as agreed to by ABS, provides

for a rate of $800 per-hour fee for services.” Dkt. 87-1 at 2 (Dabiri Decl. ¶ 3). ABS has not

appeared to challenge that contention, and it is a plausible reading of the retainer agreement. But

6 even if the retainer agreement is read to require proof that Dabiri’s fees were reasonable, the

Court finds that Dabiri has carried this modest burden, particularly given the contractual

reference to that specific rate. See Dkt. 86-1 at 4 (Retainer Agreement ¶ 4). The Court,

accordingly, finds that Dabiri is entitled to compensation at a rate of $800 per hour for the hours

worked on behalf of ABS.

Dabiri has provided the Court with “estimates of time for services rendered,” which

Arman Dabiri “reconstructed from [his] notes, electronic files and records.” Dkt. 87-1 at 1

(Dabiri Decl. ¶ 3). He estimates that he spent a total of 165 hours completing work for ABS,

including time spent reviewing and analyzing relevant litigation against Sudan in American

courts, communicating with the Department of State, working with U.S. Bank to establish a

SWIFT protocol, and communicating with ABS.

at 1–2. The Court finds that Dabiri’s time

estimates are reasonable and will therefore enter a default judgment on Dabiri’s breach of

contract claim and award the firm the requested $132,000 in damages. 4

4 Dabiri’s amended complaint states that it seeks “prejudgment and post judgment interest at the legal rate.” Dkt. 63 at 11 (Am. Compl. ¶ 38). But neither request is mentioned in the pending motion. Dkt. 86; Dkt. 87. Without the benefit of briefing, the Court declines to decide whether Dabiri is entitled to prejudgment interest.

Dabiri also requests post-judgment interest. Dkt. 63 at 11 (Am. Compl. ¶ 38). Post-judgment interest may be awarded against a foreign sovereign when the court has jurisdiction under the FSIA. See, e.g., Dammarell v. Iran,

(D.D.C. 2005). Federal law provides that “[i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court[,]” and that “[s]uch interest shall be calculated from the date of the entry of the judgment[.]”

(a). Application of § 1961(a) for post-judgment interest is mandatory. See, e.g., Cont’l Transfert Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria,

(D.D.C. 2012). The Court will therefore award post-judgment interest at the statutory rate.

Finally, Dabiri seeks attorneys’ fees and costs, Dkt. 63 at 12, but does not brief these issues or provide any estimate of the fees and costs sought, see Dkt. 86; Dkt. 87. Because the Court cannot make a ruling on fees in the absence of legal argument and factual development, the Court will deny the request without prejudice. 7 CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for entry of judgment by default, Dkt. 86;

Dkt. 87, is hereby GRANTED. The Court awards Dabiri $132,000 for unpaid legal fees under

the retainer agreement, plus post-judgment interest. The Court DENIES without prejudice

Dabiri’s request for attorneys’ fees and costs.

An order consistent with this memorandum opinion will issue separately.

/s/ Randolph D. Moss RANDOLPH D. MOSS United States District Judge

Date: December 11, 2023

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