UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

VENKATA SMILE RATNA MODUKURI,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 23-3508 (TSC)

JENNIFER LARSON, et al.,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff, a citizen of India, has sued Jennifer Larson, the Consul General of the U.S.

Consulate General in Hyderabad; Patrice A. Lacina, the Deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S.

Embassy in India; and Antony Blinken, the U.S. Secretary of State (“Defendants”). Plaintiff

alleges that Defendants have unreasonably delayed the adjudication of his visa application and

seeks relief under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) and Mandamus Act. Compl. ¶¶ 9–

12, 34, ECF No. 1. Defendants have moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 6 (“MTD”). For the reasons

set forth below, the court will GRANT Defendants’ Motion and dismiss this action.

I. BACKGROUND

The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) governs the issuance of visas to foreign

nationals seeking to enter the United States on a permanent (“immigrant”) or temporary

(“nonimmigrant”) basis.

et seq. Within that framework, the “H-1B”

nonimmigrant visa category allows prospective employers to sponsor visas for employees with

specialized knowledge.

(a)(15)(H). To initiate the visa application process, the

employer must certify the specialized nature of the job and their employment of the visa

Page 1 of 13 applicant.

§ 1182(n)(1);

(a), (c)(4);

(h). Then, the

applicant must complete the application, which typically includes an in-person interview at the

local embassy or consulate.

, 1201(a)(1), 1201(g), 1202(h);

.

Once the process is complete, a consular officer “must issue the visa, refuse the visa, or . . .

discontinue granting the visa.”

(a).

According to the Complaint, Plaintiff’s employer-side application was approved in May

2022, and in November 2022 he was interviewed at the U.S. Consulate General in Hyderabad.

Compl. ¶¶ 14–15. Immediately after the interview, the consular officer “informed Plaintiff that

the visa application was approved,” but followed up with emails “stating that his case continues

to undergo processing.”

. In April 2023, Plaintiff’s application was officially

categorized as “Refused.”

A visa refusal

means the consular officer determined that the applicant was not eligible for a visa after completing and executing the visa application and any required interview. It is possible that a consular officer will reconsider a visa application refused . . . at a later date, based on additional information or upon the resolution of administrative processing, and determine that the applicant is eligible. When a consular officer refuses a case . . . , she or he will convey to the applicant whether the applicant is required to provide any further documentation or information, or whether the case requires additional administrative processing.

Administrative Processing Information, U.S. Dep’t of State. 1 Since that time, “Plaintiff has

inquired as to the status of his visa application on numerous occasions and received no

meaningful responses.” Compl. ¶ 17.

1 Available at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information- resources/administrative-processing-information.html. Courts in this jurisdiction have frequently taken “judicial notice of information posted on official public websites of government agencies.” Markowicz v. Johnson,

, 161 n.2 (D.D.C. 2016).

Page 2 of 13 Plaintiff challenges the subsequent delay in further adjudication under the APA and the

Mandamus Act.

¶¶ 14–34. The court addresses both claims jointly because “in cases

challenging agency delay, ‘the standards for obtaining relief’ under the Mandamus Act and the

APA are ‘essentially the same.’” Al-Gharawy v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

,

17 (D.D.C. 2022) (quoting Vietnam Veterans of Am. v. Shinseki,

, 659 n.6 (D.C. Cir.

2010)). “The central question in evaluating a claim of unreasonable delay is whether the

agency’s delay is so egregious as to warrant mandamus.”

(quoting In re Core Commc’ns,

Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2008)). Plaintiff seeks an order “[m]andating that Defendants

process Plaintiff's visa application within fifteen (15) calendar days . . . or as soon as reasonably

possible.” Compl. ¶ 35.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a plaintiff

must establish that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over its claim. Moms Against

Mercury v. Food & Drug Admin.,

(D.C. Cir. 2007). In evaluating such

motions, courts “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the complaint and

‘construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be

derived from the facts alleged.” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC,

(D.C. Cir.

2011) (quoting Thomas v. Principi,

(D.C. Cir. 2005)). However, the court

may consider “any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint[,] and matters

of which [courts] may take judicial notice.” Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm’n v. St. Francis

Xavier Parochial Sch.,

(D.C. Cir. 1997).

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a defendant may move to dismiss a

complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” But as with a 12(b)(1)

motion, courts “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true” and “grant plaintiff the benefit Page 3 of 13 of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). That said, “a

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly,

(2007)). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”

And a court need not accept as

true “a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor “inferences . . . unsupported by the

facts set out in the complaint.” Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n,

(D.C. Cir.

2006) (quotations omitted).

Defendants make five arguments for dismissal. First, that the Secretary of State is an

improper defendant because he “neither has an alleged role in re-adjudicating the Visa

Application, nor can favorably adjudicate an application for a visa.” MTD at 5. Second, that

Plaintiff has failed to establish the injury and redressability elements of standing.

at 6–15.

Third, that challenges to the refusal of visa applications are barred by the consular

nonreviewability doctrine.

at 15–19. Fourth, that Plaintiff’s claims cannot succeed because

the law does not identify a “clear, non-discretionary duty requiring a consular officer to

adjudicate, let alone re-adjudicate, any specific visa application.” Id. at 19; see id. at 19–26.

And fifth, that the alleged delay here is not unreasonable. Id. at 26–35.

III. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff has not named improper defendants or failed to establish his standing. Because

he has not plausibly alleged that any delayed re-adjudication of his refused application violated a

clear statutory duty, however, the Complaint must be dismissed. Accordingly, the court need not

decide whether consular nonreviewability applies in this case.

Page 4 of 13 A. Improper defendant

The Secretary of State is a proper defendant. MTD at 3–4. The redressability

requirement of standing turns on “whether the relief sought, assuming that the court chooses to

grant it, will likely alleviate the particularized injury alleged by the plaintiff.” Fla. Audubon

Soc’y v. Bentsen,

, 663–64 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Defendants argue that “action on a

specific Visa Application . . . is the exclusive province of a U.S. consulate.” MTD at 6. And it is

true that the INA “grants consular officers ‘exclusive authority to review applications for visas,

precluding even the Secretary of State from controlling their determinations.’” Baan Rao Thai

Rest. v. Pompeo,

(D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Saavedra Bruno v. Albright,

(D.C. Cir. 1999)).

“Control over a consular officer’s visa determinations—that is, her decisions to ‘grant,

deny, or revoke immigrant and non-immigrant visas,’” however, “is not the same as control over

the timing by which the consular officer considers the applications presented to her.” Al-

Gharawy v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

, 10 (D.D.C. 2022) (quoting

Saavedra Bruno,

) (formatting modified). Plaintiff does not seek to compel a

particular decision on his application; only to compel that it be decided soon. See Compl. ¶ 35.

And Defendants do not contend that the Secretary of State lacks authority to “direct[] consular

officers ‘to conclude . . . matter[s] presented to [them]’ ‘within a reasonable time,’” nor have

they identified any authority supporting such a defense. Al-Gharawy, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 10

(quoting

(b)). Accordingly, the Secretary need not be dismissed as a defendant.

B. Standing

Defendants’ remaining arguments against Plaintiff’s standing also fail. Their first

argument is that Plaintiff has not suffered a cognizable injury. MTD at 7–14. But courts in this

district routinely recognize the “particularized injury” of “a delay in adjudicating [a] visa Page 5 of 13 petition[].” Al-Gharaway, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 9; see, e.g., Babaei v. United States Dep’t of State,

No. CV 23-1244 (TJK),

, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2024) (“As other judges in

this District have consistently held, visa applicants enjoy a procedural right to reasonably

expeditious agency action that is tethered to their concrete professional and financial interest.”)

(formatting modified). The INA mandates that “[a]ll nonimmigrant visa applications shall be

reviewed and adjudicated by a consular officer.”

(d). Plaintiff has alleged

concrete injuries resulting from the delay in that adjudication, including psychological distress,

loss of professional opportunities, and financial hardship. See Compl. ¶¶ 2–4. That is enough to

establish injury in fact.

Defendants’ second argument is that the relief requested here “cannot remedy Plaintiff’s

supposed injuries” because he “pleads nothing in the Complaint that forcing another decision

now would lead to a different result.” MTD at 14. That argument mistakes the injury and

remedy at issue in this case. Plaintiff seeks a “final adjudication of [his] application[]; not a

specific outcome.” Afghan & Iraqi Allies Under Serious Threat Because of Their Faithful

Service to the United States v. Pompeo, No. 18-cv-1388 (TSC),

, at *8 (D.D.C.

Jan. 30, 2019). Thus, the injuries associated with Defendants’ alleged unreasonable delay

“would be redressed by a decision, one way or the other.” Babaei,

, at *3.

The court thus finds no defects in Plaintiff’s standing.

C. Consular nonreviewability

Defendants also move to dismiss this case under the consular nonreviewability doctrine,

which “shields a consular official’s decision to issue or withhold a visa from judicial review, at

least unless Congress says otherwise.” Baan Rao,

. Defendants argue that a

consular officer’s “refusal” of a visa application always constitutes a nonreviewable

“withholding of a visa.” MTD at 16. However, several courts in this district have rejected that Page 6 of 13 argument, concluding that such “refusal” may be reviewable where it appears to be “merely

provisional, with a final decision yet to come”—e.g., because “administrative processing”

remains ongoing. Al-Gharawy, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 16; see also Akrayi v. United States Dep’t of

State, No. 22-CV-1289,

, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2023). That is the status

Plaintiff alleges here: His application was “placed in so-called ‘administrative processing.’”

Compl. ¶ 16.

The court need not decide this issue. “Dismissal based on consular nonreviewability . . .

is a merits disposition under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Baan Rao,

. And because the court concludes that there are independent reasons to dismiss Plaintiff’s

claims, see infra Sections III.C.–D, it need not decide whether consular nonreviewability applies,

see Almaqrami v. Pompeo,

, 784 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (“[C]ourts may assume

without deciding that plaintiffs’ statutory claims are reviewable and proceed to the merits

notwithstanding consular nonreviewability.” (internal quotation omitted)); Zandieh v. Pompeo,

No. CV 20-919,

, at *4 (D.D.C. July 29, 2020) (“[B]ecause it finds that the

delay asserted here is not unreasonable,” the court “need not decide whether plaintiffs’ claims

are reviewable.” (internal quotation omitted)).

D. Unreasonable delay

Plaintiff’s claims must be dismissed because they have failed to plausibly allege an

unreasonable delay as a matter of law. That conclusion is guided by the so-called “TRAC

factors” set forth in Telecommunications Research & Action Center v. FCC (TRAC),

(D.C. Cir. 1984). Both parties resist the TRAC factors’ applicability here—albeit for

different reasons. But their arguments mistake the law.

Defendants argue that “[a]bsent an independent statutory duty, the TRAC factors

themselves do not decide whether an agency has violated a clear duty to act for purposes of Page 7 of 13 mandamus jurisdiction.” MTD at 25. 2 In other words, because Plaintiff seeks mandamus relief,

to establish jurisdiction he “must identify a clear ‘non-discretionary act,’ or ‘a clear duty to

act[,]’ that the law compels an agency to take”—and if he does not, “an agency’s delay to act,

however long, cannot be unlawful or unreasonable.” MTD at 20–21 (first quoting Norton v. S.

Utah Wilderness All.,

(2004); then quoting Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 812 F.3d at 189).

But the D.C. Circuit has squarely rejected that reasoning, explaining that “depending on the

circumstances,” the TRAC factors themselves may still govern the initial mandamus inquiry:

For example, in situations where plaintiffs allege that agency delay is unreasonable despite the absence of a specific statutory deadline, the entire TRAC factor analysis may go to the threshold jurisdictional question: does the agency’s delay violate a clear duty?

Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 812 F.3d at 190. Thus, even accepting Defendants’ premise that there is no

specific statutory deadline here, the TRAC factors still govern the court’s evaluation of whether it

has mandamus jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s unreasonable delay claim.

For his part, Plaintiff contends that “the fact-intensive nature of the inquiry into whether a

delay is unreasonable” means that it is “inappropriate to dismiss undue delay claims at the

motion to dismiss stage.” Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, at 15 (“Opp’n”). And to be

sure, deciding a claim of unreasonable delay is a “nuanced task requiring consideration of the

particular facts and circumstances before the court.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc.

v. Norton,

(D.C. Cir. 2003). “Nevertheless, the TRAC factors have been

applied at the motion to dismiss stage to determine whether a plaintiff’s complaint has alleged

2 “To show entitlement to mandamus, plaintiffs must demonstrate (1) a clear and indisputable right to relief, (2) that the government agency or official is violating a clear duty to act, and (3) that no adequate alternative remedy exists.” Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell,

(D.C. Cir. 2016). Because Plaintiff does not satisfy the first two parts of this test, the court does not reach the third.

Page 8 of 13 facts sufficient to state a plausible claim for unreasonable administrative delay.” Khan v. Bitter,

No. CV 23-1576,

, at *4 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2024) (internal quotation omitted)

(formatting modified). That is because, sometimes, the “plaintiff’s claimed delay in the

adjudication of [a] visa is not unreasonable as a matter of law under the [TRAC] factors.”

(internal quotation omitted); see, e.g., Bagherian v. Pompeo,

, 95 (D.D.C.

2020) (“An analysis of the TRAC factors as applied here leads this Court to the same

conclusion—that the twenty-five-month delay at issue here is not unreasonable as a matter of

law, given the circumstances.”).

Having concluded that it is appropriate to apply the TRAC factors, the court considers

each of them in turn:

(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason; (2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason; (3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake; (4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority; (5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and (6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.

TRAC,

(internal quotations omitted). “[T]hese factors function not as a hard and

fast set of required elements, but rather as useful guidance as to whether a delay is ‘so egregious

as to warrant mandamus.’” Am. Hosp. Ass’n,

(quoting TRAC,

).

i. Factors one and two “The first factor is the most important TRAC factor, and is typically considered together

with the second TRAC factor.” Arab v. Blinken,

, 69 (D.D.C. 2022) (internal

quotation omitted). Their joint focus is “whether the agency’s response time complies with an

existing specified schedule and whether it is governed by an identifiable rationale.” Ctr. for Sci.

Page 9 of 13 in the Pub. Int. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin.,

(D.D.C. 2014). As

Plaintiff acknowledges, Compl. ¶ 27, “no statutory or regulatory timeframe [exists] within which

the State Department or a consular officer must re-adjudicate visa applications,” Khan,

, at *4 (quotation omitted).

“Absent a congressionally supplied yardstick, courts typically turn to case law as a guide”

for the reasonableness of a delay.

(quotation omitted). “Even though courts have drawn no

bright lines to determine reasonableness, district courts have generally found that immigration

delays in excess of five, six, seven years are unreasonable.”

(formatting modified). By

contrast, courts in this district “consistently have held that two or three years does not constitute

an unreasonable delay.” Tekle v. Blinken, No. 21-CV-1655,

, at *3 (D.D.C.

Apr. 29, 2022); see, e.g., Akrayi,

, at *3 (“The delay in [visa] processing,

almost three years, does not reach the length that courts have found unreasonable.”); Sarlak v.

Pompeo, No. CV 20-35,

, at *6 (D.D.C. June 10, 2020) (collecting cases);

Skalka v. Kelly,

(D.D.C. 2017) (delay of about two years did not

“require judicial intervention”).

The first and second factors favor Defendants. The delay in this case began in April

2023, when Plaintiff’s visa application was refused without any subsequent action. Compl.

¶¶ 16–17. Plaintiff filed his Complaint about seven months later, in November 2023. If the

court considers the delay period as running until the issuance of this Opinion, it amounts to about

seventeen months. See, e.g., Mahmood v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. CV 21-1262,

, at *6 (D.D.C. Dec. 20, 2021). That makes the delay of a length typically

considered reasonable in this district, and Plaintiff fails to cite any cases that have found a

similar delay unreasonable. See Opp’n at 20 (citing out-of-circuit cases involving delays of

Page 10 of 13 thirty-one, twenty-four, twenty-seven, and thirty-two months). And while Defendants fail to

provide any specific reasons for this delay (which weakens their position), they do refer

generally to the “scarce resources” that attend decisions about how to “prioritize the processing

of visa applications” in this context. MTD at 28 (quotations omitted). Those constraints,

consistent with what courts have recognized in other cases, tilt the first and second TRAC factors

in Defendants’ favor.

ii. Factors three and five The third and fifth TRAC factors are also often considered together; they “examine ‘the

nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by the delay,’ including whether ‘human health and

welfare’ might be implicated.” Khan,

, at *5 (quoting TRAC,

).

The Complaint alleges that Plaintiff has suffered primarily professional harms—missing out on

“experience and learning opportunities” associated with working in the United States—along

with several attendant harms like emotional distress, strained relationships at work, and financial

losses. Compl. ¶¶ 2–4. But these hardships—difficult though they may be—are not generally

afforded much weight in this context. Plaintiff does not allege harms to human health or welfare,

such as “current and actual danger to the health of the individual and the health of their

progeny,” Alshawy v. United States Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. CV 21-2206,

, at *6 (D.D.C. Mar. 30, 2022) (quotations omitted), or “[p]rolonged separation from a

spouse, fiancé, or other immediate family member,” Khan,

, at *5. The

burdens associated with Plaintiff’s life being put “on hold” are shared by almost everyone

awaiting visa adjudication and “[a]t most . . . weigh only slightly in support of finding an

unreasonable delay.” Palakuru v. Renaud,

, 53 (D.D.C. 2021). Similarly,

economic harms such as postponed career opportunities are more “tolerable” costs of delay than

Page 11 of 13 risks to health or welfare. TRAC,

. The third and fifth factors thus add little

weight to Plaintiff’s side of the scale.

iii. Factor four The fourth TRAC factor favors Defendants. They correctly observe that, in effect, the

result Plaintiff seeks “would be merely to expedite the consideration of [his] application ahead of

others.” MTD at 31. Although that result might be less disruptive than a permanent change to

Defendants’ policies, it could still undermine their priorities. “The agency is in a unique—and

authoritative—position to view its projects as a whole, estimate the prospects for each, and

allocate its resources in the optimal way.” In re Barr Lab’ys, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir.

1991). “Processing capacity is presently a zero-sum game, granting plaintiffs’ request to

expedite would necessarily mean additional delays for other applicants—many of whom

undoubtedly face hardships of their own.” Murway v. Blinken, No. CV 21-1618,

, at *4 (D.D.C. Feb. 16, 2022) (quotation omitted). As a result, “[r]elief that would

simply reorder a queue of applicants seeking adjudication is generally viewed as inappropriate

when no net gain in such adjudications is achieved.” Tate v. Pompeo,

, 149

(D.D.C. 2021) (quotation omitted). Plaintiff offers no reason to depart from that general rule

here. Accordingly, this factor weighs in Defendants’ favor.

iv. Factor six The sixth TRAC factor observes that “the court need not find any impropriety lurking

behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is ‘unreasonably delayed.’” TRAC,

(quoting Pub. Citizen Health Rsch. Grp. v. Food & Drug Admin.,

(D.C. Cir. 1984)) (quotation omitted). Plaintiff concedes, however, that “there is no evidence

that Defendants have engaged in any improper conduct.” Opp’n at 18. This factor is therefore

inapplicable.

Page 12 of 13 * * *

On balance, the TRAC factors favor Defendants. Under the first and second, the length of

Defendants’ delay is within the range that courts have consistently declined to consider

unreasonable as a matter of law. Under the third and fifth, Plaintiff has not alleged that the delay

has caused any significant harm to his health or welfare. And under the fourth factor, the relief

Plaintiff seeks would disrupt the government’s priorities and allow Plaintiff to jump the queue of

similarly situated people awaiting further action on their visa applications. Although the court

acknowledges the difficulties that Plaintiff faces because of the delay, as a matter of law, it

cannot conclude that Plaintiff has alleged specific facts giving rise to an inference of

unreasonable delay, a necessary threshold criterion for establishing this court’s mandamus

jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Complaint must be dismissed.

IV. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the court will GRANT Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 6. A

corresponding Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: July 22, 2024

Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge

Page 13 of 13