UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

WILLIAM SPARROW, Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 22-2216 (JDB)

WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY, Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Bus operator William Sparrow alleges that his employer, the Washington Metropolitan

Area Transit Authority (“WMATA”), discriminated and retaliated against him for taking leave to

care for his newborn daughter. Specifically, he claims that WMATA’s parental leave policies

unlawfully discriminate between men and women in violation of the Equal Pay Act of 1963,

(d) (“EPA”), and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.

(“Title VII”). He further alleges that WMATA interfered with his right to take protected family

leave in violation of the Family and Medical Leave Act,

et seq. (“FMLA”), and

that WMATA retaliated against him for requesting leave, as well as for reporting his concerns

about WMATA’s allegedly discriminatory policies. Before the Court is WMATA’s motion for

summary judgment. For the following reasons, the Court will grant WMATA’s motion for

summary judgment on Sparrow’s retaliation claims and deny WMATA’s motion for summary

judgment on Sparrow’s Title VII and EPA discrimination claims and FMLA interference claim.

Background

I. Factual Background

Sparrow is a bus operator for WMATA, where he has worked since June 18, 2007. Def.

WMATA Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute [ECF No. 19-1] (“Def. SMF”) ¶ 1; Pl.’s

1 Resp. to Def. SMF & Suppl. Facts [ECF No. 20-1] (“Pl. SMF”) ¶ 1. As a bus operator out of the

Landover Division, Sparrow is a member of Local Union 922 of the International Brotherhood of

Teamsters (“Local 922”), and his contract is governed by a collective bargaining agreement

between Local 922 and WMATA. Def. SMF ¶ 2–3; Pl. SMF ¶ 2–3.

During the summer and fall of 2020, Sparrow requested time off, pursuant to the FMLA,

to provide care leading up to and following the birth of his daughter. See Def. SMF ¶¶ 9–10; Pl.

SMF ¶¶ 9–10. Under the FMLA, an employee is entitled to twelve weeks of leave within one year

of “the birth of a son or daughter of the employee and in order to care for such son or daughter.”

(a)(1)(A). FMLA leave is job-protected, meaning the employer must restore the

employee to his or her prior position or an equivalent position upon return to work.

§ 2614.

But the FMLA does not require employers to pay their employees during the period of leave. Id.

§ 2612(d)(1). And employers may permit or require their employees to use paid vacation or sick

leave during FMLA leave. Id. § 2612(d)(2).

Sparrow’s parental leave rights are further governed by WMATA’s internal policies and

by the Local 922 collective bargaining agreement. See Def. SMF ¶ 3; Pl. SMF ¶ 3. WMATA’s

policies permit employees to take extended periods of FMLA leave as well as intermittent leave

for qualifying reasons, including the birth of a child. Policy/Instruction 7.5.7/1 [ECF No. 19-6]

(“FMLA Policy”) §§ 5.01(b), 5.04. At WMATA, “FMLA leave is unpaid leave . . . [that] does

not entitle an employee to paid leave other than the paid leave (e.g., sick or annual) earned by the

employee.” Id. § 5.08(a). “If an employee is granted FMLA leave for an employee’s own serious

health condition,” WMATA policy provides that the employee must “concurrently use the

appropriate accrued paid leave (e.g., sick or annual).” Id. § 5.08(a)(2). By contrast, “[i]f an

employee is granted FMLA leave for any qualifying reason other than an employee’s own serious

health condition, any accrued paid annual leave must run concurrently with the FMLA leave to the

2 fullest extent, unless limited by an applicable [collective bargaining agreement] or [WMATA]

policy.” Id. § 5.08(a)(1). That is, as a general matter, if an employee is taking FMLA leave to

care for another, he or she is not allowed to utilize sick leave during that time, but must use up his

or her vacation leave instead.

The collective bargaining agreement further provides that WMATA “shall grant to

employees up to six months of [unpaid] maternity leave following the date of childbirth.

Employees may use available vacation and/or sick leave (if absence is for medical reasons).”

Agreement Between WMATA & Local 922 [ECF No. 20-13] (“Local 922 CBA” or “CBA”) §

16(n). “Female employes shall be granted maternity leave without loss of seniority provided they

provide the [WMATA] two weeks’ notice of their intent to return to work and that they are

available for work upon release from their physician but no later than six months after delivery.”

Id. § 9(b). The CBA further permits all members “to use up to two (2) days of paid sick leave per

year for absence caused by illness or injury of dependent children or spouse.” Id. § 16(o).

On July 2, 2020, Sparrow requested FMLA leave to care for a newborn child who was due

in August. Deposition of William Sparrow [ECF No. 19-3] (“Sparrow Dep.”) at 36. Sparrow was

approved to take intermittent FMLA leave on August 1, September 2, and September 8 of that

year, as well as continuous FMLA “birth and bonding” leave from September 28 through

November 17. Def. SMF ¶ 9; Pl. SMF ¶ 9. He misunderstood based on his communications with

WMATA that he “could use sick and vacation time to receive pay while away from work.” Decl.

of William Sparrow [ECF No. 20-6] (“Sparrow Decl.”) ¶ 1. Ultimately, Sparrow returned to work

early on October 26, 2020. Def. SMF ¶ 10; Pl. SMF ¶ 10. The overarching reason for the early

return-to-work is undisputed: he was having issues with his pay. See Sparrow Decl. ¶¶ 2–3;

Sparrow Dep. at 43 (“I only came back because I noticed that my leave was being depleted.”);

Reply at 2. However, the details are more contested.

3 According to Sparrow, during his FMLA leave and thereafter, he received a series of

irregular paychecks that included substantial deductions of vacation and sick leave and other

indications of “no pay.” The first unusual pay stub was dated September 30, 2020, and Sparrow

contends that pay issues persisted through July 2022. See Sparrow Decl. ¶¶ 2–4; Opp’n at 10. For

example, on September 30, 2020, Sparrow received a pay stub for $0.00 despite working most of

September. Sparrow Decl. ¶ 2. On October 7, he received one paystub for $0.00, which indicated

that 8 hours of sick leave and 32 hours of vacation time were used, and another paystub for negative

$4,993.69. Id. Subsequent paystubs in October were missing “vacation overtime,” and on

November 4, 2020, he received another $0.00 paycheck. Id. ¶ 3.

WMATA’s explanation for these pay discrepancies is that Sparrow’s continuous FMLA

leave was “inadvertently coded as ‘Family Medical Leave Sick,’ when in fact, this absence should

have been coded as ‘Family Medical Leave Vacation’” because he was caring for a child, and not

for himself. Decl. of Sharon L. James [ECF No. 19-2] ¶ 7. “[T]he FMLA Department, along with

Payroll, corrected the issue and Mr. Sparrow was paid with whatever vacation leave he had at the

time.” Id. According to WMATA, further reduced wages resulted from Sparrow’s absences from

work, for which he lacked vacation leave or failed to request vacation leave. Id. ¶¶ 8–11. Sparrow

disputes this explanation because it does not explain the “negative paychecks,” but he does not

offer any evidence to contradict WMATA’s explanation for the paystubs. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br.

[ECF No. 24] at 5.

Upon his return to work, Sparrow had a “conversation with management” about pay issues

during his leave. Sparrow Dep. at 43. He subsequently had various issues with his supervisors.

In January or February 2021, Sparrow claims he was “put under investigation after leave that was

preapproved” by his supervisor, for a court appearance to obtain a firearm permit. Sparrow Decl.

¶ 5; Sparrow Dep. 66–70.

4 In March 2021, Sparrow contacted the WMATA Office of Inspector General (“OIG”)

about his human resources concerns. See Def. SMF ¶ 11; Pl. SMF ¶ 11. Sparrow claims that

around August 2021, when his supervisors found out Sparrow “had been called to report to OIG,”

he “received a suspension for suspicion of reports made to [OIG].” Sparrow Decl. ¶ 5. On October

14, 2021, the WMATA OIG issued a report following Sparrow’s OIG complaint. OIG Report of

Investigation [ECF No. 19-11] (“OIG Report”) at 1–2. The report concluded that Sparrow’s

human resources concerns were “outside the purview of the OIG,” but that a surreptitious

recording he included in his complaint potentially violated Maryland criminal law and internal

WMATA policy. Id. The OIG Report was forwarded to “WMATA management.” Id. at 2. On

November 12, 2021, Superintendent of Bus Service Operations Letroy Baker imposed a three-day

suspension against Sparrow for violating internal rules by making an “improper recording.”

Memorandum [ECF No. 19-12] at 1; see Def. SMF ¶ 19; Pl. SMF ¶ 19.

Additionally, Sparrow claims that he did not receive a scheduled November 2021 raise

until February 2022, and that, throughout the time period from 2020, WMATA supervisors

improperly placed him on leave without pay and tried to make him sign warning paperwork for

attendance violations “that either never occurred or had been approved previously,” and placed

him in an attendance program. Sparrow Decl. ¶ 6; Sparrow Dep. at 65 (contending that his

supervisor, Sharon James, “suspended [him] from work” and “just put down leave without pay so

it wouldn’t reflect it”); see Attendance Paperwork [ECF No. 20-12] at 6, 13, 18.

II. Procedural Background

On June 21, 2021, Sparrow made an initial inquiry with the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). Def. SMF ¶ 12; Pl. SMF ¶ 12. In the inquiry, Sparrow

reported that after seeking FMLA leave for the birth of his child, he faced numerous issues with

his pay, was investigated for taking time off for a court appearance, and was “subjected to

5 continuing harassment from [his] supervisors on what appear[ed] to be an attempt to end [his]

employment.” EEOC Inquiry [ECF No. 19-13] (“June 2021 EEOC Charge”) at 3. Sparrow was

interviewed by the EEOC. See id. at 6–9. About a month later, the EEOC declined to pursue his

case and issued a right-to-sue letter. Id. at 9. On September 2, 2021, the EEOC sent a notice of

Sparrow’s discrimination charge to WMATA stating that Sparrow had made allegations of

discrimination under Title VII and the EPA. Id. at 10–11.

On July 27, 2022, Sparrow filed the present suit asserting claims against WMATA under

FMLA and D.C. wage laws. See Compl. [ECF No. 1]. WMATA answered the complaint on

September 14, 2022. Answer [ECF No. 5]. Then, on October 17, 2022, Sparrow filed a Charge

of Discrimination with the EEOC, premised largely on the same allegations as his initial EEOC

inquiry—numerous issues with his pay, as well as disciplinary investigations and actions since

taking parental leave in the summer and fall of 2020. Charge of Discrimination [ECF No. 19-14]

at 1. 1 He asserted that the “pay issues [were] based on [his] gender, male, because [he] took

parental leave and as such have led to unequal pay.” Id. at 2. He further claimed that his

supervisors made “remarks about [his] pay and [his] children” and that he “was told parental leave

was not for men.” Id. at 1. The record does not indicate what action, if any, the EEOC took on

this charge.

On November 7, 2022, Sparrow moved to amend the complaint to strike the D.C. law

claims and add federal claims under the EPA and Title VII. See Am. Compl. [ECF No. 12]. The

amended complaint asserted that WMATA (a) violated the EPA and Title VII by allowing women

to take more paid sick leave than men following a birth (Counts I & II); (b) retaliated against

1 WMATA’s statement of facts indicates this charge was filed with the EEOC on October 17, 2021. Def. SMF ¶ 15. However, the charging document indicates it was filed on October 17, 2022, as plaintiff admits. See Pl. SMF ¶ 15. Accordingly, the Court will treat October 17, 2022 as the operative date and disregard arguments based on the October 2021 date.

6 Sparrow in violation of the EPA and Title VII after he complained of discrimination to the EEOC

(Counts III & IV); (c) interfered with Sparrow’s right to take protected FMLA leave by

misapplying Sparrow’s accrued paid time off while he was on leave (Count V); and (d)

discriminated against Sparrow in violation of the FMLA by misapplying his paid time off and

retaliating against him for taking leave (Count VI). Id. ¶¶ 43–79.

The Court granted Sparrow’s motion to amend. Nov. 8, 2022 Min. Order. WMATA

answered the amended complaint the next day. Answer [ECF No. 13]. After discovery, WMATA

filed a motion for summary judgment on all counts. Def. WMATA’s Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No.

19] (“Mot.”). Sparrow opposed. Pl.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Mot. [ECF No. 20] (“Opp’n”). WMATA

filed a reply. Def. WMATA’s Reply to Opp’n [ECF No. 21] (“Reply”). The Court, having

reviewed the parties’ papers, sought supplemental briefing on a discrete set of issues raised by the

case but not clearly addressed in the parties’ initial briefing, including the statute of limitations

applicable to Sparrow’s Title VII claim, the evidence required to establish an EPA claim, and the

factual and legal basis on which Sparrow’s retaliation claims rest. Order [ECF No. 22]. The

parties filed briefs responsive to the Court’s Order. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br.; Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br.

[ECF No. 25-1]. The Court held oral argument on June 13, 2024. The motion for summary

judgment is now fully briefed and ripe for decision.

Legal Standard

A moving party is entitled to summary judgment when the movant can show “there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the

governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

(1986). And a dispute of

material fact is genuine when “the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving

party, could support a reasonable jury’s verdict for the nonmoving party.” Figueroa v. Pompeo,

7

(D.C. Cir. 2019) (quoting Hairston v. Vance-Cooks,

(D.C.

Cir. 2014)).

When assessing a summary judgment motion, a court must be careful to neither “weigh the

evidence” nor make determinations of witness credibility. See Anderson,

;

Robinson v. Pezzat,

(D.C. Cir. 2016). However, it takes more than “a scintilla of

evidence” to overcome a motion for summary judgment; “there is no issue for trial unless there is

sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party.”

Anderson,

. In short, “[t]he inquiry performed is the threshold inquiry of

determining whether there is the need for a trial” because the case turns on material disputes of

fact that could be “resolved in favor of either party.”

.

Analysis

I. Title VII Discrimination Claim

Sparrow alleges that WMATA discriminated against him under Title VII by offering more

generous leave benefits to women than men following the birth of a child. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 49–52;

see Opp’n at 7. 2 Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (“PDA”) make it unlawful for

an employer to “discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,

conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s . . . sex,” a term that includes

“pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.” 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e(k) (Pregnancy

Discrimination Act), 2000e-2(a)(1) (Title VII). In Title VII/PDA cases, courts have held that an

employer may not discriminate in the provision of parental leave benefits except for limited

preferential treatment of female employees during the period of actual physical disability

2 WMATA concedes that the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(3), applies to this case and therefore Sparrow’s Title VII claim is timely. Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 1 (citing Johnson v. District of Columbia,

(D.D.C. 2009)). Because time limitations to contact the EEOC are not jurisdictional, the Court need not address the issue further. Bowden v. United States,

(D.C. Cir. 1997).

8 associated with childbirth. See Johnson v. Univ. of Iowa,

, 329 (8th Cir. 2005);

Schafer v. Bd. of Pub. Educ.,

, 247–48 (3d Cir. 1990); see also California Fed. Sav.

& Loan Ass’n v. Guerra,

(1987) (upholding law providing leave to birth mothers

when, among other factors, the leave “cover[ed] only the period of actual physical disability on

account of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions”); Savignac v. Jones Day

(“Savignac I”),

, 33–38 (D.D.C. 2020) (denying motion to dismiss complaint

alleging discriminatory postpartum disability leave policy).

Johnson and Schafer illustrate the bounds of permissible leave policies. In Johnson, a male

employee sued the University of Iowa, contending that the university violated Title VII by

allowing biological mothers (but not biological fathers) to take up to six weeks of accrued sick

leave after birth. 431 F.3d at 327. According to the Eighth Circuit, to survive scrutiny under Title

VII, leave must be conferred for a “valid reason wholly separate from gender,” such as providing

women a period of disability leave after childbirth. Id. at 328. Johnson argued that the policy—

although facially nondiscriminatory—nonetheless discriminated because the University did not

require childbearing women to provide any proof of disability when the leave taken was six weeks

or less. Id. at 329. The Eighth Circuit rejected this argument, granting summary judgment for the

university, because it was not unreasonable to establish a period of presumptive six-week disability

leave so as to avoid reviewing every employee’s medical records. Id.

By contrast, in Schafer, a man applied for but was denied one year of unpaid leave for

childbearing, which was routinely granted to women. 903 F.2d at 247. The defendant school

district contended that allowing men but not women to take this leave was valid under Guerra

because the one-year period was “related to the conditions of pregnancy, childbirth or related

medical conditions.” Id. at 248. The Third Circuit rejected this argument because there was no

requirement that a woman demonstrate ongoing disability, or that general medical evidence

9 suggested that the period of post-childbirth disability lasted one year. Id. Accordingly, the court

found that the policy violated Title VII.

Relying on Guerra and Johnson, the EEOC has released guidance articulating these same

principles:

For purposes of determining Title VII’s requirements, employers should carefully distinguish between leave related to any physical limitations imposed by pregnancy or childbirth (described in this document as pregnancy-related medical leave) and leave for purposes of bonding with a child and/or providing care for a child (described in this document as parental leave).

Leave related to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions can be limited to women affected by those conditions. However, parental leave must be provided to similarly situated men and women on the same terms. If, for example, an employer extends leave to new mothers beyond the period of recuperation from childbirth (e.g. to provide the mothers time to bond with and/or care for the baby), it cannot lawfully fail to provide an equivalent amount of leave to new fathers for the same purpose.

EEOC, Enforcement Guidance on Pregnancy Discrimination and Related Issues § I.C.3 (June 25,

2015), https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-

and-related-issues [https://perma.cc/JN27-8L3Q] (footnotes omitted).

According to the evidence in this case, WMATA bus operators and mechanics under the

Local 922 CBA—male and female—may take up to twelve weeks of unpaid, job-protected FMLA

leave for purposes of birth and bonding with a newborn child. FMLA Policy §§ 5.01(b), 5.04,

5.08(a). Childbearing women, but not men, are also entitled to take up to six months of unpaid,

but job-protected, leave after childbirth. Local 922 CBA § 16(n) (providing that WMATA “shall

grant to employees up to six months of maternity leave following the date of childbirth”); id. § 9(b)

(stating that “female employees shall be granted maternity leave without loss of seniority”

provided they return to their positions “no later than six months after delivery”); see Def.’s Am.

10 Suppl. Br. at 3–4 (conceding that § 16(n) applies only to childbearing women). 3 It is not clear

from the record whether the maternity leave must be taken concurrent to the FMLA leave.

During the twelve-week FMLA leave or the six-month maternity leave, men and women

are entitled to take two days of accrued sick leave to care for their child. Local 922 CBA § 16(o).

After that, employees must use accrued vacation leave to the extent available or take unpaid leave

to care for the newborn child. See id. § 16(n) (providing that employees on maternity leave “may

use available vacation and/or sick leave (if absence is for medical reasons)”); FMLA Policy

§ 5.08(a)(1)–(2). But because WMATA considers women to be “sick” following childbirth,

childbearing women are permitted to use additional, accrued sick leave during their six-month

maternity leave on account of their own condition. See Local 922 CBA § 16(n); FMLA Policy

§ 5.08(a)(1)–(2). Up to this point, there appears to be little dispute.

Evidence in the record is conflicting as to what proof (if any) WMATA requires

childbearing women to provide of their disability, and as to how long they are permitted to utilize

sick leave after birth. Consider the following exchange between Sparrow’s counsel and designated

Corporate Representative Arnetta Young.

Q: Okay. Are you aware of any female employees that take—or that use sick leave for more than two days after the birth of a child? A: Yes, because they are the ones that gave birth to the child. So they can use their sick leave because it’s for themselves. Q: And in terms of the sick leave for themselves, what type of documentation do they need to submit? A: They need to submit that they just gave birth to their child and the child, I guess—well, birth certificate. They have the birth certificate of the child, yes. That type of documentation. Q: So in order to use sick leave for up to six months a female employee can submit proof of birth? A: Yes. 3 The provision of the Local 922 CBA which provides six months of unpaid, but job-protected, maternity leave to childbearing women, but not to men, may well independently violate Title VII. However, at oral argument, Sparrow’s counsel maintained that he was not directly challenging this provision because his harm arose from the differences in paid leave. And, further, there is nothing in the record to suggest Sparrow wanted to take more than 12 weeks of leave or that he wanted to take any unpaid leave at all. Accordingly, the Court will not rule directly on the legality of this provision of the Local 922 CBA.

11 Q: Are there any other documents that a female employee would need to submit in order to use her sick leave during that time? A: Just proof of birth, and I guess they—normally where it comes from, it comes from where they had maybe the hospital in which they gave birth and the doctor and it’s coming from the doctor, the time of birth, the birth of the child. Q: Okay. Do they need to show—do they need to submit additional documentation showing that the birth was difficult or they had some other condition afterwards in order to use sick leave? A: Yeah. Because C-section is a little longer then just a normal birth. So they can provide that information. That they had a natural birth or a Caesarean. C- section.

30(b)(6) Dep. of Arnetta Young [ECF No. 20-9] (“Young Dep.”) at 25–27. In another deposition,

Sharon James, Sparrow’s supervisor, provided testimony suggesting that some documentation was

needed.

Q: Okay. Do you know—and I don’t want names of anybody but have you had female employees who’ve used sick time while on maternity leave? A: Yes. ... Q: Okay. And so for maternity leave, would you say that’s usually paid through sick leave then? A: So WMATA doesn’t pay maternity leave. . . . [but] they will allow you to use your sick leave or your vacation. Q: And do they allow both men and women to choose between sick leave and vacation time? A: So the only time that they can use their vacation—the only time they have used their vacation when they have exhausted all of their sick leave. So when— when women go out on maternity leave—I mean, on sick leave, it’s a sickness—it’s a sick—it’s a condition associated with the pregnancy. So they provide medical documentation to OHAW. OHAW says that’s a work status, you know what I’m saying, that this—this employee has coverage from their doctors from April 1 to April 29, they could use their sick leave. ... Q: So let me ask this: If you’ve got a female employee, for example, who does not have any complications prior to delivery. When they go out on maternity leave, if they’ve got enough sick leave, is that all they use? A: When they go out on maternity leave and if they have enough sick leave, is that all they use? Yes. ... Q: So for a female employee, let’s assume that they have plenty of sick leave. When they go out on maternity leave, are they able to use sick leave for the entire three months they’re out? A: Yes.

12 Q: . . . Do they have to do anything, other than submit for FMLA to get maternity leave and use their sick leave? A: So this is for anybody that—that uses maternity leave, that’s out on the doctor’s care. Our—our sick policy states that if you’re out of work for more than three days, a doctor’s certificate is required. So any absence greater than three days, a doctor’s certificate is required. So if somebody go out on maternity leave and they’re using their sick leave and they want to be paid their sick leave, we must have a doctor’s certificate that says that Sharon James will be out of work from January 1 and she won’t be back until April 15. That’s the only way that I could get paid my sick leave. I can’t just arbitrarily use it up because I said that I’m out, I have to have documentation which covers me. So when somebody go out and they out within three days and they don’t provide medical documentation, we don’t pay him. We turn it sick off.

Dep. of Sharon James [ECF No. 20-4] (“James Dep.”) at 39–44.

Taken together, WMATA’s policies, the provisions of the Local 922 CBA, and the

deposition testimony of WMATA officials raise a genuine dispute of fact as to whether WMATA

provides paid sick leave to women taking care of their newborn children, while denying the same

leave to men. A jury could conclude based on the evidence submitted that WMATA allows

childbearing women to apply accrued sick leave for up to six months after childbirth with no

requirement that they show continuing disability. From that finding, a jury could conclude that

WMATA allows childbearing women to use accrued sick leave when they are caring for their

child—not for themselves—while denying men the same opportunity to use sick leave to care for

newborn children.

This dispute of fact is material to the legal question whether WMATA’s parental leave

practices violate Title VII. As discussed above, Title VII and the PDA permit preferential

treatment of women following childbirth when it is based on a legitimate, gender-neutral reason,

such as a woman’s need to recover from the physical effects of childbirth. However, preferential

treatment is not allowed when its purpose is to provide childbearing women (but not men) with

paid leave to care for or bond with their newborn child. Such benefit must be provided equally to

men and women. Accordingly, if a jury were to conclude that WMATA allows women to take up

13 to six months of sick leave to care for their child, while men are limited to using just two days for

the same purpose, this policy would violate Title VII.

WMATA seems to argue that, even construing the evidence in Sparrow’s favor, WMATA

has not violated Title VII because the policy is “in practice . . . a pregnancy disability leave

provision.” Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 3. However, the Court cannot conclude based on the evidence

that this is “a pregnancy disability leave provision,” because the relevant provisions of the Local

922 CBA do not mention disability at all, and there is a genuine dispute as to whether, in practice,

WMATA confines post-birth leave in that way. WMATA cites Johnson for the proposition that

an employer may utilize a presumptive period of disability leave without requiring documentation.

True enough, but that case involved a six-week leave. Nothing in the record suggests that women

typically require six months to recover from childbirth. And, indeed, courts have generally held

that post-pregnancy disability lasts only six to eight weeks, not six months. See Savignac I, 486

F. Supp. 3d at 36 (collecting cases).

WMATA further argues that the policy is not discriminatory because men and women are

equally limited to taking two days of sick leave for a family member. See Local 922 CBA § 16(o).

Any further leave must be charged to vacation or taken unpaid, except that a childbearing woman

may take additional sick leave for herself following a pregnancy. As discussed above, there is a

genuine dispute of material fact as to whether childbearing women are permitted under WMATA’s

practices to use accrued sick leave beyond any period of disability following pregnancy. In this

way, the question whether men and women are really on par is not settled by the current record.

Finally, WMATA suggests that men and women are treated equally because a man could

take six months of vacation if he had enough accrued. Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 4. This argument

is a red herring: the issue is whether a man can use sick leave to the same extent as a woman to

care for his child, not whether a man can use other vacation time to do so. In sum, the Court

14 concludes that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether WMATA has violated Title

VII in its provision of paid leave following childbirth, and summary judgment will be denied on

this claim. 4

II. Equal Pay Act Discrimination Claim

Sparrow’s claim under the EPA is functionally identical to his Title VII claim. See Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 43–48. However, WMATA contends that, for reasons specific to the EPA, Sparrow’s

claim cannot stand. Mot. at 5–7. Specifically, WMATA argues that Sparrow cannot maintain an

equal pay claim based on unequal leave benefits (as opposed to wages). Id. at 6. Moreover,

WMATA argues that, in any event, Sparrow did not make out a prima facie case because he has

not identified any comparator evidence of a female operator earning a higher wage than he earns.

Id. at 6–7. The Court considers each issue below.

A. Application of the EPA to Parental Leave Benefits

First, WMATA contends that Sparrow’s claim must fail at the outset because the plain text

of the statute refers to “wages,” not “leave” or “benefits.” The Court disagrees. The EPA prohibits

employers from “paying wages to employees . . . at a rate less than the rate at which [the employer]

pays wages to employees of the opposite sex . . . for equal work on jobs the performance of which

requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working

conditions,” subject to certain exceptions.

(d)(1). While the text of the statute

4 The parties have not briefed the case under the traditional framework of Title VII—considering whether there is direct or indirect evidence of discrimination, and, if the latter, applying the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

(1973). See Mot. at 1–2; Opp’n at 7; Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 1– 4. Instead, they have generally invoked the principles arising from the limited case law concerning discrimination in parental leave. The Court has followed this approach. However, the same outcome would result from a more rigid application of the evidentiary framework. Sparrow has submitted direct evidence that WMATA did not let him use sick leave benefits during his FMLA birth-and-bonding period because of his sex. See Schafer, 903 F.2d at 247. To the extent WMATA contends the reason for the denial was that Sparrow was not “sick,” that is a disputed factual question. And even under the McDonnell Douglas framework, Sparrow has submitted enough evidence to create a genuine issue as to whether WMATA’s legitimate reason for differentiating—post-pregnancy disability—is pretext for discrimination on the basis of sex.

15 refers specifically to “wages,” the EPA has long been interpreted to cover benefits as well. See

Opp’n at 6–7 (citing

). Department of Labor regulations define wages, for

purposes of the Equal Pay Act, to include “all payments made to [or on behalf of] an employee as

remuneration for employment,” including “fringe benefits.”

. Fringe benefits,

in turn, include “medical, hospital, accident, life insurance and retirement benefits; profit sharing

and bonus plans; leave; and other such concepts.”

§ 1620.11 (emphasis added). Hence, the

Labor Department would consider it a violation of the EPA to “discriminate between men and

women performing equal work with regard to [leave] benefits.” Id.

Courts have also construed the EPA to cover benefits. For example, in Laffey v. Northwest

Airlines, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 1976), the D.C. Circuit held that Northwest Airlines violated

the EPA by furnishing single rooms to male employees and double rooms to female employees.

at 455 n.175. Similarly, courts have held that company policies discriminating in the provision

of health insurance benefits—for example, by extending family coverage automatically to men but

only to women who are the head of their household—could violate the EPA. See E.E.O.C. v.

Fremont Christian Sch.,

(N.D. Cal. 1984), aff’d,

(9th Cir.

1986). And at least one court has concluded that maternity and pregnancy-related benefits are

wages under the EPA. E.E.O.C. v. Bell Atl. Corp., Civ. A. No. 97-6723 (DC),

,

at *7 (S.D.N.Y. June 11, 1999). The Court thus holds that unequal parental leave benefits, like

wages, can support an EPA claim. See also Savignac I, 486 F. Supp. 3d at 32–38 (proceeding, at

motion to dismiss stage, on the assumption that unequal parental leave policies could support an

EPA claim).

B. Prima Facie Case

Next, WMATA contends that Sparrow’s EPA claim fails at summary judgment because he

has not made out a prima facie case. “To establish an Equal Pay Act violation, a plaintiff first

16 must allege (and later prove) a prima facie case.” Johnson v. WMATA, Civ. A. No. 19-3534

(CRC),

, at *2 (D.D.C. Sept. 29, 2022), aff’d, No. 22-7149,

(D.C. Cir. Mar. 6, 2023). “[A] prima facia EPA claim has two elements—unequal pay and working

in a ‘substantially similar’ (i.e., substantially equal) job.” Savignac v. Jones Day (“Savignac II”),

, 116 (D.D.C. 2021). “Once a prima facie case has been made out, the

defendant may rebut the showing of [job] equality, or assert one of the Act’s [four] affirmative

defenses.” Goodrich v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers,

(D.C. Cir. 1987). Those

defenses permit wage disparities based on “(i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system; (iii) a system

which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (iv) a differential based on any

other factor other than sex.”

(d)(1).

While the Supreme Court has instructed that the Equal Pay Act is “broadly remedial” and

“should be construed and applied so as to fulfill the underlying purposes which Congress sought

to achieve,” Corning Glass Works v. Brennan,

(1974), the Court has also

explained that relief under the EPA is substantially limited by its equal work requirement,

Washington County v. Gunther,

, 178–79 (1981). Ordinarily, a plaintiff proves a

prima facie case of wage discrimination under the EPA by identifying a specific comparator

employee, or multiple comparator employees, receiving higher pay for substantially equal work.

See Goodrich,

; EEOC Compliance Manual § 10-IV Compensation

Discrimination in the Equal Pay Act, https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/section-10-

compensation-discrimination [https://perma.cc/BVW2-ULT4]. However, plaintiffs have also

succeeded in demonstrating a prima facie case when job classifications are segregated by sex,

although requiring “substantially equal” work, and the jobs are paid differently. See, e.g., Corning

Glass Works, 417 U.S. at 203–04; Laffey,

.

17 Sparrow has not identified any female comparator who received a paid leave benefit that

he was denied. Nor has he provided evidence that his job classification is sex-segregated, and that

members of his job classification receive fewer paid leave benefits. Rather, Sparrow argues that

he has satisfied the equal work requirement through evidence of the Local 922 CBA, which applies

equally to men and women bus operators, except that the agreement provides maternity leave to

childbearing women (but not men), and WMATA (allegedly) permits childbearing women (but

not men) to take paid, sick leave to care for their children after birth. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 2

(describing situation as one under which “all fathers were treated differently from all mothers who

sought parental leave and were subject to [the Local 922 CBA]”). Hence, the question for the

Court is whether this type of evidence could satisfy a prima facie case of EPA wage discrimination.

WMATA argues that Sparrow’s evidence is insufficient as a matter of law because he has

not provided individual comparator evidence, which is the only way to establish a prima facie EPA

case. See Mot. at 5–6; Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 4–5. WMATA cites cases purportedly requiring

individual comparator evidence. For example, in Houck v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University,

(4th Cir. 1993), the Fourth Circuit held that statistical evidence of a

“hypothetical male with a composite average of a group’s skill, effort, and responsibility” could

not alone satisfy a prima facie case absent specific comparator evidence.

. However,

those cases are somewhat inapposite because they concern the relationship between statistical

evidence and individual comparator evidence, and whether statistical evidence, alone or in

combination with individual comparator evidence, can support a prima facie case. In such cases,

the concern is whether statistical evidence blurs relevant differences between workers and fails to

capture the essential element of equal work.

Sparrow argues that comparator evidence is not required where, as here, the plaintiff

provided evidence that “all fathers were treated differently from all mothers who sought parental

18 leave and were subject to [the Local 922 CBA].” Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 2. He points to the seminal

case of Corning Glass Works, which concerned a manufacturer that employed only women to work

as daytime inspectors and only men to work as nighttime inspectors.

. To fill those

night inspector positions, the company offered applicants a “substantially higher” wage than that

offered to women employed on the day shift.

“Thus a situation developed where the night

inspectors were all male, the day inspectors all female, and the male inspectors received

significantly higher wages.”

. Because the evidence showed that the company considered

the day and nightshift jobs as “equal in all respects,” the Court held that the wage differential was

illegal under the EPA.

at 203–04.

While Corning Glass Works demonstrates that individual comparator evidence may not be

required in every EPA case, it does not show that comparator evidence more broadly is

nonessential. Rather, the case demonstrates that an employer may not hide behind job

classifications to justify different pay for men and women when, in fact, employees within those

job classifications perform substantially equal work. The D.C. Circuit has performed a similar

analysis in cases concerning sex-segregated work with pay differentials, analyzing whether certain

categories of jobs, historically segregated by sex, were materially similar, although dissimilar in

terms of pay. See Laffey,

(concluding that airline pursers and stewardesses

performed substantially equal work); Thompson v. Sawyer,

, 274–76 (D.C. Cir. 1982)

(concluding that operators of the Smyth sewing machine and some bookbinders performed

substantially equal work).

While the evidence here (regarding the Local 922 CBA) does not appear to be a common

mode of proof in EPA cases, the Court finds it sufficient to defeat summary judgment. The CBA

plainly covers a class of workers, including Sparrow, who are known as “operators” or “bus

operators.” See, e.g., Local 922 CBA at 23; Rough H’rg Tr. at 25. WMATA seems to admit that

19 other operators would be the appropriate comparators in this case. See Mot. at 6 (“Plaintiff doesn’t

allege that he was paid a lower wage than his Local 922 female bus operator counterparts and

offers no evidence, especially any comparator evidence, of any female Local 922 bus operator who

recently gave birth having a higher wage than Plaintiff.”). And WMATA does not argue that

Sparrow performs different work from other bus operators covered by the Local 922 CBA so as to

make them inappropriate comparators. Further, the Court can infer from the deposition testimony

of Sharon James, Sparrow’s supervisor in the Landover Bus Division, that women are also

employed as bus operators and subject to the disputed parental leave policies and practices in this

case. See James Dep. at 39–44 (describing sick leave policies for employees following the birth

of a child); Decl. of Sharon James [ECF No. 19-2] (“James Decl.”) ¶ 3 (describing herself as the

former supervisor of the Landover Bus Division).

This is a close decision, which the Court may ultimately revisit depending on the evidence

elicited at trial. As the Supreme Court has recognized, evidence of “equal work” is essential to an

EPA claim, and an EPA claim might fail where a Title VII claim succeeds if an employee does not

show that an employment practice affects individuals performing “equal work.” See Washington

County, 452 U.S. at 178–79 (explaining that “if an employer used a transparently sex-biased

system for wage determination, women holding jobs not equal to those held by men” cannot sue

under the EPA); id. at 179 (noting that “if the employer required its female workers to pay more

into its pension program than male workers were required to pay, the only women who could bring

[an EPA] action . . . would be those who could establish that a man performed equal work”).

However, where the Court is presented with evidence that an allegedly discriminatory policy is

applied to men and women performing equal work as bus operators, WMATA has not met its

burden to show that it is entitled to summary judgment.

20 Finally, as the Court explained in relation to the Title VII claim, there is a material dispute

of fact as to whether WMATA provides paid parental benefits to childbearing women that it denies

to childbearing men under the Local 922 CBA. Accordingly, the Court finds a corresponding

dispute of fact as to whether women bus operators are paid equally (in terms of benefits) to male

bus operators subject to the Local 922 CBA. For these reasons, the Court will deny summary

judgment on the EPA claim. 5

III. Title VII & EPA Retaliation Claims

Sparrow’s second set of claims, again under Title VII and the EPA (and more broadly, the

Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”)), alleges that WMATA retaliated against him for complaining

about the policies he viewed as discriminatory. Both Title VII and the FLSA, of which the EPA

is part, protect employees from retaliation when they complain about their employer’s allegedly

discriminatory practices. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (Title VII);

(a)(3)

(FLSA/EPA). The framework for establishing a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII or

the FLSA follows the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

(1973). The plaintiff must show (1) that he engaged in statutorily protected activity;

(2) that he suffered a materially adverse action by his employer; and (3) a causal link between the

protected activity and the adverse action. See Ho v. Garland,

(D.C. Cir. 2024)

5 As noted at the motions hearing, the Court has also considered the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Beavers v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co.,

(11th Cir. 1992), a case not raised by either party. There, the Eleventh Circuit considered a company policy of providing health insurance to employees’ children only when the children resided full- or part-time with the employee.

. Male employees sued, alleging that because men have historically been awarded child custody less frequently than women, they suffered a disparate impact from the company’s policy and made out a claim under the EPA.

at 794–95. The employees argued that they did not need to provide comparator evidence, because the company did not “distinguish among different positions in distributing the benefit, . . . [and, hence,] they should be deemed to have satisfied the equal skill, effort, and responsibility requirement of a prima facie case.”

. The court disagreed, explaining that the scope of the EPA is “much more limited than that of Title VII.”

(citing Washington County,

). While “the plaintiffs may be able to establish a violation of Title VII, which is not expressly limited to cases involving equal work,” the court could not “simply ignore the statutory requirement” of equal work in the EPA.

This Court ultimately concludes that Beavers is distinguishable because evidence of the Local 922 CBA provides some support for the position that women in a comparable position to Sparrow receive more generous parental leave benefits than he did.

21 (Title VII); Hicks v. Ass’n of Am. Med. Colleges,

(D.D.C. 2007)

(FLSA/EPA).

A prima facie showing raises a “rebuttable presumption of unlawful discrimination.”

Smith v. District of Columbia,

(D.C. Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks

omitted). However, if the employer articulates a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its

actions, “the presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted and drops from the case.” St.

Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks,

(1993) (internal citation and quotation marks

omitted). The focus of the inquiry shifts to the “ultimate issue of retaliation vel non.” Jones v.

Bernanke,

(D.C. Cir. 2009). “[T]he only question is whether the employee’s

evidence creates a material dispute on the ultimate issue of retaliation ‘either directly by [showing]

that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the

employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.’”

(quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. v.

Aikens,

(1983)). “[T]he court reviews each of the three relevant categories of

evidence—prima facie, pretext, and any other—to determine whether they ‘either separately or in

combination’ provide sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to infer retaliation.”

at 679

(quoting Waterhouse v. District of Columbia,

(D.C. Cir. 2002)).

A. Protected Activity

Sparrow claims that he engaged in protected activity for purposes of his Title VII claim by

filing an inquiry with the EEOC on June 21, 2021. In that inquiry, Sparrow complained of

retaliation for taking parental leave following the birth of his child and of numerous alleged pay

reductions on account of that leave. See June 2021 EEOC Charge at 3. While his wording may

be somewhat ambiguous as to whether he complained specifically of conduct allegedly violating

Title VII and the EPA, see Mot. at 11, Sparrow was not required to use “magic words” to put

WMATA on notice of his concerns, see Broderick v. Donaldson,

(D.C. Cir.

22 2006). And the EEOC clearly understood his complaints this way: in the notice of charge sent by

the EEOC to WMATA on September 2, 2021, the EEOC described Sparrow as alleging

discrimination under Title VII and the EPA. See June 2021 EEOC Charge at 10. The Court,

therefore, concludes that Sparrow engaged in protected activity when he contacted the EEOC with

his concerns on June 21, 2021. See Smith,

; Cooke v. Rosenker,

(D.D.C. 2009); Reddish v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., Civ. A. No. 22-2658

(RDM),

, at *5. 6

B. Retaliation

The question then becomes whether Sparrow suffered any materially adverse action as a

retaliation for his EEOC complaint. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Burlington Northern

& Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White (“BNSF”),

(2006), a materially adverse action is

one that could have “dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of

discrimination.”

at 68 (quoting Rochon v. Gonzales,

(D.C. Cir. 2006)).

Actions taken together may be “materially adverse” even though each might not suffice on their

own. See Mogenham v. Napolitano,

(D.C. Cir. 2010).

WMATA claims that the “only possible employment decision that qualifies as materially

adverse” is the three-day suspension following the OIG investigation. Mot. at 8. Because

WMATA does not make any further arguments in its reply brief, the Court understands WMATA

to be arguing that none of the other incidents Sparrow describes in his opposition brief state a

prima facie case of retaliation. Sparrow, on the other hand, claims that the following series of

6 In his supplemental brief, Sparrow also identified his July 2020 email requesting FMLA leave as protected activity. Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4–5. Sparrow’s counsel clarified at oral argument that this was protected activity only as to Sparrow’s claim of FMLA retaliation, not as to his claim of Title VII/EPA retaliation. Separately, in his initial opposition brief, Sparrow also asserted that a “January email was protected activity under the FLSA as a matter of law.” Opp’n at 12. However, when the Court asked Sparrow to provide supplemental briefing on the “specific protected activity” he relies on to support his retaliation claims, he did not make any further reference to this January email. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4–5. And the Court has been unable to find any email meeting this description in the record. Lastly, the Court also notes that Sparrow does not claim that his complaint to the OIG was protected activity.

23 actions, taken from July 1, 2020, through February 2022, “are both retaliatory and taken together,

support a pattern of antagonism indicating that the three-day suspension was also retaliatory.” Pl.’s

Suppl. Br. at 4; see Opp’n at 12.

(a) the paychecks with irregular adjustments and $0.00 or negative balances from September 30, 2020, through May 26, 2021; (b) being improperly marked as being on “leave without pay” on multiple occasions; (c) being placed under investigation for taking time to appear for court in January or February 2021; (d) receiving a suspension for making a report to the OIG around August 2021; (e) failing to receive a November 2021 raise until February 2022; (f) being placed in an attendance program and urged to sign warning paperwork for attendance violation; and (g) receiving a three-day suspension following the OIG Report on November 12, 2021.

See Opp’n at 12–13.

The Court begins with the suspension following the OIG Report and then turns to the other

events. Recall that Letroy Baker, the Superintendent of Bus Service Operations, issued Sparrow

a three-day suspension on November 12, 2021. Memorandum at 2–3; see OIG Report at 2.

WMATA contends that this three-day suspension was independently warranted and nonretaliatory

because Sparrow surreptitiously recorded his supervisors in violation of WMATA policy. Mot. at

11. Indeed, WMATA’s explanation is more than a proffer. The agency has provided an OIG

Report concluding that Sparrow surreptitiously recorded his supervisors in potential violation of

WMATA’s internal policies. OIG Report at 1–2; Mot. at 11. WMATA has further provided a

written reprimand, which identifies the surreptitious recording as the reason for the disciplinary

action. Memorandum at 1.

“Where, as here, ‘an employer asserts a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for an adverse

employment action,’ the remaining question is ‘whether the plaintiff produced sufficient evidence

for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the

actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff on a prohibited

24 basis.’” Minter v. District of Columbia,

(D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Adeyemi v.

District of Columbia,

(D.C. Cir. 2008)). Sparrow’s counsel contended at oral

argument that retaliation can be inferred from the temporal proximity between the filing of the

EEOC complaint and the suspension. A causal connection can be established “by showing that

the employer had knowledge of the employee’s protected activity, and that the adverse [] action

took place shortly after that activity.” Mitchell v. Baldrige,

(D.C. Cir. 1985).

Although there is no bright-line rule, the Supreme Court has recognized that cases inferring

causation from temporal proximity must be “very close,” citing approvingly cases with three- to

four-month intervals. See Pueschel v. Chao,

(D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting Clark

Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden,

(2001)). The four-and-a-half-month gap here is at

the outer bounds, but it still provides some evidence supporting an inference of causation. See

(citing D.C. Circuit cases finding causation based on temporal proximity of three to five months).

However, “when an employer comes forward with a legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for

an employment action, ‘positive evidence beyond mere proximity’ is required “to create a genuine

issue of material fact concerning whether the motive for [an adverse employment action] was . . .

retaliation.” Minter, 809 F.3d at 71–72 (quoting Solomon v. Vilsack,

(D.C. Cir.

2014)). The evidence presented here cannot overcome WMATA’s nonretaliatory reason for the

discipline for multiple reasons.

First, while the court can infer from the fact that the EEOC charge was shared with

WMATA prior to the suspension (in September 2021) that the supervisor who issued the

suspension was aware of the charge, see Jones,

, Sparrow has not provided any

evidence suggesting that the supervisor was “involved in or targeted by the prior complaint,” which

“weakens an inference that the decisionmaker might have retaliatory animus,” Ho,

.

25 Second, although Sparrow contends that WMATA engaged in a “pattern of antagonism”

against him, from which retaliatory intent for the suspension can be inferred, the evidence here

does not support it. A “plaintiff can establish a link between his or her protected behavior and [the

alleged reprisal] if the employer engaged in a pattern of antagonism in the intervening period.”

Taylor v. Solis,

(D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Woodson v. Scott Paper Co.,

, 920–21 (3d Cir. 1997)); see Walker v. England,

(D.D.C. 2008).

But here, among his list of purportedly retaliatory actions, hardly any took place within the period

between his EEOC inquiry and the suspension following the OIG Report. The only actions taken

in the relevant period are the August 2021 suspension for making a report to the OIG and possibly

his placement in an attendance program. However, even if Sparrow were suspended in August

2021 (an assertion supported only by Sparrow’s declaration), this suspension does not itself

establish a pattern of antagonism suggesting retaliation for filing an EEOC complaint. Further,

the evidence of placement in an attendance program does not add much at all, since Sparrow has

not identified any date on which he was reprimanded, or placed into an attendance program, and

the Court cannot simply assume it occurred during the relevant period. Ultimately, Sparrow has

not created a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether his EEOC charge “more likely

motivated” WMATA than did the surreptitious recording, nor that WMATA’s “explanation is

unworthy of credence.” Jones,

(quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd.,

).

The Court also cannot conclude that a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether

the list of actions was retaliatory, taken individually or together. To begin, the actions preceding

the EEOC complaint cannot be retaliatory in violation of Title VII and the EPA because “no event

that preceded [the date of protected activity] can constitute an adverse action for the purposes of

[plaintiff’s] prima facie case of retaliation.” Cooke,

. Hence, Sparrow’s

contention that paycheck issues from July 1, 2020, through May 26, 2021, were retaliatory must

26 fail because they preceded the statutorily protected action of filing a complaint with the EEOC on

June 21, 2021, and therefore could not be retaliation for taking protected action. See

The same

goes for the “investigation” of Sparrow following his decision to take leave to attend court hearings

in January and February 2021. See id. at 13.

With respect to the contentions that followed his EEOC complaint—that Sparrow was

improperly marked as being on “leave without pay” on multiple occasions; received a suspension

for making a report to the OIG around August 2021; failed to receive a November 2021 raise until

February 2022; was placed in an attendance program and urged to sign warning paperwork for

attendance violation—it is not apparent that any of these actions, alone or together, is “materially

adverse” under the standard set forth in BNSF.

. And, in any event, Sparrow has

not provided sufficient evidence permitting the Court to infer that these actions were taken in

retaliation for his complaint to the EEOC. As noted above, Sparrow has not indicated when he

was placed in an attendance program or what connection that had to his FMLA leave. As to being

improperly marked as taking leave without pay, Sparrow also does not provide enough specificity

or support to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether these actions were retaliatory.

He has not identified on what days he was marked as being on leave without pay “improperly,”

versus being so marked because he previously used up his vacation days—which would be “merely

[his] discrimination claim[] with new labeling.” Mayers v. Laborers’ Health & Safety Fund of

N.A.,

(D.C. Cir. 2007), abrogated on other grounds by Green v. Brennan,

(2016). Indeed, he suggests elsewhere that he received no pay because he previously

used up his vacation time while on FMLA leave. See Opp’n at 10. Nor do the cursory assertions

relating to an August 2021 suspension or the failure to issue a raise meet the standard required to

survive summary judgment. On this record, Sparrow has not raised a genuine issue of material

27 fact as to his Title VII and EPA retaliation claims. Accordingly, the Court will grant summary

judgment to WMATA on Sparrow’s Title VII and EPA retaliation claims.

IV. FMLA Discrimination & Interference Claims

Sparrow’s final pair of claims concern his requests to take FMLA leave around the birth of

his child. Sparrow claims that WMATA interfered with his right to take FMLA leave and

retaliated against him for doing so.

A. FMLA Interference

Under the FMLA, it is unlawful for an employer to “interfere with, restrain, or deny the

exercise” of FMLA rights.

(a)(1). “To prevail on an FMLA interference claim,

a plaintiff must show (1) employer conduct that reasonably tends to interfere with, restrain, or deny

the exercise of FMLA rights, and (2) prejudice arising from the interference.” Waggel v. George

Washington Univ.,

(D.C. Cir. 2020). “[A]n employer action with a

reasonable tendency to ‘interfere with, restrain, or deny’ the ‘exercise of or attempt to exercise’ an

FMLA right may give rise to a valid interference claim under § 2615(a)(1) even where the action

fails to actually prevent such exercise or attempt.” Gordon v. U.S. Capitol Police,

(D.C. Cir. 2015). However, some evidence of prejudice is needed, and remedies must be

“tailored to the harm suffered.” Waggel,

(quoting Ragsdale v. Wolverine World

Wide, Inc.,

(2002)); see Gordon,

.

Sparrow’s FMLA interference claim is premised on the series of irregular paystubs he

received while out on FMLA leave in September and October of 2020. Sparrow asserts that

WMATA interfered with his FMLA leave by “repeatedly chang[ing] [his] hours and dock[ing] his

pay,” and that his “paychecks were missing payment, and sixteen days of vacation were taken

without his consent.” Opp’n at 14; see Am. Compl. ¶ 66. The result of the pay issues, according

to Sparrow, is that he returned to work earlier than he otherwise would have. See Sparrow Dep.

28 at 43 (“I only came back [from FMLA leave] because I noticed that my leave was being

depleted.”). Indeed, Sparrow cut his FMLA leave short by about three weeks. See Def. SMF ¶ 10.

WMATA responds that the agency’s conduct cannot be considered “interference” because

Sparrow had no right to paid leave under the FMLA. Mot. at 12–13; Def.’s Am. Suppl. Br. at 5–

6. To the extent that, during his parental leave, Sparrow learned that he would not receive sick

pay, WMATA argues that this application of WMATA policy cannot support relief. Accordingly,

Sparrow was not “denied” any FMLA right when he was not paid during his FMLA leave. In

support of this argument, WMATA cites Becknell v. University of Kentucky,

(E.D. Ky. 2019), which held that an employer’s refusal to pay an employee on FMLA leave did

not deny the employee “FMLA benefits to which she was entitled” because the “FMLA does not

provide employees any right to use paid leave while on FMLA leave.”

.

WMATA is certainly correct that it was not required, under the statute, to provide Sparrow

with any paid leave under the FMLA.

(d)(1). However, Sparrow’s claim is

something more than that he was not paid during his FMLA leave. WMATA sent Sparrow several

pay stubs during his FMLA leave that included “irregular adjustments,” pay stubs for $0.00, and

pay stubs suggesting negative balances. See Opp’n at 14 (citing Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 42–51). These

actions might be construed by a jury to go beyond merely not paying Sparrow during his FMLA

leave. A reasonable jury could conclude that the pay issue had a “reasonable tendency” to deter

Sparrow from taking his protected leave. See Gordon,

; McFadden v. Ballard

Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP,

(D.C. Cir. 2010). This conclusion might

specifically be warranted if the jury concluded that Sparrow thought he was being charged for

taking leave or that vacation leave was being used against his wishes. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4.

Further, a jury could find that prejudice resulted if Sparrow returned to work early, losing out on

his FMLA entitlement, due to WMATA’s actions. Of course, a reasonable jury might also

29 conclude, as WMATA contends, that Sparrow belatedly realized he was not entitled to take his

sick pay while on FMLA leave for his child and came back early for that reason. But a conclusion

in favor of either argument should be left to the jury.

WMATA further argues that Sparrow’s theory is untenable because he has not shown that

WMATA officials intended to discourage him from taking leave. WMATA claims that Sparrow’s

leave was first inadvertently miscoded as “Family Medical Leave Sick,” when it should have been

coded as “Family Medical Leave Vacation,” resulting in the pay discrepancies. See Mot. at 12–

13; James Decl. ¶ 7. Sparrow does not accept WMATA’s explanation because, in his view, “it

does not explain why he received ‘negative paychecks.’” Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 5. However, Sparrow

provides no evidence, other than the paychecks themselves, to suggest that WMATA altered his

paychecks to discourage him from taking FMLA leave.

The D.C. Circuit has reserved on the question whether an employee can establish a FMLA

interference claim without proof that such interference was intentional. Gordon,

.

However, at least three circuits have held that proof of an employer’s subjective intent is not

required to prove FMLA interference. See Mellen v. Trs. of Boston Univ.,

(1st

Cir. 2007); Smith v. Diffee Ford-Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.,

(10th Cir. 2002); King

v. Preferred Tech. Group,

(7th Cir. 1999). Their reasoning—which the Court

adopts—is that, because the FMLA creates an entitlement, when an employee is deprived of this

entitlement she has been harmed—regardless of the employer’s intent. See King,

.

Here, if Sparrow’s theory is proven correct, he too would have been deprived of leave to which he

was entitled due to WMATA’s interfering actions. Accordingly, the Court will deny summary

judgment on Sparrow’s FMLA interference claim.

30 B. FMLA Retaliation

Lastly, WMATA contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on Sparrow’s FMLA

retaliation claim because “there are nonretaliatory reasons for all the actions taken . . . and a vast

majority of [Sparrow’s] later discipline lacks a causal nexus.” Mot. at 13.

“[A] plaintiff may bring retaliation claims under § 2615(a)(1) by alleging an employer

discriminated against her for taking FMLA leave.” Waggel,

; see Gordon,

. 7 FMLA retaliation claims—like the Title VII and EPA retaliation claims discussed

above—are analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas framework. Waggel,

; see

Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., Inc.,

, 1367–68 (D.C. Cir. 2000).

“To establish a prima facie case of FMLA retaliation, a plaintiff must show (1) the exercise of

protected FMLA activity; (2) an adverse employment decision; and (3) a causal connection

between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Waggel,

. An employer

can rebut a prima facie case with evidence of a “legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for the adverse

action.”

The D.C. Circuit has reserved on the question whether adverse action for purposes of

a FMLA retaliation claim must be “materially adverse,” such that the action is one that could have

“dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination,” BNSF,

, or whether a “lower standard might govern,” Waggel,

. However,

that court has recognized the “overwhelming consensus among [other] circuits that FMLA

retaliation claims are governed by the Title VII standard.”

7 Sparrow’s amended complaint alleges a violation under

(a)(2), which prohibits employers from “discharg[ing] or in any other manner discriminat[ing] against any individual for opposing any practice made unlawful by [FMLA].” However, the allegations in the amended complaint are more likely cognizable under § 2615(a)(1), which the D.C. Circuit has interpreted to provide a cause of action for employees who face retaliation for taking or requesting FMLA leave. See Waggel,

. In his opposition to WMATA’s motion for summary judgment, Sparrow suggests he might also be relying on his opposition to WMATA’s policies, noting evidence in the record that he had “multiple conversations” with his supervisors “regarding his request to use sick leave instead of vacation” and that he “raised concerns about being treated differently in terms of leave” as a man. Opp’n at 14; see Gordon,

; Deloatch v. Harris Teeter, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2011). In any event, the analysis is the same with respect to the retaliatory acts.

31 Recall that Sparrow requested FMLA leave on July 2, 2020, which Sparrow contends (and

WMATA does not dispute) is protected activity under the Act. See Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4–5.

Sparrow asserts that after he made his request for FMLA leave, WMATA “repeatedly changed his

hours and docked his pay.” Opp’n at 14. He further suggests that all the actions discussed above

with respect to his Title VII and EPA retaliation claims are relevant to retaliation here.

(asserting that Sparrow’s “retaliation claims are all interconnected and stem from the same

underlying facts”).

The Court begins with the various issues Sparrow had with his paychecks during the FMLA

leave. WMATA has proffered a nondiscriminatory reason for the paycheck issues: WMATA was

applying its FMLA policy and miscoded his leave before correcting the issue. Mot. at 14; Def.’s

Am. Suppl. Br. at 5. Sparrow disputes this explanation but does not cite any evidence suggesting

that it is pretext. See Opp’n at 14; Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 5. And unlike the interference claim premised

on these same pay discrepancies, Sparrow cannot survive summary judgment on this retaliation

claim without some evidence to suggest that WMATA’s actions were taken with the intent to

retaliate against him. See Mellen,

.

Sparrow also claims that he was marked as being on “leave without pay” as retaliation for

requesting FMLA leave. See Opp’n at 14. WMATA provides non-discriminatory reasons for two

dates on which he was so marked. WMATA asserts that Sparrow did not request to use his

vacation leave on November 6, 2020, and that he lacked an “emergency leave bank balance” to

cover his absence on December 31, 2020. Mot. at 14; see James Decl. ¶¶ 8–9. In his deposition,

Sparrow stated that November 6 “was a made up day. Around that time, they made up a day that

my grand or aunt had died, and they put that in the system themselves. I had nothing to do with

that day.” Sparrow Dep. at 79. However, Sparrow was unable to articulate in his deposition

whether this absence was in fact covered by his FMLA leave, and his attendance record does not

32 indicate that he was marked as leave without pay on that date. See

at 73–74; Attendance

Records at *5. As for December 31, Sparrow stated that “I probably wasn’t at work that day” and

acknowledged that his FMLA leave had run out by that time.

. And, indeed, his

attendance records indicate that he took emergency, unscheduled leave due to COVID-19 exposure

on that date. See Attendance Records at *44. The evidence thus does not suggest that WMATA’s

reasons were pretextual. As noted above, Sparrow does not identify on what other days he was

improperly marked as leave without pay, and the Court cannot conclude from his vague assertions

that he has created a genuine issue of fact. 8

WMATA contends that any later discipline is too remote to establish an inference of

retaliation. Mot. at 14–15. Sparrow does not respond to this argument at all. See Opp’n at 14.

Indeed, the investigation for taking leave to appear in court in January or February 2021, the

alleged suspension for reporting to OIG in August 2021, the lack of a raise in November 2021, the

attendance program, and the three-day suspension following the OIG Report all trail the request

for FMLA leave by at least several months. See

at 12–13. Even assuming these actions are

sufficiently adverse to support a FMLA retaliation claim, Sparrow does not elaborate at all on why

the Court should find these to be retaliation for his FMLA request. Accordingly, the Court cannot

conclude that Sparrow has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to his FMLA retaliation claim,

and summary judgment will be granted to WMATA.

V. Joinder of Local 922

Having concluded that three of Sparrow’s claims will survive the motion for summary

judgment, the Court turns to one final issue raised by WMATA: whether Sparrow’s union, Local

8 During his deposition, Sparrow also asserted that he was improperly marked as leave without pay in early 2021 and in April 2021. See Sparrow Dep. at 78–80. Yet these markings, too, are rebutted by the evidence in his attendance records, which indicate he sought leave in early 2021 to attend a court hearing unrelated to his work at WMATA and that in April 2021 he sought emergency leave to care for his daughter. See Attendance Records at *41– 43, *51. And, in any event, those events were months removed from his request for FMLA leave, rendering their connection to the request doubtful.

33 922, must be joined in this case. In its motion, WMATA makes a cursory argument that Sparrow

has not made a “viable claim” under Title VII or the EPA because he failed to join Local 922.

WMATA claims that Local 922 is a required party because “what [Sparrow] is really challenging

is the existence of the maternity leave policy in his union’s CBA.” Mot. at 7 & 8 n.2.

Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a] person who is subject to service of process

and whose joinder will not deprive the court of subject-matter jurisdiction must be joined as a party

if . . . in that person’s absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1)(A). If a required party has not been joined, “the court must order that the

person be made a party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(2). Courts have generally held that a union is a

required party to an employment discrimination case when the plaintiff challenges terms of the

CBA. See Lane v. J.H. Haynes Elec. Co., Inc., Civ. A. No. 12-381 (LG/JMR),

,

at *2–3 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 28, 2013) (collecting cases); Wright & Miller, Federal Practice &

Procedure § 1620 (3d ed.). But where the party’s challenge is targeted at the employer’s

administration of the CBA, the union is not generally a required party. See Brum v. County of

Merced, Civ. A. No. 12-1636 (AWI),

, at *6–11 (E.D. Cal. May 31, 2013).

While this is a close question, the Court does not find that Local 922 is a required party in

this litigation. Sparrow’s Title VII claim arises from the interrelationship between the Local 922

CBA and WMATA’s internal policies. The Local 922 CBA includes the challenged provision that

offers maternity leave only to childbearing women employees. That provision sets the stage for

WMATA to allow Local 922 female employees to use up to six months of sick leave. But

principally at issue in this case is WMATA’s application of that provision in conjunction with its

sick leave policies. After all, Sparrow’s complaint is that he was not paid during his leave, not

that he wished to take more than the 12 weeks of leave to which he was already entitled under

WMATA’s policies. And, at the motions hearing, Sparrow’s counsel clarified that her client is

34 not directly challenging any provision of the collective bargaining agreement. Rough Hr’g Tr. at

30.

Further, Sparrow does not seek injunctive or declaratory relief against WMATA or Local

922. Rather, he only seeks “unpaid wages in such an amount to be proven at trial, plus liquidated

damages as provided by statute), compensatory damages, interest (both pre- and post-judgment),

attorney’s fees, costs, and any other and further relief this Court deems appropriate.” Am. Compl.

at 12. Hence, “complete relief” could be accorded without the participation of the union.

However, given the relevance of the CBA’s terms to Sparrow’s claims and the potential

for future litigation involving Local 922, the Court will order Sparrow to provide Local 922 with

notice of this action, including a copy of his amended complaint, this Memorandum Opinion, and

the accompanying Order, so that the union might evaluate its interest in the litigation and, if

appropriate, move to intervene.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant summary judgment to WMATA on

Sparrow’s retaliation claims but deny summary judgment on Sparrow’s Title VII and EPA

discrimination claims and on his FMLA interference claim. An Order consistent with this

Memorandum Opinion will issue on this date.

/s/ JOHN D. BATES United States District Judge Dated: July 26, 2024

35