UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

RIYAN WILLIAMS,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 1:24-cv-02017-RCL

CONSUMERINFO.COM, INC. and EXPERIAN INFORMATION SOLUTIONS, INC.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case concerns Plaintiff Riyan Williams’ suit against defendants ConsumerInfo.com,

Inc. (CIC) and Experian Information Solutions, Inc. (EIS), regarding Mr. Williams’ use of the

defendants’ credit monitoring service. Before the Court is the defendants’ Motion to Compel

Arbitration and to stay proceedings pending the outcome of arbitration. Mot. to Compel

Arbitration, ECF No. 17. Defendants argue that a valid agreement to arbitrate exists between

themselves and Mr. Williams; that EIS may enforce the arbitration agreement directly, or

alternatively EIS may enforce it as a third-party beneficiary; and that any dispute over the

arbitrability of Mr. Williams’s claims, including questions of unconscionability, have been

properly delegated to an arbitrator. Mr. Williams, proceeding pro se, opposes the motion. He

contends first that no valid agreement to arbitrate exists due to lack of mutual assent; second, that

if such an agreement exists it is unconscionable; third, that Defendant EIS may not enforce the

agreement; and fourth, that the delegation of arbitrability to the arbitrator is invalid. The Court

agrees with the defendants, and accordingly will GRANT the motion to compel arbitration and

stay the proceedings.

1 I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

The subject of this dispute is Mr. Williams’ experience with the defendants’ credit

monitoring service. Defendant EIS is an affiliate of Defendant CIC, and Defendant CIC also

does business as Experian Consumer Services (ECS). Declaration of Mr. Dan Smith, Director of

Product Operations for CIC (“Smith Decl.”), ECF No. 17-1, ¶ 1–2. CIC and ECS are both

wholly owned subsidiaries of Experian Holdings, Inc. under the parent company Experian plc.

Id. ¶ 2. CIC/ECS operates a credit monitoring service, providing credit reports to consumers,

called CreditWorks. Id. ¶ 1.

Plaintiff Riyan Williams, proceeding pro se, enrolled in CreditWorks on June 10, 2018.

Id. ¶ 3. He alleges that Defendants CIC and EIS failed to investigate inaccurate information

contained in his credit report furnished by the defendants, and that the defendants subsequently

failed to reinvestigate the inaccurate information when he disputed it. Compl. ¶ 83–97, Williams

v. ConsumerInfo.com, Inc., No. 2024-CAB-3758 and No. 1:24-cv-2017 (RCL), reproduced in

Receipt of Superior Court Transfer Documents, ECF No. 15.1 He alleges that the inaccurate

information damaged his creditworthiness and “hindered [his] ability to provide for [his]

family.” Id. at 1. Specifically, Mr. Williams identifies various violations of the Fair Credit

Reporting Act (FCRA),

et seq., as well as state contract law violations and

unjust enrichment.

¶ 110–49.

Mr. Williams filed his complaint in June 2024 against “ConsumerInfo.com, Inc., d/b/a

Experian, Experian Information Solutions, Inc., d/b/a Experian” in D.C. Superior Court. Compl.

1 Mr. Williams originally filed his complaint in D.C. Superior Court, No. 24-CAB-3758, and it was removed to this Court. Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. His complaint is reproduced in multiple places, including in a transfer of documents from D.C. Superior Court to this Court. See Receipt of Superior Court Transfer Documents, ECF No. 15. Accordingly, this opinion cites to the complaint as reproduced in the transfer of documents.

2 at 1. The following month, the defendants removed the case to this Court. Notice of Removal at

1–3, ECF No. 1. They filed two answers on July 18, 2024, one on behalf of EIS and another on

behalf of CIC. Answer, ECF No. 7 (“EIS Answer”); Answer, ECF No. 8 (“CIC Answer”).2

The parties met and conferred on July 29, 2024, and the defendants indicated their intent

to file a motion to compel arbitration. Meet and Confer Statement, ECF No. 14. On August 21,

2024, the defendants filed said motion. Mot. to Compel Arbitration, ECF No. 17. The

defendants contend that when Mr. Williams enrolled in CreditWorks, “he agreed to arbitrate ‘all

disputes and claims between [him and the defendants]’ that arise out of, or relate to, his

CreditWorks agreement.”

.

B. Contractual Background

As part of CreditWorks’ enrollment process, Mr. Williams was required to complete two

webforms, the first of which required him to enter personal information such as his name,

address, and e-mail address. Smith Decl. ¶ 3. After doing so, Mr. Williams had to click a purple

button that reads “Submit and Continue” to proceed to the next webform. Id.; see also

Ex. 1

(showing a representation of the first webform). The second webform required Mr. Williams to

enter his social security number, date of birth, and a username and password. Smith Decl. ¶ 3.

To complete the enrollment process, Mr. Williams was required to click a purple “Submit Secure

Order” button.

. Mr. Williams would not have been able to enroll without completing

these steps. Id.; see also

Ex. 2 (showing a representation of the second webform).

Immediately above the “Submit Secure Order” button appears the following disclosure:

“By clicking ‘Submit Secure Order’: I accept and agree to your Terms of Use Agreement, as

2 In both answers, Defendants noted that “[CIC], which operates as [ECS], is a separate legal entity from [ECS]. Because it is not clear which entity Plaintiff intended to sue, answers are being filed on behalf of both [CIC] and [EIS].” See Answer at 1 n.1, ECF No. 7; Answer at 1 n.1, ECF No. 8.

3 well as acknowledge receipt of your Privacy Policy and Ad Targeting Policy.”

;

Ex. 2.

The entire disclosure was in bold font and the phrase “Terms of Use Agreement” was offset in

bold, blue text as a hyperlink that, if clicked, would have presented Mr. Williams with the full

text of the Terms of Use.

;

Ex. 2.

Three versions of the Terms of Use Agreement were in effect at various points over the

course of Mr. Williams’ enrollment in CreditWorks: (1) the version in effect when Mr. Williams

first enrolled (hereinafter referred to as the “2018 TOU”); (2) a Terms of Use Agreement that

took effect in January 2019 (hereinafter referred to as the “2019 TOU”); and (3) a Terms of Use

Agreement dated December 11, 2023, which was in effect when Mr. Williams initiated this

lawsuit (hereinafter referred to as the “2023 TOU”). See Smith Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5, 9.

The 2018 TOU states in the “Overview and Acceptance of Terms” section that “the terms

‘we,’ ‘us’ or ‘ECS’ refer to [CIC], an Experian company (also known as [ECS]), and referred to

as ‘Experian’ on the Websites, its predecessors in interest, successors and assigns, and any of its

third party service providers. . . .” Smith Decl. Ex. 3. The 2018 TOU also contains an

arbitration agreement that states: “ECS and you agree to arbitrate all disputes and claims between

us arising out of this Agreement directly related to the Services or Websites . . . . ”

Finally,

the 2018 TOU contains an amendment provision:

This Agreement may be updated from time to time. You should check this Website regularly for updates to this Agreement. Each time you order, access or use any of the Services or Websites, you signify your acceptance and agreement, without limitation or qualification, to be bound by the then current Agreement. Modifications take effect as soon as they are posted to this Website (or any of the Websites, to the extent applicable to you), delivered to you, or reasonably made available to you in writing by ECS.

Subsection (g) of the arbitration agreement section of the 2018 TOU states that users may

reject changes to the arbitration provision and require ECS to use the provision in effect at a

4 user’s time of enrollment in the event of a dispute.

CreditWorks then amended the TOU

again in 2019 to enlarge the scope of its arbitration agreement.

On December 11, 2023, CreditWorks again amended its Terms of Use. See Smith Decl.

Ex. 4. This 2023 TOU was the version in effect when Mr. Williams filed his complaint.

.

The 2023 TOU defines “ECS” more expansively than the 2018 TOU, adding, as relevant here,

“affiliates (including, but not limited to, [EIS]),” in the “Overview and Acceptance of Terms”

section.

Ex. 4. The 2023 TOU also contains an amendments provision like the 2018 TOU.

The 2023 TOU, like the 2018 TOU and 2019 TOU, contains an arbitration agreement.

The arbitration agreement in the 2023 TOU defines “ECS” as having the same meaning as in the

“Overview and Acceptance of Terms” section and expressly incorporates that definition in the

arbitration agreement.

The 2023 TOU was in effect when Mr. Williams filed suit. The

arbitration agreement contained within the 2023 TOU reads as follows in relevant part:

ECS and you agree to arbitrate all disputes and claims between us that arise out of or relate to this Agreement [the 2023 TOU], which includes any Information you obtain through the Services or Websites, to the maximum extent permitted by law, ....

This agreement to arbitrate is intended to be broadly interpreted and to make all disputes and claims between us relating to, or arising out of, this Agreement, any Service and/or Website, including any Information you obtained through the Services or Websites, subject to arbitration to the fullest extent permitted by law. The agreement to arbitrate includes, but is not limited to, claims brought by you against ECS, whether based in contract, tort, statute (including, without limitation, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Credit Repair Organizations Act), for fraud, misrepresentation or any other legal theory; claims arising out of or relating to any aspect of the relationship between us arising out of any Service or Website, claims that arose before this or any prior Agreement (including, but not limited to, claims relating to advertising). . .

All issues are for the arbitrator to decide including, but not limited to, (i) all issues regarding arbitrability, (ii) the scope and enforceability of this arbitration provision as well as the Agreement's other terms and conditions, (iii) whether you or ECS, through litigation conduct or otherwise, waived the right to arbitrate, (iv) whether all or any part of this arbitration provision or Agreement is

5 unenforceable, void or voidable including, but not limited to, on grounds of unconscionability . . . .

On August 21, 2024, the Defendants filed a Motion to compel arbitration and stay the

proceedings. Mot. to Compel, ECF No. 17. Mr. Williams filed his response the following day,

Resp. in Opp’n to Mot. to Compel Arbitration and Stay (“Opp’n”), ECF No. 18, and Defendants

filed a reply on August 28, 2024. Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Compel Arbitration (“Reply”), ECF

No. 19. On September 9, 2024, Defendants filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority, ECF No.

20, and Mr. Williams responded on September 12, 2024. Resp. to Notice of Suppl. Authority,

ECF No. 21. The Motion is therefore ripe for this Court’s review.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) “creates a strong presumption in favor of enforcing

arbitration agreements.” Taylor v. Fannie Mae,

(D.D.C. 2012). The

FAA reflects “both a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration, and the fundamental principle that

arbitration is a matter of contract.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion,

, 339 (2011)

(quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S 1, 24 (1983); and then

quoting Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson,

(2010)) (internal quotation marks

omitted). The FAA provides that “district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration

on issues as to which an arbitration agreement has been signed.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v.

Byrd,

(1985) (citing

, 4). In doing so, “any doubts concerning the

scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration . . . .” Moses H. Cone, 460

U.S. at 24–25. Accordingly, arbitration agreements are “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save

upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” Coinbase, Inc.

v. Suski,

, 147–48 (2024) (quoting

).

6 When considering a motion to compel arbitration, courts in this Circuit apply the summary

judgment standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c). See Aliron Int’l, Inc. v. Cherokee

Nation Indus., Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2008); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Summary judgment

is warranted if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

(1986)

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). “The party seeking to compel arbitration must present evidence

sufficient to demonstrate an enforceable agreement to arbitrate.” Haire v. Smith, Currie &

Hancock LLP,

(D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Hill v. Wackenhut Servs. Int’l,

(D.D.C. 2012)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The burden then shifts

to plaintiffs to show that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to the making of the agreement.”

“In resolving a motion to compel arbitration, the focus is on the arbitrability of the dispute

rather than the dispute itself . . . and accordingly, a court may not weigh the merits of a grievance

when determining whether to compel arbitration.” Sakyi v. Estée Lauder Cos., Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2018) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Irrespective of the

presumption in favor of arbitrability, “[a]rbitration is a matter of contract and consent, and we have

long held that disputes are subject to arbitration if, and only if, the parties actually agreed to

arbitrate those disputes.” Coinbase, 602 U.S. at 145. When determining whether parties have

agreed to arbitrate a dispute, courts apply “ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation

of contracts.” First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan,

(1995).

District courts considering a motion to compel arbitration engage in a “two-part inquiry,”

first looking at “whether the parties entered into a valid and enforceable arbitration agreement.”

Fannie Mae,

(citing Nur v. K.F.C. USA, Inc., 142 F. Supp. 2d. 48, 50–51

7 (D.D.C. 2001)). If, as here, the non-moving party argues there is not a valid agreement to arbitrate,

the court must determine if there has been “a meeting of the minds on the agreement to arbitrate.”

Aliron Int’l.,

. If the court determines there is a valid arbitration agreement between

the parties, the second step is for the court to determine whether the arbitration agreement

“encompasses the claims raised in the complaint.” Fannie Mae,

(citing

Nur, 142 F. Supp. 2d at 50–51). While the “default rule” is that “the question of arbitrability is

usually for the Court to decide,” Haire,

, parties can “agree by contract that

an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve threshold arbitrability questions as well as underlying

merits disputes.” Coinbase, 602 U.S. at 148 (quoting Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales,

Inc.,

(2019)).

III. DISCUSSION

A. There is a Valid Agreement to Arbitrate Between the Parties

The first question for the Court is whether there is a valid and enforceable arbitration

agreement between the parties. Fannie Mae,

. The Court concludes that

the text and structure of the arbitration agreement and Mr. Williams’ actions show that a valid and

enforceable agreement to arbitrate exists.

i. Choice of Law

Absent an effective choice-of-law provision, “District of Columbia courts . . . consider[]

which of the relevant jurisdictions has the more substantial interest in having its law applied and

the more significant relationship to the litigation.” Africare v. Xerox Complete Document Sols.,

, 31 (D.D.C. 2020) (citing PCH Mut. Ins. Co. v. Cas. & Sur., Inc.,

, 72–73 (D.D.C. 2008)). D.C. courts look at five factors in this analysis: “[1] the place of

contracting, [2] the place of negotiation of the contract, [3] the place of performance, [4] the

location of the subject matter of the contract, and [5] the domicil[e], . . . place of incorporation and

8 place of business of the parties.”

(quoting Bode & Grenier, 808 F.3d at 864 (D.C. Cir. 2015))

(alterations in Africare).

Mr. Williams is a resident of the District of Columbia, see Compl. ¶ 4, and resided in D.C.

when he enrolled in CreditWorks. Mr. Williams received the contracted-for services in D.C. as

well. Although Mr. Smith avers that he works for CIC in Costa Mesa, California, see Smith Decl.

¶ 1, and that a party seeking to compel arbitration must send notice to Costa Mesa, California, id.

Ex. 4, none of the defendants’ filings specify a domicile for CIC, EIS, or ECS. Given the lack of

a contrary choice of law provision, the Defendants’ nationwide presence, and Mr. Williams’s

relationship to the District of Columbia, the Court finds that District of Columbia law should

govern this dispute.

ii. Validity of the Agreement

Mr. Williams argues that there is no valid agreement to arbitrate between himself and the

defendants due to “lack of mutual assent and consideration.” Opp’n. at 4–5. At the outset, the

Court will dispose of Mr. Williams’ lack of consideration argument. He states that the

CreditWorks’ services were “misleadingly marketed as ‘free’” even though he “was required to

surrender personal rights and information as the actual cost of the service, which constitutes a lack

of consideration.” Opp’n at 2. Without addressing Mr. Williams’ claim of misleading advertising,

in any event, Mr. Williams has actually identified consideration: providing information for the

receipt of credit monitoring services. “An exchange of promises or a detriment to the promisee

constitutes legally sufficient consideration, so long as it is bargained-for.” Lannan Found. v.

Gingold,

(D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Wash. Inv. Partners of Delaware, LLC v.

The Securities House, K.S.C.C.,

(D.C. 2011)).

9 Mr. Williams’ argument that the agreement lacks mutual assent similarly fails. Case law

in this Circuit establishes that parties are bound by arbitration agreements contained in a

hyperlinked terms of service agreement where users had reasonable notice of the terms of service

and the arbitration agreement contained therein. In Selden v. Airbnb, the plaintiff was presented

with the following statement, directly below three sign-up options, when he signed up for Airbnb:

“By signing up, I agree to Airbnb's Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, Guest Refund Policy, and

Host Guarantee Terms.”

, 152–53 (D.C. Cir. 2021). The “terms and policies appeared

in red text . . . and were hyperlinked to the full policies,” which contained a binding arbitration

agreement.

. The court held that a valid agreement to arbitrate existed between the

plaintiff and Airbnb “because [the plaintiff] had reasonable notice of the Terms of Service and the

arbitration clause therein.”

. The “type of screen” the plaintiff saw when he signed up

for Airbnb “is known as ‘sign-in wrap,’ a website ‘designed so that a user is notified of the

existence and applicability of the site's ‘terms of use’ when proceeding through the website's sign-

in or login process.’”

at 156 (quoting Berkson v. Gogo LLC,

(E.D.N.Y.

2015)). The court explained that determining “whether a sign-in wrap provides reasonable notice

of the terms to which the user is agreeing[,]” requires looking to “the layout and language of the

site” to determine whether a user has “reasonable notice that a click—i.e., signing up—will

manifest assent to an agreement.”

at 156 (quoting Meyer v. Uber Techs., 868 F.3d at 66, 75,

77) (internal quotation marks omitted). In reaching their decision the court reasoned that the

consumer had adequate notice because of the screen’s “simple design[,]” and the contrasting red

text indicating a hyperlink to a separate page with the Terms of Use. Id. at 156–57.

Here, like in Selden, the phrase “Terms of Use Agreement” appeared in bold font in a

different color, blue in this case, indicating a hyperlink which led to the complete TOU. Smith

10 Decl. Ex. 2. As in Selden, the notice to users that they assented to the “Terms of Use Agreement”

by signing up was in normal-sized font, easy to read, used spacing that ensured it was not cluttered,

and drew their attention because it was bolded. Id. Finally, the notice appeared on the same

webpage as the “Submit Secure Order” button and appeared above it, ensuring that if a user read

the text in the proper order, they would read the notice before reaching the “Submit Secure Order”

button. See id.3 Therefore, Mr. Williams, like the plaintiff in Selden, had reasonable notice that

he was assenting to the terms of service and the arbitration agreement therein.

Mr. Williams argues that he did not have “actual or constructive knowledge” of the

arbitration agreement. Opp’n at 4. However, as the discussion of Selden illustrates, “actual”

knowledge is not relevant—the standard is one of constructive notice which, turns on “whether

reasonable people in the position of the parties would have known about the terms and the conduct

that would be required to assent to them.” Selden,

. To argue lack of constructive

notice, Mr. Williams cites to Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.,

(9th Cir. 2014). But

Nguyen—which is merely persuasive, rather than binding, authority—is factually distinguishable.

In Nguyen, “[t]he website's Terms of Use [were] available via a ‘Terms of Use’ hyperlink located

in the bottom left-hand corner of every page on the Barnes & Noble website,” and “appear[ed]

underlined and set in green typeface in the lower lefthand corner of every page in the online

checkout process.” Nguyen,

. The court held that this setup—a “conspicuous

hyperlink” with “close proximity . . . to relevant buttons users must click on” —is insufficient for

constructive notice without any affirmative action required by the user to demonstrate assent.

at 1178–79. Unlike Nguyen, the CreditWorks sign-up process requires the affirmative action by

3 Selden applied California law, but “[t]he D.C. and California law requirements for formation of a binding contract . . . do not differ in material respects.” Gambo v. Lyft, Inc.,

, 54 (D.D.C. 2022) (applying the reasoning of Selden to a contract under D.C. law to hold that a valid agreement to arbitrate existed).

11 the user. It provides notice to users that by signing up, they are agreeing to the “Terms of Use

Agreement.” Smith Decl. Ex. 2. The notice appeared above the “Submit Secure Order” button,

was in bold font and was easy to read, and, unlike in Nguyen, explicitly informed users that “[b]y

clicking ‘Submit Secure Order’: I accept and agree to your Terms of Use Agreement.”

Mr. Williams also cites Specht v. Netscape Commc’ns Corp.,

(2d Cir. 2002)

to argue that hyperlinking terms is insufficient to provide adequate notice. Opp’n. at 5. This

argument misreads the case law—Specht does not hold that hyperlinking is per se insufficient

notice. In any event, Specht is not binding and is distinguishable on its facts. In Specht, the terms

of use at issue were “located in text that would have become visible to plaintiffs only if they had

scrolled down to the next screen.” Specht, 306 F.3d at 23. The Second Circuit took issue not with

the hyperlinking, but rather, the fact that there was not “an immediately visible notice of the

existence of license terms,” nor did they “require unambiguous manifestation of assent to those

terms.” Id. at 31. A “reasonably prudent offeree” in the plaintiffs’ position would “not necessarily

have known or learned of the existence” of the agreement. Id. at 30.

But here, unlike in Specht, the terms of use are immediately visible: the entire disclaimer

does not require a user to scroll to view the disclaimer or the hyperlink to the TOU. Smith Decl.

Ex. 2. The disclaimer is in bold text to draw the user’s attention to it, the phrase “Terms of Use

Agreement” is in blue text indicating a hyperlink, and the disclaimer is not buried in fine print. Id.

All these distinguishing features confirm that Mr. Williams received adequate notice that by

clicking the “Submit Secure Order” button, he was agreeing to the TOU.

In addition to arguing that the CreditWorks sign-up page provided inadequate notice,

Mr. Williams also argues there was no mutual assent because the text of the TOU itself lacked

clear language and did not provide meaningful notice of the arbitration agreement. Opp’n at 5.

12 This argument is rebutted by looking at the TOU’s plain language. The arbitration agreement in

the 2018 TOU, which Mr. Williams was presented with when he signed up, begins with capitalized

text in large purple font reading “DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY BINDING ARBITRATION.”

Smith Decl. Ex. 3. Directly underneath that, in normal-sized capitalized text it reads “PLEASE

READ THIS CAREFULLY. IT AFFECTS YOUR RIGHTS.” Id. The same is true of the 2023

TOU: the beginning of the arbitration agreement is indicated by the same title in capitalized, extra-

large bold font and the same disclaimer about the effect on the user’s rights appears in capitalized

normal-sized font. Smith Decl. Ex. 4. This capitalized text in the body of the TOU itself provided

Mr. Williams with meaningful notice.

Mr. Williams also asserts that he had no notice of the arbitration provision until he was

preparing for this case, even though the facts belie this claim. Opp’n at 5. The defendants have

produced a true and accurate representation of the TOU in effect when Mr. Williams registered for

CreditWorks (the 2018 TOU) and the TOU governing this dispute (the 2023 TOU) as well as

evidence that Mr. Williams assented to both. See Smith Decl. ¶¶ 2, 5; see also id., Ex. 3, 4.

Mr. Williams has not challenged the validity of these documents and does not dispute that he

signed up for CreditWorks. See Compl. ¶ 60. In other words, Mr. Williams had “notice” of the

agreement; he just did not read it. His apparent failure to read the agreement does not mean he is

not bound by it. “[A]bsent fraud or mistake, one who signs a contract is bound by a contract which

he has an opportunity to read whether he does so or not.” Apprio, Inc. v. Zaccari,

(D.C. Cir. 2024) (quoting Pyles v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A.,

(D.C. 2017)).

Mr. Williams cites to Kulig v. Midland Funding, LLC, in which the court held that the plaintiff had

not assented to a terms-of-service agreement containing the arbitration agreement, because the

defendant produced an agreement dated after the last day on which the plaintiff used her account.

13

(S.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 2023) at *3. But that is inapposite here, because this

agreement existed well in advance of Mr. Williams’ last use of his account. Mr. Williams assented

to the contract by clicking “Submit Secure Order” having been provided meaningful notice that by

doing so, he was agreeing to the TOU.4 For all these reasons, the Court holds that a valid

agreement to arbitrate exists between Mr. Williams and the defendants.

B. Defendant EIS Can Enforce the Arbitration Agreement

Mr. Williams argues that EIS cannot enforce the arbitration agreement because it is not a

party to the agreement, and that only ECS can. See Opp’n. at 6–7. The Court concludes that EIS

and CIC are parties to the arbitration agreement based on the definitions of ECS, EIS, and CIC in

the arbitration agreement, the agreement’s “arising under” clause, and EIS’s contributions to

CreditWorks; accordingly, EIS can enforce the arbitration agreement.

The arbitration agreement states “ECS and you agree to arbitrate all disputes and claims

between us that arise out of or relate to this Agreement,” and further provides “[t]he agreement to

arbitrate includes, but is not limited to, claims brought by you against ECS, whether based in

contract, tort, statute (including, without limitation, the Fair Credit Reporting Act . . .), for fraud,

misrepresentation or any other legal theory . . . .” 2023 TOU, Ex. 4 to Smith Decl. To decide

whether EIS may directly enforce the arbitration agreement, two definitions are relevant. First is

the definition of “ECS,” which the 2023 TOU defines as “[CIC] . . . its predecessors in interest,

4 The defendants also submitted a Notice of Supplemental Authority requesting consideration of Clark v. Trans Union LLC, No. 24-cv-783 (WBS),

(E.D. Cal. Sept. 4, 2024) and Jenkins v. Experian Info. Sols., No. 23- cv-1634 (PTG),

(E.D. Va. Sept. 6, 2024). Notice of Suppl. Authority, ECF No. 20. In both Clark and Jenkins, the issue was the validity of an arbitration agreement like the one here. See Clark,

at *2, 4; Jenkins,

at *2. Mr. Williams asserts that those cases do not help defendants because in those cases, the plaintiffs were aware of the arbitration clauses because they “took affirmative steps to agree to arbitration (i.e., by clicking a button that included an arbitration notice).” Resp. to Def.’s Notice of Suppl. Auth. at 1–2. Far from rebutting the defendants’ argument, Mr. Williams’ argument actually works against him. He states that in Jenkins, “the court found that the plaintiff had clicked to accept the Terms of Use which clearly disclosed the arbitration clause.”

at 1–2. This is exactly what Mr. Williams did here. See Clark,

at *2–3; Jenkins,

at *2.

14 successors and assigns, [and] affiliates” and expressly lists EIS as an affiliate.

Second is the

definition of “you,” which the 2023 TOU defines to mean “a Visitor or a Customer.”

These

definitions are expressly incorporated into the arbitration agreement.

By defining ECS to cover both EIS and CIC, the two named defendants in this case, the

arbitration agreement includes EIS and CIC as parties that agreed to arbitrate disputes arising from

the agreement. Courts around the country have reached a similar conclusion. In Meeks v. Experian

Info. Sols., Inc., the Ninth Circuit considered a Terms of Use Agreement similar to the 2023 TOU.

(9th Cir. Dec. 27, 2022) at *1. The court stated that “[t]he text of the

arbitration provision binds plaintiffs to arbitrate with ECS and defines ECS to include ‘affiliates,’”

and [EIS] is an affiliate and was so when the plaintiffs entered into the agreement.”

. The

court also noted “[t]hat [EIS] was an affiliate at the time the contract was formed and that it plays

a role in the larger agreement,” which further suggests that EIS assented to be bound and “was not

a mere third-party beneficiary.”

This Court adopts the reasoning of Meeks and notes that the

Smith Declaration’s averment that “[a]t all times relevant to this action, EIS contributed to the

services that CreditWorks subscribers receive” aligns with the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning above

and further supports the Court’s conclusion. Smith Decl. ¶ 8; see also Alvarez v. Experian Info.

Sols., Inc.,

, 26-27 (E.D.N.Y. 2023) (finding that [EIS] was an affiliate of ECS

and that the Plaintiff had assented to arbitration with [EIS]); Levy v. CreditPlus, Inc., No. 21-cv-

5541 (KMK),

at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2023) (finding that “Defendant is an

affiliate of ECS and thus a party to the contract” based on the definition of ECS including its

affiliates, a sworn affidavit stating CreditPlus is an affiliate of ECS, and the language of the TOU);

Morgan v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., No. 21-cv-5783 (JCC),

at *1 (E.D. Wash.

Mar. 4, 2022) (“It is undisputed that the TOU applies to ECS affiliates . . . .”).

15 C. Arbitrability Disputes are Delegated to the Arbitrator

Having determined that a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and that EIS is a party to that

agreement, the Court next determines whether it is for the Court, or the arbitrator, to decide

whether “the dispute at issue comes within the scope of the arbitration agreement.” See Hughes v.

CACI, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2005) (describing the two-step process in compelling

arbitration: first determining the agreement’s validity, and then determining that agreement’s

scope). This question of “arbitrability” of Mr. Williams’ specific legal claims, Defendants argue,

has been delegated to the arbitrator. Mot. to Compel at 14. Mr. Williams, however, argues that

this delegation clause fails to pass muster. Opp’n at 7. Here again, the defendants prevail.

In determining who decides threshold questions of arbitrability, the presumption in favor

of arbitration does not apply: instead, “[c]ourts should not assume that the parties agreed to

arbitrate arbitrability unless there is ‘clear and unmistakable’ evidence that they did so.” First

Options of Chi.,

(quoting AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am.,

(1986)) (alterations omitted). Defendants argue that this “clear and unmistakable”

standard is met because the delegation clause says “[a]ll issues are for the arbitrator to decide

including, but not limited to . . . all issues regarding arbitrability[.]” Motion to Compel at 4; Reply

at 14 (citing ECF No. 17-1, Ex. 4). The Court agrees—this clause clearly and unmistakably

evinces the parties’ intent to delegate arbitrability by its plain language. Adding further support

for this conclusion, the arbitration agreement also provides that the parties will “arbitrate all

disputes and claims between us that arise out of or relate to this Agreement[.]” Smith Decl. Ex. 4

(emphasis added). Courts in this district have held that arbitration clauses that use “arising out of”

clauses, as this one here, demonstrate the parties’ intent to have an arbitrator decide questions of

arbitrability. See Sakyi,

(noting that “‘broad, all-encompassing language’

16 in an arbitration agreement is ‘clear evidence that the parties agreed to arbitrate all issues’ arising

between them, including the question of arbitrability”) (quoting W&T Travel Servs., LLC v.

Priority One Servs., Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2014)). Finally, as an independent

reason for validity of the delegation clause, the agreement states that arbitration will be “governed”

by the “Commercial Dispute Resolution Procedures and the Supplementary Procedures for

Consumer Related Disputes . . . of the American Arbitration Association [AAA].”5 Smith Decl.

Ex. 4. The AAA rules give the arbitrator the power to rule on arbitrability of any claim or

counterclaim, and “adopting the AAA rules makes the issue of arbitrability one for the arbitrator,

not the court, to decide.” Sakyi, 308 F. Supp. 3d. at 378.

D. Mr. Williams’ Unconscionability Claims Are Delegated to the Arbitrator6

Because the Court finds that this delegation clause is valid, the Court declines to reach

Mr. Williams’ argument that the agreement is procedurally7 and substantively unconscionable.

The delegation clause broadly delegates “[a]ll issues are for the arbitrator to decide including . . .

(i) all issues regarding arbitrability, (ii) the scope and enforceability of this arbitration provision

as well as the Agreement’s other terms and conditions, [and] . . . (iv) whether all or any part of this

5 The Court notes here that it is unable to locate set of rules with the title “Commercial Dispute Resolution Procedures.” The website of the American Arbitration Association (adr.org) contains a set of rules entitled “Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures” that appears to the be the closest to what is referred to in the arbitration agreement. There is also a set of rules entitled “Consumer Arbitration Rules.” Regardless of which set of rules is referenced, the text of the rule is the same. 6 To the extent Mr. Williams asserts that the delegation clause itself is unenforceable, the Court will consider such a challenge. See Mercadante v. XE Services, LLC,

(D.D.C. 2015) (considering a challenge “only insofar as Plaintiffs argue that the delegation agreement was unconscionable; insofar as Plaintiffs claim that the agreement as a whole was unconscionable or even that the arbitration provision was unconscionable, the Court cannot consider those arguments”). But Mr. Williams does not flesh out his unconscionability argument: he merely states that “the [delegation] clause was presented in a procedurally unconscionable manner, further undermining its enforceability.” Opp’n at 7. This conclusory statement is clearly insufficient to demonstrate unconscionability under D.C. law, and without more, the Court does not find that the delegation clause is unconscionable. 7 The Court observes that Mr. Williams’ short procedural unconscionability challenge mirrors his challenges to the overall validity of the agreement. See Opp’n at 5–6. But to the extent the procedural unconscionability challenge could raise distinct arguments not already addressed by this Court, those challenges must be resolved in arbitration.

17