UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

FEDS FOR FREEDOM,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 23-3607 (TJK)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In December 2023, Feds for Freedom filed this Freedom of Information Act case seeking

to compel the Department of Defense to process its request for records relating to the COVID-19

pandemic and Operation Warp Speed. Defendant now moves for summary judgment, arguing that

it need not respond to Plaintiff’s request because it is unduly burdensome. The Court agrees.

Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion and enter judgment in its favor.

I. Background

On March 10, 2023, Feds for Freedom, an organization formed “to protect employee rights

by confronting the federal government’s mandates requiring vaccination for COVID-19,” sent a

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request to the Department of Defense seeking “all commu-

nications to/from or carbon copying (cc) or blind carbon copying (BCC) [Captain] David Soldow

related to COVID-19 and Operation Warp Speed.” ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 8, 13; ECF No. 1-1 at 4. Oper-

ation Warp Speed was “a partnership between the Departments of Health and Human Services and

[Defense] aimed to help accelerate the development of a COVID-19 vaccine.” ECF No. 17-1 (“Herrington Decl.”)1 ¶ 5. And Captain Soldow—the Executive Secretary for the Office of the

Secretary of Defense from April 2020 to August 2021—was tasked with “support[ing]” the Of-

fice’s “immediate office management by tasking,” “processing,” and “manag[ing] all correspond-

ence sent to and prepared for the [Secretary] and [Deputy Secretary of Defense].” Id. ¶ 7.

Defendant confirmed that it received the request. ECF No. 1 ¶ 14. And at Defendant’s

request, Plaintiff provided a date range for the records it sought: April 1, 2020, to May 1, 2022.

Id. ¶ 15. Still, Defendant failed to timely respond. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 14–18. So Plaintiff sued, seeking

“[a]n Order from this Court that [Defendant] is to process and release all records responsive to the

Request immediately.” Id. at 5.

Defendant represents, without contradiction, that Plaintiff refused to consider narrowing

its request any further. ECF No. 13 at 2. So Defendant now moves for summary judgment, arguing

that it need not respond to the request because its scope is so unreasonably expansive that pro-

cessing and responding to it would be unduly burdensome. Id. at 3–4.

II. Legal Standards

“Summary judgment is appropriately granted when, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-movant[] and drawing all reasonable inferences accordingly, no reasonable

jury could reach a verdict in [its] favor.” Lopez v. Council on Am.-Islamic Rels. Action Network,

Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2016). “The evidence presented must show ‘that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). “In the FOIA context, a district court reviewing a motion for

summary judgment conducts a de novo review of the record, and the responding federal agency

1 ECF No. 17-1 includes two declarations by Mark. H. Herrington. Both are organized by paragraph. The Court’s reference to the Herrington Declaration refers to the earlier declaration, ECF No. 17-1 at 2–6.

2 bears the burden of proving that it has complied with its obligations under the FOIA.” MacLeod

v. DHS, No. 15-cv-1792 (KBJ),

, at *6 (D.D.C. Sept. 21, 2017) (citing

(a)(4)(B)).

III. Analysis

There is no genuine dispute of material fact that Plaintiff’s FOIA request would be unrea-

sonably burdensome on Defendant. As such, Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,

and the Court will enter summary judgment in its favor.

FOIA requires agencies to produce responsive records to requests that “reasonably de-

scribe[]” the records sought.

(a)(3)(A). FOIA requests fail this requirement, mean-

ing agencies need not respond to them, when the requests (1) rely upon “vague words and descrip-

tions,” (2) “seek[] difficult to locate records,” or (3) impose “overly burdensome post-search ef-

forts.” Ctr. for Immigr. Stud. v. USCIS,

, 271–72 (D.D.C. 2022). Defendant

argues that Plaintiff’s FOIA request falls squarely within this third category.

The D.C. Circuit established this category in American Federation of Government Employ-

ees v. Department of Commerce (AFGE),

(D.C. Cir. 1990). There, the FOIA requests

at issue sought two “broad” categories of records that included “every chronological office file and

correspondence file, internal and external, for every branch office, staff office, assistant division

chief office, division chief office, assistant director’s office, deputy director’s office, and director’s

office” and “every division or staff administrative office file in the [Census] Bureau which records,

catalogues, or stores SF–52s or stores promotion recommendation memos, or both.”

,

208–09. According to the Circuit, such requests, which “might identify the documents requested

with sufficient precision to enable the agency to identify them,” still do not “reasonably describe[]

a class of documents subject to disclosure” because they are “so broad as to impose an unreason-

able burden upon the agency.”

(quotation and internal quotation marks omitted). In

3 other words, even when a request describes the records it seeks with sufficient precision, that de-

scription is still not reasonable as required by

(a)(3)(A) when responding to the

request would unduly burden the agency.

The Circuit identified two reasons for concluding that the requests at issue would impose

an unreasonable burden on the agency. First, responding would be quite costly as it “would require

the agency to locate, review, redact, and arrange for inspection a vast quantity of material.” AFGE,

. Second, the requests were “largely unnecessary to the [requesters]’ purpose.”

Because the purpose animating the request was to shed light on the agency’s promotion practices,

the Circuit concluded that the broad requests were unreasonably burdensome because they were

unnecessarily duplicative and extended to documents “in no way tied to [the requesters’] expressed

concern.”

Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s request is unreasonably burdensome under AFGE because

responding to Plaintiff’s request (1) would require substantial time and resources and (2) is to a

large degree unnecessary, considering Plaintiff’s goals. The Court agrees.

A. Plaintiff’s Request Would Require Defendant to Invest Substantial Time and Resources

Starting with the first of AFGE’s considerations, Defendant’s declaration from a former

FOIA attorney establishes that Plaintiff’s request would involve significant resources and post-

search efforts. Specifically, the declaration asserts that, because of the cross-cutting impact

COVID-19 had on the Department’s functioning, Plaintiff’s request would be akin to a FOIA re-

quest seeking “all communications regarding Iraq or Afghanistan during 25 months at the height

of either campaign.” Herrington Decl. ¶ 5. In support, the declaration states that a preliminary

search based upon Plaintiff’s request yielded over 1.2 gigabytes of records, a volume “so large that

attempts to get an accurate document and page count have failed.” Id. ¶ 9. Estimates, however,

4 are that “there are over 2,000 [responsive] emails, each with attachments.” Id.2 With each email

containing an estimated average of “3 pages per email” and “10 pages per attachment,” Plaintiff’s

request would cover over “26,000 pages of records.” Id.

The sheer volume of responsive pages is not the only issue. Instead, as the requested “rec-

ords are communication to or from the Department’s front office, the discussions would require

the most scrutinous review.” Herrington Decl. ¶ 10. And because of various “required actions,”

including “initial review, the need to send documents to subordinate [Department] components or

other federal agencies for consultations, final quality control, and legal review,” processing each

page would likely “take an average of 15 minutes.” Id. In sum, Plaintiff’s request would require

about 6,500 hours of work. Id.

This falls well beyond the normal range of time courts in this district have determined to

be reasonable. When searches or processing fall within the tens- or hundreds-of-hours range,

courts routinely find the requests reasonable. In People for American Way Foundation v. DOJ,

for example, the court concluded that a request was not unduly burdensome since it would take

only “120 hours of work—something that could be achieved by three full-time employees during

a single week.”

(D.D.C. 2006). This is so even when processing would

extend into the lower thousands of hours. E.g., Kwoka v. IRS, No. 17-cv-1157 (DLF),

, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2018) (2,200 hours).

When search and review would extend into the multiple thousands of hours, however, a

different pattern emerges. In Wolf v. CIA, for example, the court held that a search that would take

2 The declaration warns that these numbers are likely underinclusive as the declarant did not know whether all Plaintiff’s requested search terms were used. Herrington Decl. ¶ 9. Con- sistent with its obligation to view the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court de- clines to give Defendant this benefit of the doubt and will not treat its estimates as underinclusive.

5 “approximately 3675 hours and cost about $147,000” was unduly burdensome.

(D.D.C. 2008). Similarly, in Center for Immigration Studies v. USCIS, the court found that

“the burden” of a FOIA request was “too high” where the agency estimated that it would take

8,151 hours to review and process the requested material. 628 F. Supp. 3d at 272–73; see also

Ayuda, Inc. v. FTC,

, 275–76 (D.D.C. 2014) (8,000 hours). Furthermore, if a

search would require a multi-member team to spend every working hour for a year or more on a

FOIA request, a court may be able to conclude that the search is burdensome. Int’l Couns. Bureau

v. DOD,

, 59–60 (D.D.C. 2010).

Here, Plaintiff’s request fits neatly within the range of required-response time that courts

have determined to be unreasonable. It would require nearly twice the time that the court in Wolf

determined was unduly burdensome.

. Additionally, it would take a team of

three FOIA attorneys, working around the clock, over a year to accomplish the over 6,500 hours

of work required to complete Plaintiff’s request.3 See Int’l Couns. Bureau, 723 F. Supp. 2d at 59–

60.

Plaintiff’s responses are unpersuasive. First, it argues that its request is not unduly bur-

densome as it targets only “a single official’s communications . . . related to a single operation.”

ECF No. 14 at 3. But this ignores the status of that official and the nature of the operation (not to

mention it also ignores that the request sought all communications related to COVID-19 generally,

not just Operation Warp Speed, ECF No. 1-1 at 4). As Defendant’s declaration lays out, Captain

Soldow’s role as Executive Secretary meant he was responsible for processing and managing all

correspondence for the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense. Herrington Decl. ¶ 8. Thus,

3 With 40 hours in a work week and 52 weeks in a year, there are 2,080 working hours in a year, not including any holidays or vacations.

6 a request for these communications “is essentially a request for all communications to or from the

Office of the Secretary of Defense” regarding COVID-19 and Operation Warp Speed.

So

Defendant is not attempting to “re-cast[]” Plaintiff’s request as broader than it is. ECF No. 14 at

3. It merely recognizes that the request, because of the nature of the subject matter and the status

of the official at issue, would be akin to asking Defendant to produce “all communications” from

the Office of the Secretary of Defense “regarding Iraq or Afghanistan . . . at the height of either

campaign.” Herrington Decl. ¶ 5.

Second, Plaintiff argues that Defendant is making much ado about nothing because the 1.2

gigabytes of information Defendant found in a preliminary search would fit on a $2 flash drive or

in five maximum-capacity emails sent by Gmail. ECF No. 14 at 3. But the size of any given file

does not necessarily reflect the amount of time that it would take for Defendant to review it: A

high-resolution picture, for example, could take mere seconds to review despite having a large file

size, while a small file containing a long document full of text could take much longer. For this

reason, courts have focused on an agency’s “good faith estimate of the excessive amount of time

required to complete a search that it feels is unreasonably burdensome” in deciding whether to

“uph[o]ld the agency’s refusal to conduct the requested search.” Pinson v. DOJ,

(D.D.C. 2015). Here, Defendant’s declaration shows that Plaintiff’s request would take

“the thousands of hours courts in this district have found to impose an undue burden.” War Horse

News, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Navy, No. 22-cv-3303 (TSC),

, at *8 (D.D.C.

Sept. 30, 2024). The size of the files involved is simply beside the point.

Third, Plaintiff argues that a search producing 26,000 pages of documents “is common for

issues of this kind.” ECF No. 14 at 3–4. Even if that is true, it still misunderstands the relevant

inquiry. As just discussed, courts focus on the time and expense that responding to a FOIA request

7 would require in assessing the request’s reasonableness. E.g., Wolf,

(holding

that the review of microfilms that “would take approximately 3675 hours and cost about $147,000”

was “unreasonably burdensome”). The number of pages, divorced from the resources that would

be required to process those pages, only tells a fragment of the story.

For this reason, the Court finds Public Health & Medical Professionals for Transparency

v. FDA, No. 4:21-cv-1058-P,

(N.D. Tex. Jan. 6, 2022), inapposite. First, that case

involved the setting of a production schedule, not whether the agency had to respond to the FOIA

request. Id. at *2 (“To that end, the Court further concludes that the production rate, as detailed

below, appropriately balances the need for unprecedented urgency in processing this request with

the agency’s concerns regarding the burdens of production.” (emphasis added)). Second, and more

importantly, while the court did order the agency to produce many tens of thousands of pages on

a relatively expedited timeline, it did not discuss how much time processing those pages would

take. See id. at *1–2. Indeed, it appears that processing would take nowhere near as long per page

as it would here, as the agency itself suggested that it could produce 12,000 pages within a month

of the court’s order. Id. at *2. So this out-of-circuit authority does little to help Plaintiff.

Finally, Plaintiff argues that “the notion that each page would take an average of 15 minutes

to review is inflated.” ECF No. 14 at 4. Instead, Plaintiff speculates that “[f]ifteen minutes is

likely to be the outer limited expended on any single page, and likely to be an outer limit reached

only rarely.” Id. Plaintiff’s support? Nothing. Yet “affidavits submitted by the agency to demon-

strate the adequacy of its response [to a FOIA request] are presumed to be in good faith.” Hall v.

CIA,

(D.D.C. 2012). This extends to declarations and affidavits laying out

“good faith estimate[s] of the excessive amount of time required to” respond to a FOIA request.

Pinson,

. “[P]urely speculative claims” are insufficient to rebut that

8 presumption. Wolf,

(quoting SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC,

(D.C. Cir. 1991)).

Here, Defendant’s estimate is supported by the sworn declaration of a former Associate

Deputy General Counsel who has seventeen years’ worth of experience in overseeing FOIA liti-

gation. Herrington Decl. ¶ 1. And it is uncontroversial that records relating to officials in “high

positions” must be “review[ed] . . . closely for redactions” before they can be produced. Ctr. for

Immigr. Stud., 628 F. Supp. 3d at 273. Because Plaintiff has presented nothing more than “purely

speculative claims” attacking the truthfulness of Defendant’s declaration, “the Court credits [De-

fendant]’s representation that, based on the high position of” Captain Soldow and the office he

worked in, each page would take 15 minutes on average to fully process. Id. So the Court further

credits Defendant’s estimate that it would take over 6,500 hours “to locate, review, redact, and

arrange for inspection” the material responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. AFGE,

.

B. Plaintiff’s Request Is Largely Unnecessary for Plaintiff’s Purpose

All the above said, “burdensomeness does not boil down to a simple game of numbers.”

Ctr. for Immigr. Stud., 628 F. Supp. 3d at 273. FOIA requests can and do include productions that

take years to complete. Id; see also War Horse News, Inc,

, at *9 (finding

“roughly 8,500 hours of review time” reasonable under the circumstances).4 This is where AFGE’s

4 The Court notes that at least part of the court’s decision in War Horse News, Inc. was based on that court’s skepticism about whether a burdensome review of identified records “fit[s] . . . into FOIA’s rule that an agency need not undertake an overly burdensome search.”

, at *8. But, as discussed above, the D.C. Circuit has expressly blessed this approach. See AFGE,

(“While Requests 3A and 3B might identify the documents requested with sufficient precision to enable the agency to identify them—we do not think that is in dispute here— it is clear that these requests are so broad as to impose an unreasonable burden upon the agency. They would require the agency to locate, review, redact, and arrange for inspection a vast quantity of material.”).

9 second consideration—the reasonableness of the request in light of the requester’s “purpose,” 907

F.2d at 209—comes into play.

Defendant argues that the breadth of Plaintiff’s request is unreasonable in light of Plain-

tiff’s asserted purpose. In its complaint, Plaintiff alleges that its “purpose . . . is to protect em-

ployee rights by confronting the federal government’s mandates requiring vaccination for COVID-

19.” ECF No. 1 ¶ 8. But Plaintiff’s FOIA request is not so limited. It sought “all communications

related to” COVID-19 generally and, more specifically, “to Operation Warp Speed (OWS), com-

panies contracted to work with [the Department,] and other government elements on OWS,” in-

cluding communications regarding “any commercial contracts and/or [Department] contracts

made between the federal government and companies involved in OWS.” ECF No. 1-1 at 4.

Thus, Plaintiff’s request asks for records well beyond its asserted interest, and it would

undoubtedly require the agency to process “thousands of [pages] with no conceivable relation to

the policies in which [Plaintiff] proclaims an interest.” Ctr. for Immigr. Stud., 628 F. Supp. 3d at

273. As Defendant’s declaration explains, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Defendant “in in-

numerable ways during” the period at issue in Plaintiff’s FOIA request. Herrington Decl. ¶ 5.

While some responsive records would surely involve “vaccine mandates and exceptions thereto,”

they would also include many other—at best tangentially related—issues, such as Department pol-

icy on “how to continue the Department’s vital global missions while keeping both the military

and civilian workforce safe; quarantine policies; . . . and involvement in . . . accelerat[ing] the de-

velopment of a COVID-19 vaccine.” Id.

Plaintiff does not explain how this expansive category of records bears on its relatively

limited purpose of “protect[ing] employee rights by confronting the federal government’s man-

dates requiring vaccination for COVID-19.” ECF No. 1 ¶ 8. Indeed, it does not respond to this

10 portion of Defendant’s burdensomeness challenge at all. See ECF No. 14 at 2–4. And regrettably,

Plaintiff chose not to work with Defendant to narrow its request to focus on records in which it is

truly interested. ECF No. 13 at 2. Thus, the burden that Plaintiff’s request would place on De-

fendant “is ‘more obvious[ly]’ unreasonable given this mismatch between the material that [Plain-

tiff] says it wants and the material that [Plaintiff’s] requests will force [Defendant] to review.”

Ctr. for Immigr. Stud., 628 F. Supp. 3d at 273–74 (quoting AFGE,

).

IV. Conclusion

For all the above reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s FOIA request is unduly bur-

densome. So it will grant Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment and enter judgment in its

favor. A separate order will issue.

/s/ Timothy J. Kelly TIMOTHY J. KELLY United States District Judge Date: February 18, 2025

11