UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MAHAM JAVAID,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 24-cv-2716 (CRC)

JOHN ARMSTRONG, in his official capacity as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs, et al.,

Defendants.

OPINION

Maham Javaid, an American citizen, filed a visa petition to allow her Pakistani husband

to live with her in the United States. Following an interview by a U.S. consular officer, Javaid’s

husband was informed that his visa application was “refused” and then subsequently placed into

“administrative processing” for further review. One year later, the State Department had yet to

render a final decision. So Javaid filed this suit to compel a determination. She claims the delay

breaches the government’s duty to adjudicate visa applications within a reasonable amount of

time, in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act and the Mandamus Act. The government

moves to dismiss. Finding that Javaid has failed to identify a discrete action that Defendants

must take on her husband’s initially refused application as required to state an unreasonable-

delay claim, the Court will grant the government’s motion and dismiss this case.

I. Background

The Court draws the following background from the allegations in the complaint.

Maham Javaid, an American citizen, married Muhammad Waqas Tahir, a Pakistani

citizen, in December 2019. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 11, 12. In March 2020, Javaid filed Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”). Id.

¶ 13. Form I-130 is a petition filed by U.S. citizens to initiate the immigration application

process for eligible foreign relatives. I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, USCIS, (last updated

May 5, 2025), https://www.uscis.gov/i-130.

In June 2021, USCIS approved Javaid’s petition and forwarded it to the National Visa

Center for consular processing. Compl. ¶ 14–15. In September 2023, a consular officer

interviewed Tahir at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad. Id. ¶ 19. Following the interview, Tahir

received notice that his application had been refused and placed into administrative processing

under § 221(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). Id. ¶ 19. Tahir and Javaid

contend that they have not received adequate updates regarding the status of Tahir’s application,

despite having submitted all the required documentation. Id. ¶ 21. The delay in adjudication has

required Javaid to travel to reunite with her husband and has caused her financial distress. Id.

¶ 22.

Accordingly, in September 2024, approximately one year after the visa application was

refused, Javaid sued Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs Rena E. Bitter, Deputy

Assistant Secretary for Visa Services Julie M. Stufft, and Deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S.

Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, Andrew Schofer (“Defendants”) in their official capacities.1 Id.

¶¶ 2–4, 50–53. The complaint asserts that the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) (

(b)), the Foreign Affairs Manual (“FAM”) (9 FAM 504.1-3(g), 403.10-2(A))2, and the

Immigration Services and Infrastructure Improvements Act of 2000 (

) require

1 Per Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), the successor to each of these listed public officials has automatically been substituted as a defendant.

Javaid references the Foreign Affairs Manual in her opposition brief, but not the 2

complaint. Nonetheless, the FAM does not create a duty to act. Infra Section III.A.

2 Defendants to adjudicate Tahir’s application in a timely fashion. See Compl. ¶ 40; Opp’n at 3.

And it seeks an order compelling such action under § 706 of the APA and the Mandamus Act (

and § 1651). Compl. ¶¶ 27–47. Javaid also contends that Defendants have

violated her Fifth Amendment right to due process. Id. ¶ 48–51. Defendants move to dismiss

the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(1) and failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Mot.

Dismiss at 1.

II. Legal Standards

When analyzing a motion to dismiss under either Rule 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6), the Court

“must treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true and must grant plaintiff the benefit of all

inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Giliana v. Blinken,

,

17 (D.D.C. 2022) (Cooper, J.) (quoting Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc.,

(D.C. Cir. 2000)). However, a court need not accept inferences drawn by the plaintiff that are

unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor accept the plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true.

Browning v. Clinton,

(D.C. Cir. 2002). Under Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff

bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v.

Defs. of Wildlife,

(1992). And, under Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint “must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, ‘to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

(2007)).

3 III. Analysis

A. Discrete Action Requirement

The government advances two arguments in support of its motion to dismiss: (1) it has

no discrete duty to further adjudicate Tahir’s visa after refusing it and placing it into

administrative processing and (2) the consular nonreviewability doctrine bars judicial review of

the delay. The Court need only reach the first.

The government asserts that there is no discrete agency action required of a consular

officer after refusing and placing a visa application into administrative processing. Mot. Dismiss

at 4. “The standards for reviewing agency inaction—including visa processing delays—are the

same under the APA and Mandamus Act,” so the Court will address both claims together.

Akrayi v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 22-cv-1289 (CRC),

(D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2023).

“To state a claim for unreasonable delay, [a plaintiff] must first allege that the agency ‘failed to

take a discrete agency action that it is required to take[.]’” Da Costa v. Immigr. Inv. Program

Off.,

, 340 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (internal citations omitted).

To support its argument, the government cites to the D.C. Circuit’s unpublished opinion

in Karimova v. Abate, No. 23-cv-5178,

(D.C. Cir. July 24, 2024), in which

the D.C. Circuit affirmed the district court’s dismissal of a visa delay claim on the ground that

the plaintiff had failed to show a legal duty that the defendants were required to perform.

. The Circuit reasoned that, under applicable State Department regulations, once the visa

application was refused and placed into administrative processing, Karimova’s “matter” was

“conclude[d.]”

. The government thus had no clear, non-discretionary duty under the

APA to further adjudicate a visa application once it was refused by a consular officer.

.

4 The facts of this case mirror those in Karimova, so a straightforward application of that

case would defeat Javaid’s claim that APA § 555(b) imposes a further duty to act on a refused

application in administrative processing. As in another recent case before this Court, however,

the government contends that the unpublished decision in Karimova is binding. Reply at 3.

Consistent with its ruling in Doroodchi v. Rubio, No. 23-cv-3170 (CRC),

(D.D.C. July 7, 2025), the Court rejects the government’s contention that Karimova is

binding. See D.C. Cir. R. 36(e)(2). The Court will nevertheless follow Karimova because “the

opinion represents the considered and unanimous judgment of a D.C. Circuit panel” on the issue

at hand. Doroodchi,

at *4. The Court will do so despite the considerable

tension that exists between the Circuit’s interpretation of the regulations and how the visa-review

process plays out in real life. See id.; see also Ibrahim v. Spera, No. 23-cv-2085 (ABJ),

, at *3 n.2 (D.D.C. Sept. 6, 2024). In practice, applicants like Tahir whose visas are

placed in administrative processing are told that the agency will “continue processing” the

applications once any requested documentation has been received yet have no remedy for delays

during this further “processing” stage. Ibrahim,

, at *3 n.2.

Having concluded that APA § 555(b) creates no non-discretionary duty to act on Javaid’s

application, the Court now turns to whether Javaid has identified a non-discretionary duty to act

on her application in another statute or regulation. Javaid locates additional nondiscretionary

duties in two places: the Immigration Services and Infrastructure Improvements Act (

) and the Foreign Affairs Manual (9 FAM 504.1-3, 403.10-2(A)). But neither of these

sources establish a non-discretionary duty that can serve as the basis for Javaid’s claim.

Consider first 8 U.S.C. § 1571—which expresses “the sense of Congress that the

processing of an immigration benefit application should be completed not later than 180 days

5 after the initial filing of the application.” Javaid contends that Defendants have failed to comply

with this statutory deadline for reviewing Tahir’s visa application. Not so. As Defendants note,

§ 1571 applied to the Immigration and Naturalization Service, whose functions were turned over

to USCIS in 2002. See

Statutory Note 2. USCIS does not adjudicate visa

applications. For certain visa categories, applicants are required to file a petition with USCIS—

for example, to establish a qualifying relationship between an applicant and their U.S. relative.

After USCIS approves the petition, the applicant then submits the visa application to the

Department of State. Javaid does not claim that USCIS has neglected its duty to process Tahir’s

petition; the petition was, in fact, approved. Compl. ¶ 14. And

does not assign

any additional duties to the consular officer reviewing the visa application.

Javaid also locates a non-discretionary duty in 9 FAM 504.1-3(g), which states that “[an

officer] cannot temporarily refuse, suspend, or hold the visa for future action,” and 9 FAM

403.10-2(A)(a)—which states that a “quasi-refusal . . . may not be used as the sole grounds for a

refusal.” Section 504.1-3 is inapplicable, however, because the FAM explicitly lists INA

§ 221(g) as a legitimate ground for refusal. See 9 FAM 504.11-2(A), (C). Karimova also

clarifies that a § 221(g) refusal is “final.”

, at *6; accord Ibrahim,

, at *3. And a “quasi-refusal” under FAM 403.10-2(A) refers to circumstances absent

here, when an applicant has not yet filed a formal application. Accord FAM 504.11-3(B)(1).

Javaid’s invocation of additional statutes and regulations therefore does not differentiate this case

from Karimova.

Finally, Javaid asserts that Defendants violated her Fifth Amendment right to due process

by “depriv[ing] the Plaintiff of her life with [her husband] in the United States.” Compl. ¶ 50.

The Fifth Amendment “forbids the government to infringe certain ‘fundamental’ liberty

6 interests[.]” Reno v. Flores,

(1993) (citations omitted). But Javaid offers no

cases applying the Fifth Amendment in this manner. To the contrary, both the Supreme Court

and the D.C. Circuit have held that U.S. citizens do not have a fundamental right to live in the

United States with a noncitizen spouse. Dep’t of State v. Muñoz,

(2024);

Colindres v. U.S. Dep’t of State,

, 1023 (D.C. Cir. 2023). In other words,

noncitizens do not have the right “to live in the United States with [their] spouse.” Khan v.

Bitter, No. 23-cv-1576 (BAH),

, at *7 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2024) (citing Colindres,

71 F.4th at 1023). Javaid’s due process claim therefore misses the mark.

Because Javaid has not identified a discrete agency action that the government is required

to take, she has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Accordingly, the Court

will dismiss Javaid’s complaint.

B. Amendment

Javaid alternatively asks the Court for leave to amend her complaint. Opp’n at 8–9.

Leave to amend should be “freely give[n] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).

However, courts may deny leave to amend a complaint when amendment would be futile. See

Foman v. Davis,

(1962) (listing “futility of amendment” as a reason to not

afford leave). An amendment is futile when the amended claims “would not survive a motion to

dismiss.” James Madison Ltd. by Hecht v. Ludwig,

(D.C. Cir. 1996)

(citation omitted). Here, Javaid has not explained how she would amend her complaint so as to

remedy any of the legal defects discussed above. Nor has she proposed any specific changes to

her complaint or attached a proposed amended filing. See LCvR 15.1 (“A motion for leave to

file an amended pleading shall attach, as an exhibit, a copy of the proposed pleading as

amended.”). Given these lapses, the Court will deny leave to amend as futile.

7 IV. Conclusion

For these reasons, the Court will dismiss the complaint and the case in a separate order

that accompanies this Opinion.

___________________________ CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER United States District Judge

Date: July 29, 2025

8