UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NORMAN HECHING, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v. Civil Action No. 17-cv-1192

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC,

Defendant.

NORMAN HECHING, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v. Civil Action No. 17-cv-1659

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In November 2014, two terrorists attacked a synagogue in Jerusalem, killing six people and

injuring many others. Plaintiffs—seven surviving victims, the estates of three deceased victims,

and relatives of both—filed these lawsuits against Defendants Syria and Iran, alleging that

Defendants provided material support to the terrorists who carried out the attack. In March 2023,

this court entered default judgments on liability against Defendants and referred the matter to a

Special Master to calculate compensatory damages. The Special Master submitted his Reports

and Recommendations in May 2025, which the court adopted. This opinion provides the court’s

reasoning for its adoption of the Reports and Recommendations, and addresses Plaintiffs’

outstanding request for punitive damages, which the court will GRANT in a separate order.

Page 1 of 15 I. BACKGROUND

On November 18, 2014, two terrorists, armed with a gun and a meat cleaver, attacked the

Bnei Torah Synagogue in Jerusalem. See Heching v. Syrian Arab Republic, No. 17-cv-1192,

, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 5, 2023); see also Norman Heching Decl. ¶¶ 5–8, ECF No. 47-

4.1 Three U.S. citizens—Rabbis Aryeh Kupinsky, Kalman Levine, and Mosheh Twersky—were

killed. See Heching,

, at *1. Numerous others were injured, including U.S.

citizens Dr. Norman Heching, Joseph Werfel, David Salis, Avraham Nefoussi, Akiva Pollack,

Rabbi Saul Goldstein, and Rabbi Goldstein’s son Mordechai.

Dr. Heching’s back was cut with

a meat cleaver. Norman Heching Decl. ¶ 8. Rabbi Goldstein suffered an even deeper cut to his

back, as well as severe head injuries. Saul Goldstein Decl. ¶ 14, ECF No. 47-1. Werfel, Salis,

Nefoussi, Pollack, and Mordechai Goldstein were left deeply traumatized by the attack. See Chaya

Werfel Decl. ¶¶ 20–23, ECF No. 47-4; David Salis Decl. ¶¶ 29–35, ECF No. 47-4; Avraham

Nefoussi Decl. ¶¶ 20–35, ECF No. 47-4; Akiva Pollack ¶¶ 13–17, ECF No. 47-4; Mordechai

Goldstein Decl. ¶¶ 30–35, ECF No. 47-1.

The estates of Rabbis Kupinsky, Levine, and Twersky; the seven aforenamed surviving

victims; and relatives of both brought these actions against Syria and Iran under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(c). That provision of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) provides a private

right of action for U.S. nationals injured by state-sponsored terrorism.

Plaintiffs properly served both Syria and Iran, but neither Defendant appeared before the

court. See Heching,

, at *1, 5. Plaintiffs thus moved for default judgment,

which the court granted in March 2023 after finding that Defendants provided material support to

1 This citation and all subsequent citations to the docket are to Heching v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 17-cv-1659.

Page 2 of 15 the terrorists who carried out the November 18 attack. Id. at *2. The court then appointed Special

Master Alan Balaran, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(e)(1), to evaluate Plaintiffs’ claims for

compensatory damages. See Order Appointing Alan Balaran, ECF No. 31.

Special Master Balaran submitted his Reports and Recommendations in May 2025, see

Special Master Reports and Recommendations, ECF No. 46-1, and that same month, Plaintiffs

filed Emergency Motions urging the court to quickly adopt the Special Master’s recommendations

so that Plaintiffs could meet a deadline to recover money from the U.S. Victims of State-Sponsored

Terrorism Fund. See, e.g., Emergency Mot. at 2, ECF No. 44. Plaintiffs waived any objection to

the Special Master’s recommendations. See id. at 4. Plaintiffs also requested punitive damages

against Syria and Iran. See id. at 6.

After carefully reviewing the Special Master’s recommendations, the court granted

Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motions in part, awarding Plaintiffs the compensatory damages

recommended by the Special Master with an opinion to follow. See, e.g., Order Adopting Special

Master’s Reports and Recommendations, ECF No. 48. The court then “defer[ed] judgment as to

punitive damages.” Id. at 3.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Under the FSIA, a state sponsor of terrorism may be held liable for “economic damages,

solatium, pain and suffering, and punitive damages.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). To recover such

damages, a default FSIA winner “must prove damages in the same manner and to the same extent

as any other default winner.” Hill v. Republic of Iraq,

, 683–84 (D.C. Cir. 2003)

(cleaned up). Thus, for damages already suffered, the default winner must “reasonably prove[]”

both that they suffered damages and the amount of those damages.

at 684 (quoting DOBBS

LAW OF REMEDIES § 8.1(2), at 361–62, § 8.1(7) at 407 (2d ed. 1993)). For projected future

Page 3 of 15 damages, the default winner must prove that those damages “are reasonably certain . . . to occur,”

and must establish “the amount of damages by a reasonable estimate.” Id. (cleaned up); see also

Samaritan Inns, Inc. v. District of Columbia,

(D.C. Cir. 1997).

III. COMPENSATORY DAMAGES

The court has received and reviewed the Reports and Recommendations of Special Master

Alan Balaran as to compensatory damages. The Special Master carefully examined Plaintiffs’

claims, and the court thanks him for his diligent work. For the reasons set forth below, the court

adopted the Special Master’s Reports and accepted his Recommendations.

A. Pain and Suffering

1. Surviving Victims

“Each victim’s suffering is unique,” and thus it is difficult to compare one person’s anguish

to that of another. Brewer v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2009).

Nevertheless, because like cases should be treated alike, courts “must take pains to ensure that

individuals with similar injuries receive similar awards.” Valore v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2010) (citation modified). To that end, courts in this district have

“developed a general framework for assessing pain and suffering awards for victims” who survive

a terrorist attack. Bluth v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

, 23 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing

Owens v. Republic of Sudan,

(D.D.C. 2014)). Under this framework,

victims “who suffer serious physical injuries tend to receive a $5 million award,” victims with

“more serious or numerous injuries may receive $7 million (or more),” and victims with minor

physical injuries or purely emotional harms tend to “receive something closer to $1.5 million.”

Owens,

. The Special Master properly followed this framework with respect

to victims who survived the attack and correctly evaluated whether variances from the baseline

Page 4 of 15 sums were warranted based on each victim’s particular circumstances. See, e.g., Goldstein R. &

R. at 25, ECF No. 46-1 (noting that it was appropriate to adhere to the general framework while

also maintaining “sight of the individual circumstances of each victim” (citation modified)).

First, the Special Master correctly found that five victims who survived the attack—

Mordechai Goldstein, Avraham Nefoussi, Akiva Pollack, David Salis, and Joseph Werfel—

suffered purely emotional injuries and that there were no circumstances warranting variances. He

therefore recommended that each victim receive $1.5 million for pain and suffering. See Goldstein

R. & R. at 30–31; Nefoussi R. & R. at 9–11, ECF No. 46-1; Pollack R. & R. at 7–9, ECF No. 46-

1; Salis R. & R. at 12–15, ECF No. 46-1; Werfel R. & R. at 8–9, ECF No. 46-1. The court agrees

with these recommendations. See Estate of Doe v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2013) (absent circumstances warranting a variance, “lasting and severe psychological

pain” for a surviving victim generally warrants a $1.5 million award).

Second, the Special Master correctly found that Dr. Heching suffered both

psychological pain and a minor physical injury—specifically, a cut to the back which required

sutures. Heching R. & R. at 10, ECF No. 46-1. The Special Master therefore correctly determined

that Dr. Heching should “receive something closer to,” but greater than “$1.5 million.” Owens,

. The court agrees with the Special Master’s recommendation of a $2 million

pain-and-suffering award. See Estate of Bland v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2011) (awarding $2 million to a victim who suffered both psychological damage and

lacerations to the thigh and rib cage).

Finally, the Special Master found that Rabbi Goldstein suffered serious injuries that fell

within the $5-million-baseline category but warranted an upward variance to $6 million. As the

Special Master’s report describes in more detail, see Goldstein R. & R. at 4–5, Rabbi Goldstein

Page 5 of 15 was attacked with a meat cleaver. His skull was broken, one ear was left “hanging by a thread,”

and his back was cut so deep that organs “were coming out,” requiring a doctor to “manually hold

them in place.” Saul Goldstein Decl. ¶¶ 14, 19–20. Rabbi Goldstein underwent eleven hours of

surgery, still requires psychological and neurological treatment, and still suffers some physical and

cognitive impairments. See id. ¶¶ 21, 25. Fortunately, he has made a partial recovery, and still

studies and teaches the Torah for a few hours each day. Id. ¶ 29. Accordingly, the Special Master

correctly determined that his injuries are serious enough to warrant an upward adjustment from

the $5 million baseline but not so severe as to qualify him for the $7 million baseline—a category

typically reserved for those who sustained severe and permanent disfigurements or injuries of a

similarly grave nature. See Goldstein R. & R. at 27–28.

2. Deceased Victims

The law is different for victims who die during or shortly after a terrorist attack. Where

“death was instantaneous there can be no recovery” for pain and suffering. Elahi v. Islamic

Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2000). If a victim survives for a short time but

succumbs to her injuries within “a period of several hours or less,” “courts have rather uniformly

awarded the [victim’s] estate $1 million” for the mental anguish and physical pain the victim

experienced in the final moments of her life. Baker v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahirya,

(D.D.C. 2011) (cleaned up); see also Braun v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2017) (“For periods of pain and suffering of a less than a minute

to a few hours after an attack but prior to death, courts have awarded damages of $1,000,000.”).

If a victim survived for a longer period, such as 15 hours, courts tend to award more. See Baker,

. Here, the Special Master correctly recommended that the estates of Rabbi

Aryeh Kupinsky and Rabbi Mosheh Twersky receive $1 million in damages for pain and suffering.

Page 6 of 15 See Kupinsky R. & R. at 25, ECF No. 46-1; Twersky R. & R. at 21, ECF No. 46-1. There was

evidence that both men suffered anguish in the final moments of their lives knowing that death

was imminent. But neither man survived for long enough to warrant larger pain-and-suffering

awards.

3. Relatives of Victims

Six relatives of victims—relatives who were not themselves present at the synagogue when

it was attacked—seek damages for pain and suffering based on their alleged physical proximity to

the attack. Five are relatives of Rabbi Kupinsky, who claim that during the attack they were in

their family apartment “almost across the street from” the synagogue, though they refused to tell

the Special Master precisely where the apartment was located. Yupinsky R. & R. at 25–26, ECF

No. 46-1. To be sure, in certain circumstances, those not immediately present but nevertheless

near a terrorist attack may be eligible for damages for the suffering they endured because of that

close proximity. See, e.g., Thuneibat v. Syrian Arab Republic,

(D.D.C.

2016) (mother of a deceased victim who was outside the ballroom when an attack occurred and

saw her “daughter carried out of the ballroom into an ambulance”). But here, the Special Master

correctly determined that Rabbi Kupinsky’s relatives were “safely ensconced” in their apartment.

Yupinsky R. & R. at 27. And given “their inexplicable refusal to divulge the exact location of

their apartment,” the Kupinsky relatives failed to establish their entitlement to pain-and-suffering

damages due to proximity to the attack.

The sixth relative who seeks pain-and-suffering damages is Eliyahu Salis, the son of

surviving victim David Salis. He claims that he witnessed emergency vehicles and other events

related to the attack from a balcony near the synagogue. Salis R. & R. at 16. The Special Master

correctly discredited that claim, however, because of Eliyahu’s shifting narratives and his later

Page 7 of 15 admission that he was “some distance away” from the attack.

The court therefore agrees with

the Special Master that neither Eliyahu nor the Kupinsky relatives are entitled to pain-and-

suffering damages based on physical proximity to the attack. These relatives are, however, entitled

to solatium damages for their emotional proximity to victims of the attack, as explained below.

B. Solatium Damages

Solatium damages seek to compensate the relatives of a victim for the “mental anguish,

bereavement, and grief” that the relatives suffered because of their loved one’s death or injuries.

Fraenkel v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

, 356–57 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (cleaned up). “Only

immediate family members—parents, siblings, spouses, and children—are entitled to solatium

awards.” Opati v. Republic of Sudan,

(D.D.C. 2014). Courts generally

presume that a spouse, parent, or child of a victim suffers “compensable mental anguish,” but often

require “testimony proving a close emotional relationship . . . to sustain an award of solatium

damages” for a sibling. Roth v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2015).

In Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2007), Judge Lamberth

articulated one “commonly accepted framework” for calculating solatium awards. Opati,

. Under that framework, $8 million in solatium damages is generally appropriate

for the spouse of a deceased victim, $5 million for the parent or child of a deceased victim, and

$2.5 million for the sibling of a deceased victim. Peterson,

. The relative of

a victim who was injured but survived is generally entitled to half of those amounts. Oveissi v.

Islamic Republic of Iran,

, 26 n.10 (D.D.C. 2011). For the reasons articulated

by the Special Master, the court agrees that this framework should govern here.

That said, the framework is “not set in stone.” Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2010). “Courts should deviate” from it “depending on the circumstances.”

Page 8 of 15 Fritz v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

, 59–60 (D.D.C. 2018). For example, an

upward deviation may be appropriate if the relative of a victim suffers unusually severe mental

anguish leading to “suicidal thoughts and attempts.” Cabrera v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 18-

cv-2065,

, at *50 (D.D.C. July 19, 2022). A downward variation “may be

appropriate where the evidence suggests that the relationship between the victim and his family

members is attenuated.” DiBenedetto v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 16-cv-2429,

, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 19, 2020). But given the importance of consistency across cases,

deviations are generally not warranted absent evidence of “unusual” circumstances. Roth,

.

1. Relatives of Deceased Victims

The Special Master correctly determined that the Plaintiffs who are relatives of Rabbis

Kupinsky, Levine, and Twersky should each receive the standard amounts in solatium damages.

Kupinsky R. & R. at 30–42; Levine R. & R. at 36–48; Twersky R. & R. at 24–31. Although these

Plaintiffs undoubtedly suffered anguish because of their loved one’s death, none of them

adequately demonstrated the sort of “unusual degree of mental anguish” that would warrant an

upward deviation. Roth,

. To support their claims for enhanced damages,

the Kupinsky relatives and the Levine relatives both submitted evaluations by Dr. Rael Strous, a

psychiatrist. See Kupinsky R. & R. at 37–38; Levine R. & R. at 41–45, ECF No.46-1. But the

Special Master correctly concluded that those evaluations were not reliable because Dr. Strous

failed to adequately explain his methodology. For example, Dr. Strous said that he conducted a

“clinical interview” with each Plaintiff, but he did not disclose the length of the interviews. Dr.

Strous also said that he reviewed “relevant materials,” but he did not specify which materials.

Page 9 of 15 Accordingly, plaintiffs failed to establish the sort of unusually severe anguish that would warrant

a deviation.

Nor did any of these Plaintiffs prove the sort of “especially close relationship” that would

justify an upward departure. Kinyua v. Republic of Sudan,

, 11 (D.D.C. 2020)

(emphasis added). To be sure, the court does not doubt that Rabbis Kupinsky, Levine, and

Twersky were devoted family men. But Plaintiffs have not offered sufficient evidence of

unusually close bonds that would warrant treating Plaintiffs’ grief as greater than that of other

victims who have lost cherished family members to terrorism. Finally, the November 18 attack

did not involve the sort of “aggravating circumstances,” such as “torture or kidnapping,” which

might “appreciably worsen” a relative’s anguish. Greenbaum v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2006). The court therefore agrees with the Special Master’s

recommendations that the relatives of deceased victims receive the standard solatium amounts.

2. Relatives of Surviving Victims

As discussed above, when a “victim survive[s] a terrorist attack,” solatium “awards are

[usually] valued at half” of what “family members of the deceased” would receive. Oveissi,

n.10. Thus, spouses of surviving victims are generally entitled to $4 million,

parents and children to $2.5 million, and siblings to $1.25 million.

However, it is usually

“inappropriate for the solatium awards of family members to exceed the pain and suffering awards

of the surviving” victims. Estate of Brown v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2012); see also Bland,

(“[T]he Court does not think it appropriate

for the children and spouse to recover more than the victim.”). If, for example, a victim suffered

purely emotional injuries and received a $1.5 million pain-and-suffering award, it would be

inappropriate for her spouse to receive $4 million in solatium damages. Consequently, courts

Page 10 of 15 generally reduce family members’ solatium awards so that they are proportional to the surviving

victim’s pain-and-suffering award. See Goldstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2019).

Starting with Eliyahu Salis, the court agrees with the Special Master’s recommendation

that he receive $750,000 in solatium damages. See Salis R. & R. at 17–20. Although, as the child

of a surviving victim, Eliyahu is theoretically entitled to a $2.5 million solatium award, that sum

would significantly exceed his father’s $1.5 million award for pain and suffering. See supra

section III.A.1. The Special Master’s proposed $750,000 award for Eliyahu is more proportional

to his father’s $1.5 million award. See, e.g., Bland, 831 F. Supp. 2d at 157–58 (reducing the

solatium award for the children of a victim to $750,000 each where the victim received a $1.5

million pain-and-suffering award). The court further agrees with the Special Master that Eliyahu

failed to show any circumstances warranting an enhanced award.

Next, the court considers the awards to Rabbi Goldstein and his son Mordechai, who were

present at the November 18 attack. Rabbi Goldstein suffered serious physical injuries that warrant

a $6 million pain-and-suffering award, and Mordechai suffered purely emotional harms that entitle

him to a $1.5 million award. See supra Section III.A.1. In addition to their own awards for pain

and suffering, Rabbi Goldstein and Mordechai are also entitled to solatium awards due to their

relationships with each other. The court agrees with the Special Master that Mordechai should

receive the default $2.5 million under the framework because that solatium award would not

exceed his father’s $6 million pain-and-suffering award. But Rabbi Goldstein should not receive

the default $2.5 million for a parent because that sum would exceed his son’s $1.5 million pain-

and-suffering award. Instead, Rabbi Goldstein is entitled to a more proportionate solatium award

of $750,000. See, e.g., Bland, 831 F. Supp. 2d at 157–58.

Page 11 of 15 Turning to the Goldstein relatives who were not present at the attack, solatium awards may

also become excessive when a plaintiff is related to multiple victims. Miriam Goldstein is

theoretically entitled to $4 million in solatium damages as Rabbi Goldstein’s wife and $2.5 million

as Mordechai’s mother for a total of $6.5 million. The eight remaining Goldstein children are each

theoretically entitled to $2.5 million as Rabbi Goldstein’s children and $1.25 million as

Mordechai’s siblings for a total of $3.75 million. But if awarded these aggregate sums, the

Goldstein relatives would receive significantly more in solatium damages “than most direct

terrorist attack victims recover in pain and suffering damages” even though both of their family

members survived. Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2012). The

court agrees with the Special Master that this would be excessive.

To resolve this issue, the Special Master recommended following the approach set out in

Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran. The court agrees. Under the Wultz approach, the court

establishes each relative’s baseline solatium award at the higher of the two sums, and then

evaluates whether an upward variance is warranted from there. Goldstein R. & R. at 34–35 (citing

Wultz,

); see also Barry v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

, 56

(D.D.C. 2020) (describing the Wultz approach as “compelling”). Miriam Goldstein’s baseline is

therefore $4 million, and each of the remaining Goldstein children’s baseline is $2.5 million. The

court further agrees with the Special Master that each Goldstein relative should receive a 10%

upward adjustment to their baseline sums to account for the fact that they had not one, but two

relatives injured. See Goldstein R. & R. 35. There is, however, no unusual circumstance that

would warrant giving any Goldstein plaintiff any other upward variance. See

at 36–38.

Page 12 of 15 C. Economic Damages

Four Plaintiffs seek economic damages from lost earnings. That includes the estates of the

three deceased victims—Rabbis Kupinsky, Levine, and Twersky. It also includes Rabbi

Kupinsky’s widow, Yakova Kupinsky, who, following her husband’s death, took significant time

off work and then left the workforce to care for their children. See Report of Michael Soudry re:

Kupinsky Family Economic Loss (“Soudry-Kupinsky Report”) at 7, ECF No. 47-1.

To recover expected future damages, a plaintiff must (1) prove that those damages “are

reasonably certain . . . to occur,” and (2) establish “the amount of damages by a reasonable

estimate.” Hill,

(cleaned up). A reasonable estimate “may be proven by the

submission of a forensic economist’s expert report,” provided the expert relied on reasonable and

well-founded assumptions regarding, for example, the person’s “likely earnings if she had

survived.” Roth,

.

Here, all four Plaintiffs submitted reports from Michael Soudry, who is qualified as an

expert in forensic accounting. See Curriculum Vitale of Michael Soudry, ECF No. 47-1 (detailing

Soudry’s extensive work as a forensic economist); see also Ben-Yishai v. Syrian Arab Republic,

, 120 (D.D.C. 2022) (qualifying Soudry as an expert in forensic accounting).

Soudry projected the lost future earnings of each Plaintiff by taking their past recent earnings,

adjusting for several variables including wage growth and taxes, and discounting to present value

using the yield rate of Israel’s Long-term Government Bond. See, e.g., Soudry-Kupinsky Report

at 4–8.

The court agrees with the Special Master that given Soudry’s thorough analysis and

reliance on “generally accepted statistical data,” his estimates are reasonable and well-founded.

See, e.g., Levine R. & R. at 35. The court will therefore accept the Special Master’s

Page 13 of 15 recommendations—based on Soudry’s estimates—regarding economic damages. See Kupinsky

R. & R. at 30; Levine R. & R. at 36; Twersky R. & R. at 36.

IV. PUNITIVE DAMAGES

Finally, the court will address Plaintiffs’ claim for punitive damages. Punitive damages

are available under the FSIA not to “compensate the victim,” but “to punish and deter” state-

sponsored terrorism. Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2010).

Thus, courts should fashion punitive damages sufficient to stop “defendants [from] planning,

supporting and aiding the execution of [terrorist] attack[s].” Rimkus v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

(D.D.C. 2010). Still, courts must be mindful that huge awards bearing

no proportionality to the injuries suffered can “over-punish[]” defendants “with little [marginal]

deterrent effect.” Murphy,

. Thus, although punitive damages are not meant

to compensate victims, it nevertheless makes sense to tie “the amount of punitive damages

awarded” to “the amount of compensatory damages” suffered using a multiplier.

.

Plaintiffs request a multiplier of 3.44. See Emergency Mot. at 6.2 They point to this court’s

decision in DiBenedetto v. Islamic Republic of Iran, which calculated punitive damages by

multiplying each plaintiff’s compensatory damages by 3.44.

, at *3. Given the

importance of maintaining consistency across decisions, the court will adopt that multiplier here.

Like the November 18 attack at issue in this case, DiBenedetto involved a deadly terrorist attack.

And like the attack in DiBenedetto, the attack here did not involve aggravating circumstances like

torture or kidnapping that might warrant a higher multiplier. Accordingly, the court will GRANT

2 Plaintiffs request the multiplier used by this court in DiBenedetto v. Islamic Republic of Iran, which was 3.44. Plaintiffs incorrectly state that DiBenedetto used a multiplier of 3.4. The court construes this mistake as a typographical error and understands the Plaintiffs to be requesting the same multiplier as used in DiBenedetto.

Page 14 of 15 the remainder of Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motions, award punitive damages using a multiplier of

3.44, and enter final judgment as to punitive damages in an order to follow.

V. CONCLUSION

Syria and Iran sponsored the terrorists who inflicted great horrors on Plaintiffs. Special

Master Balaran carefully examined Plaintiffs’ claims for compensatory damages, and the court

agrees with his analysis. The court will also GRANT Plaintiffs’ reasonable request for punitive

damages.

Date: October 20, 2025

Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge

Page 15 of 15