UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SHANIQUE PEREZ, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 21-929 (RC) : v. : Re Document Nos.: 116, 129 : KIPP DC SUPPORTING CORP., et al., : : Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR RECUSAL

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Shanique Perez (“Perez”), proceeding pro se, brought this action against KIPP

DC Supporting Corporation (“KIPP DC”) and Capital City Public Charter School, Inc. (“Capital

City”) (collectively, “Defendants”). Before the Court is Perez’s request that this judge recuse

himself and reassign this case to Chief Judge James E. Boasberg. See Pl.’s Mot. Recusal, ECF

No. 116; Pl.’s Mot. Reassignment, ECF No. 129; Ex. A to Mot. Reassignment, ECF No. 129-1.

For the reasons explained below, the Court denies her motions.

II. BACKGROUND

The Court presumes familiarity with the factual and procedural background in this case.

See Doe v. KIPP DC Supporting Corp. (“Doe 2019”),

(D.D.C. 2019); Perez v.

KIPP DC Supporting Corp. (“Perez 2022”),

(D.D.C. 2022); Perez v. KIPP

DC Supporting Corp. (“Perez 2023”),

(D.C. Cir. 2023); Perez v. KIPP DC

Supporting Corp. (“Perez 2024”), No. 21-cv-929,

(D.D.C. July 25, 2024).

Accordingly, this opinion will describe only the facts relevant to the pending motions. Perez first filed suit against Defendants in 2018, seeking damages for the sexual abuse

she suffered as a minor student at the hands of Alan Coleman, her teacher who was first

employed by KIPP DC and then by Capital City. Doe 2019, 373 F. Supp. 3d at 5–6. The Court

dismissed that suit because Perez filed her complaint after the statute of limitations period had

expired. Id. at 15. Four months after the Court’s dismissal, the District of Columbia enacted the

Sexual Abuse Statute of Limitations Amendment Act of 2018, which amended the D.C. Code

and created a two-year revival period for claims. Perez 2022, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 155–56.

Perez sued Defendants again in 2021. Compl. ¶¶ 2–7, ECF No. 1. The case was assigned

to Chief Judge James E. Boasberg, but because it was Perez’s second case “involving the same

parties and relating to the same subject matter,” it was reassigned to this judge. Notice Related

Case, ECF. No. 8; Reassignment Civil Case, ECF No. 9; Local Civil Rule 40.5(a)(4). The Court

then dismissed Perez’s 2021 complaint. Perez 2022, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 164.

On appeal, the D.C. Circuit reversed this Court’s decision and held that Perez’s 2021

complaint could not be dismissed on the ground of res judicata because her first case was

dismissed without prejudice. Perez 2023,

. The Circuit remanded the case to this

Court to determine “the remaining issues,” including whether the old or new D.C. statute of

limitations applied to several of Perez’s claims.

. In Perez 2024, the Court granted

Defendants’ motion to dismiss Perez’s negligence claims against Capital City and granted Perez

leave to amend her complaint with respect to her gross negligence and intentional tort claims.

, at *14.

On September 5, 2025, Perez moved to dismiss her counsel and proceed pro se. Mot.

Dismiss Counsel, ECF No. 99. Whitney Butcher, Reza Davani, and the law firm Ketterer,

2 Browne & Davani, LLC moved to withdraw their representation of Perez. Mot. Withdraw, ECF

No. 104.

Perez, now appearing pro se, filed a motion for my recusal and a motion for reassignment

to Chief Judge James E. Boasberg. Pl.’s Mot. Recusal; Pl.’s Mot. Reassignment. Perez contends

that I am biased toward Greg Marshall, the counsel for Defendant KIPP DC, because we both

worked at the United States Attorney’s Office, and thus

requires my

disqualification. See Pl.’s Mot. Recusal at 3. Defendants filed a joint opposition brief to Perez’s

motion for my recusal. Defs.’ Opp’n Mem. Recusal, ECF No. 139.

III. ANALYSIS

“Deference to the judgments and rulings of courts depends upon public confidence in the

integrity and independence of judges.” United States v. Microsoft Corp.,

(D.C.

Cir. 2001) (quoting Code of Conduct for U.S. Judges, Canon 1 cmt. (2000)). So to safeguard the

integrity of judicial proceedings, the United States Constitution, federal statutory law, and codes

of judicial conduct each outline standards for when a judge may—or, in some cases, must—

remove himself from a case. See

at 111–15; Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.,

, 876–77 (2009).

Perez invokes one of the statutory protections that applies to all federal judges:

. 1 It first provides that a judge “shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his

1 Another statute,

, requires a federal district court judge to recuse himself “[w]henever a party to any proceeding . . . makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any adverse party.” Perez filed no such affidavit and does not point to section 144 in her motion. But even if she had, the facts she alleges do not satisfy the “exacting” standards of section 144. See United States v. Haldeman,

(D.C. Cir. 1976) (per curiam) (explaining that, to satisfy section 144, allegations in an affidavit “must be definite as to time, place, persons, and circumstances” and cannot be “merely of a conclusionary nature”). She would be unable to prevail for much the same reasons that her section 455 motion fails. See

3 impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”

§ 455(a). It then lists a series of additional

circumstances that require disqualification, including “[w]here he has a personal bias or

prejudice concerning a party.” Id. § 455(b)(1). To force a judge’s recusal under section 455(a),

“the moving party must demonstrate the court’s reliance on an ‘extrajudicial source’ that creates

an appearance of partiality or, in rare cases, where no extrajudicial source is involved, the

movant must show a ‘deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment

impossible.’” Tripp v. Exec. Off. of the President,

(D.D.C. 2000)

(quoting Liteky v. United States,

(1994)). The standard is an objective one.

Microsoft Corp.,

. That means “[t]he question is whether a reasonable and

informed observer would question the judge’s impartiality.”

Section 455(b)(1) requires the

movant to show “actual bias or prejudice based upon an extrajudicial source.” Tripp,

. Finally, a motion to disqualify under section 455 cannot succeed when it is

based on “bald allegations of bias or prejudice.” See Karim-Panahi v. U.S. Cong.,

(D.C. Cir. 2004) (per curiam); see also In re Kaminski,

, 1065 n.3 (D.C.

Cir. 1992) (“A judge should not recuse himself based upon conclusory, unsupported or tenuous

allegations.”).

In her motion for recusal, Perez makes various allegations that this judge is partial and

biased. She states that (1) there is an “ongoing conflict” based on my and Mr. Marshall’s

“overlapping service” at the United States Attorney’s Office; (2) I previously dismissed Perez’s

claims in ways inconsistent with treatment of related matters; and (3) my rulings “deepen the

Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc.,

(D.D.C. 2017) (“Substantively, sections 144 and 455 are quite similar, if not identical.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

4 appearance” that former lawyers at the United States Attorney’s Office are positioned to protect

one another. Pl.’s Mot. Recusal at 3–4.

Perez’s references to this judge’s relationships with Defendants’ counsel appear to stem

from my previous positions in the Civil Division of the United States Attorney’s Office for the

District of Columbia. While serving as an Assistant United States Attorney, I never worked on

this case or any related matters. See McKee v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

(D.D.C. 2017) (denying motion to recuse where judge “once worked at the Department of

Justice, but . . . left the Department over fifteen years [previously] and had no involvement of

any kind with this case or the predicate facts”), aff’d,

(D.C. Cir. Feb. 21,

2018) (per curiam). And “mere prior association does not form a reasonable basis for

questioning a judge’s impartiality.” Allphin v. United States,

(Fed. Cir.

2014) (citation modified) (“The judge’s prior work for the Department of Justice . . . does not

raise a reasonable question as to her impartiality.”).

Further, I never worked with Defendants’ counsel at the United States Attorney’s Office.

Mr. Marshall worked in the Criminal Division, and I worked in the Civil Division. Defs.’ Opp’n

Mem. Recusal at 1–2. Although Defendants’ counsel and I had, apparently, overlapped from

2006 through 2010, a judge’s social relationship with a lawyer is not grounds for disqualification

unless it is “so close or unusual as to be problematic.” In re Hawsawi,

(D.C.

Cir. 2020) (affirming refusal to recuse where relationship was “cordial but not intimate”). That

is not true here. Mr. Marshall and I had senior positions at the United States Attorney’s Office,

but I have not had any close association with him, either work-related or social. Although it is

likely that, at some point, Mr. Marshall attended a Division Chiefs meeting on behalf of his

supervisor that I too attended, I cannot even recall such an instance. And, regardless, he and I

5 would not have directly interacted at such a meeting. Other than such fortuitous interactions at

such meetings when his supervisor was absent, there were no work-related interactions. And

there have been zero social interactions.

Besides her allusions to this judge’s prior employment, Perez points to no specific facts

that support her claim of bias or establish an extrajudicial source of prejudice. On the contrary,

the only evidence she marshals to back her allegations is from this Court’s actions in her case.

Perez argues that this judge “dismissed [her] claims on res judicata grounds in ways inconsistent

with his treatment of related matters, including [Doe 2019].” But “judicial rulings alone almost

never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.” Liteky,

. That is

because, by themselves, “they cannot possibly show reliance upon an extrajudicial source.”

And “opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced or events occurring in the

course of the current proceedings . . . do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion

unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment

impossible.”

The dismissal that Perez cites as evidence of this judge’s bias does not reveal

the kind of “deep-seated favoritism or antagonism” that would warrant recusal.

Perez thus relies on the exact kind of bald allegations that cannot sustain a motion to

disqualify. Her conclusory claims provide no basis on which an objective observer could

reasonably question this Court’s impartiality. They reflect nothing more than disagreement with

its judicial rulings. And just as “judges have a duty to recuse themselves when partiality exists,

judges have an equal duty to not recuse themselves when there is no basis for recusal.” Jordan v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

(D.D.C. 2018).

Finally, the Court denies reassignment of this case back to Chief Judge Boasberg because

this case is related to Civil Action No. 18-260, which was dismissed by this judge on January 3,

6 2019. Doe 2019,

; see Local Civil Rule 40.5(c)(2) (“Where the existence of

related cases in this Court is revealed after the cases are assigned, the judge having the later-

numbered case may transfer that case . . . for reassignment to the judge having the earlier case.”).

A subsequent case is related to a case that was dismissed, with prejudice or without, if the

“second case is filed (a) involving the same parties and (b) relating to the same subject matter.”

Wilderness Soc’y v. Bernhardt, No. 20-cv-1176,

, at *1 (D.D.C. June 2, 2020).

In both the dismissed case and this case, Perez filed suit against the “same parties,”

namely, KIPP DC, Capital City, Susan Schaeffler Ettinger, Alan Coleman, and ten unnamed

agents and employees of KIPP DC and Capital City. Local Civil Rule 40.5(a)(4); Doe 2019,

; Compl. ¶¶ 2–7. Perez’s voluntary dismissal of Susan Schaeffler Ettinger, Alan

Coleman, and the ten unnamed defendants does not change the fact that the parties, as originally

set forth in Perez’s complaints in Doe 2019 and this case, are identical. See Notice Voluntary

Dismissal Def. Susan Schaeffler Ettinger, ECF No. 5; Notice Voluntary Dismissal Without

Prejudice Defs. Alan Wade Coleman and Roe (1-10), ECF No. 36. Here, Perez’s voluntary

dismissal operates as an “adjudication on the merits” rather than an amendment to her complaint

to exclude defendants who were in Doe 2019. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(B).

This case also relates to the same subject matter. In both cases, Perez seeks civil

damages pertaining to the sexual abuse perpetrated by her then-teacher at KIPP DC, Alan

Coleman, from 2004 to 2009. See Doe 2019, 373 F. Supp. 3d at 5–6; Compl. ¶¶ 13–68. Like in

Doe 2019, Perez asserts claims under Title IX of the Education Amendments Act,

, and for negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

;

Compl. ¶¶ 69–120. And though Perez added a premises liability claim while omitting claims

under

and for assault and battery, the “similarities between cases are so

7 pronounced that the interest in judicial economy becomes paramount.” Washington All. of Tech.

Workers v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 16-cv-1170,

, at *2 (D.D.C.

June 24, 2016).

Further, the time to object has long passed. When Chief Judge Boasberg transferred this

case for reassignment to this judge as of May 20, 2021, Perez did not object. See Reassignment

Civil Case. Nor did Perez object to the designation that the cases are related. See Notice Related

Case. Given Perez’s failure to timely object, the Court’s significant investment of time in this

case, and Local Rule 40.5(a)(4)’s goal of avoiding “the perverse effect of facilitating . . . judge

shopping,” Perez’s motions requesting that this judge recuse himself and reassign this case are

therefore denied. 2 Wilderness Soc’y,

, at *3.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for my recusal (ECF No. 116) and motion

for reassignment (ECF No. 129) are DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: December 10, 2025 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge

2 Perez does not seek recusal on the ground that this judge’s alleged inconsistency in dismissing her claim violated her constitutional due process right. See Pl.’s Mot. Recusal at 4 (citing only section 455). But even if she did, her allegations do not come close to satisfying the “more stringent constitutional standard” for recusal. Jordan,

. That objective test requires a court to ask whether “the average judge . . . is ‘likely’ to be neutral” in the same circumstances or “whether there is an unconstitutional ‘potential for bias.’” Caperton,

. A constitutional claim would thus falter for the same reason that Perez’s statutory arguments do: no objective observer would suspect this judge to be biased.

8