UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

DING GU,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 25 - 2739 (LLA) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY, et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Before the court is Plaintiff Ding Gu’s motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 60. ECF No. 28. Dr. Gu, proceeding pro se, seeks vacatur of the court’s

dismissal of his case against the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Secretary of the Treasury Scott

Bessent, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick

(collectively, “Defendants”), alleging they had violated the Administrative Procedure Act

(“APA”),

et seq., and the First Amendment by denying him “the right to petition

for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a rule,”

§ 553(e). ECF No. 1. The court dismissed

the case in November 2025 for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. ECF No. 26. Dr. Gu then filed

a request for leave to file a motion to amend his complaint, ECF No. 27, and a motion to reopen

the case pursuant to Rule 60(b)(1) or Rule 60(b)(6), ECF No. 28. Defendants have filed their

opposition to the motion, ECF No. 29, and Dr. Gu has filed a reply, ECF No. 30. For the reasons

explained below, the court will deny the motion to reopen the case.

At the outset, Defendants argue that the court should deny Dr. Gu’s motion because he

failed to comply with Local Civil Rule 7(m)’s meet-and-confer requirements for nondispositive motions. ECF No. 29, at 2. Dr. Gu responds that his motion is dispositive, so the rule is

inapplicable. ECF No. 30, at 1-2. In light of Dr. Gu’s pro se status, the court will excuse any

alleged procedural violation and address the motion to reopen on its merits. See Petway v.

Santander Consumer USA Inc., No. 22-CV-3100,

, at *4 n.8 (D.D.C. July 17,

2024) (addressing the merits of the plaintiff’s motion, despite noncompliance with Rule 7(m),

“because of the plaintiff’s pro se status”).

Dr. Gu first cites Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(1) as grounds for relief from

judgment. ECF No. 28, at 2. Rule 60(b)(1) grants the court discretion to “relieve a party . . . from

a final judgment” for “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 60(b)(1). “[I]t is well-established that motions for reconsideration, whatever their procedural

basis, cannot be used as an opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already

ruled . . . .” Ali v. Carnegie Inst. of Wash.,

(D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Est. of Gaither ex rel. Gaither v. District of Columbia,

(D.D.C. 2011)). “The decision to grant or deny a [R]ule 60(b) motion is committed to the

discretion of the District Court.” Kareem v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp.,

(D.D.C. 2011) (quoting United Mine Workers of Am. 1974 Pension v. Pittston Co.,

(D.C. Cir. 1993)). Motions for reconsideration are disfavored and granted only in

extraordinary cases. Cornish v. Dudas,

(D.D.C. 2011).

Dr. Gu contends that the court erred because it dismissed the case “before [it] had an

opportunity to consider” the formal petition for rulemaking he filed on October 9, 2025. ECF

No. 28, at 2. He argues that by submitting a petition for rulemaking to Defendants on October 9—

before the court’s dismissal—he “cure[d] the jurisdictional defect identified in the Court’s order

because the petition now establishes a nondiscretionary duty for agency action.” Id. at 1-2. But

2 the court has already considered and rejected this argument. In its memorandum opinion, the court

explained that even though the APA guarantees a right to petition, the denial of a right to petition

cannot independently confer Article III standing. ECF No. 25, at 5-6 (citing Gettman v. Drug Enf’t

Admin.,

(D.C. Cir. 2002)). What is more, although Dr. Gu maintains that the

court failed to consider his petition for rulemaking, the court directly addressed that petition as

well.

at 11 n.3 (explaining that if Dr. Gu sought to establish jurisdiction based on facts that

postdated his complaint, the proper course of action would be to file a new lawsuit).

Dr. Gu also makes a passing reference to Rule 60(b)(6) as a basis for relief. ECF No. 28,

at 2. Rule 60(b)(6) “provides only grounds for relief not already covered by the preceding five

[Rule 60(b)] paragraphs,” and is “available only in narrow circumstances.” BLOM Bank SAL v.

Honickman,

, 211 (2025). While a court retains discretion to grant a Rule 60(b)(6)

motion, Jones v. U.S. Dep’t of Just.,

(D.D.C. 2018), it should do so

“sparingly” and only under “extraordinary circumstances,” People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.,

(D.C. Cir. 2018) (first quoting

Good Luck Nursing Home, Inc. v. Harris,

(D.C. Cir. 1980); then quoting

Ackermann v. United States,

(1950)). “Examples of the limited circumstances

where relief under Rule 60(b)(6) is appropriate include an adversary’s failure to comply with a

settlement agreement which was incorporated in a court’s order, fraud by ‘the party’s own counsel,

by a codefendant, or by a third-party witness[,]’ or ‘when the losing party fails to receive notice of

the entry of judgment in time to file an appeal.’” Green v. Am. Fed’n of Lab. & Cong. of Indus.

Orgs.,

(D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, No. 13-7009,

(D.C. Cir.

May 31, 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright et. al., Federal Practice

and Procedure § 2864 (2d ed. 1995)). “Importantly, a Rule 60(b)(6) motion is ‘not simply an

3 opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled.’” Avila v. Dailey,

, 27 (D.D.C. 2019) (quoting Black v. Tomlinson,

(D.D.C. 2006)). Because Dr. Gu makes no such extraordinary allegations, and instead seeks to

reargue theories upon which the court has already ruled, there is no basis for the court to reconsider

its dismissal.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion to reopen the

case, ECF No. 28, is DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

LOREN L. ALIKHAN United States District Judge Date: December 19, 2025

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