Benefits Communication Corp. v. Klieforth
Benefits Communication Corp. v. Klieforth
Opinion of the Court
Appellee Laurette C. Klieforth (“employee”) filed a complaint against appellants Great West Life Assurance Co. (“Great
I.
On October 30,1985, the employee executed a “Uniform Application for Securities Industry Registration or Transfer” (“Form U-4”)
On October 10, 1990, the employee filed a complaint in the Superior Court alleging she was denied the promotion because of her sex in violation of the Human Rights Act. On June 24, 1991, just six weeks after Gilmer was decided, appellants filed a motion to compel arbitration pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”),
On July 10, 1992, Judge Mitchell, ruling from the bench, denied the motion to compel submission to arbitration. Judge Mitchell concluded:
We ... have examined the legislative history surrounding the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and ... that legislative history clearly says that ... they encourage alternative methods of resolving disputes, but they do not mean to supplant those rights as found under Title VII.
... So we conclude ... that the legislative history [of the 1991 amendments] did not support [Gilmer ].... [Subsequent legislative history does seem to support the proposition that a — plaintiff does not give up this Seventh Amendment right without it being more specifically determined during the dispute itself.
In other words, they may give it up after they enter into negotiations and decide that we will submit this matter to arbitration, and the Court encourages that. And the legislative history encourages it.
But ... the [Gilmer court] ... indicated that the — if it had legislative history [of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act] which indicated something separate from ... the conclusion reached in [Gil-mer ], that it would more or less follow that legislative history.... The Congress seemed to have taken extra and unusual steps to make it clear that they did not intend ... the 1991 Civil Rights Act to be ... governed by the principle purportedly espoused in the [Gilmer ] ease.
We read this passage as a ruling by the trial judge that the 1991 amendments overrule the holding of Gilmer. The trial judge did not, however, reach any of the other grounds raised by the employee in opposition to the motion to compel arbitration. This appeal followed.
II.
In this case the employee’s claim is based on an alleged violation of the Human Rights Act. In interpreting that act we have generally looked to cases from the federal courts involving claims brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for guidance and have adopted those precedents when appropriate. See, e.g., Atlantic Richfield Co. v. District of Columbia Comm’n on Human
In Gilmer, the Supreme Court, applying the FAA, held that an employment discrimination claim filed pursuant to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”)
The employee contends that since the Council of the District of Columbia (“Coun
The employee also objects to the adequacy of arbitration procedures with respect to disputes arising under the Human Rights Act. We agree with the Gilmer Court’s observation that “[s]uch generalized attacks on arbitration rest on suspicion of arbitration as a method of weakening the protections afforded in the substantive law to would-be complainants.” Gilmer, supra, 500 U.S. at 30, 111 S.Ct. at 1654 (citation, internal quotation, and alteration omitted). Time and again this court has observed that there is a well-established preference to arbitrate disputes when the parties have so agreed. See generally Carter v. Cathedral Ave. Coop., Inc., 566 A.2d 716, 719 n. 9 (D.C. 1989); Poire v. Kaplan, 491 A.2d 529, 534 n. 8 (D.C. 1985); Sindler v. Batleman, 416 A.2d 238, 343 (D.C. 1980). Thus, arbitration has been recognized as a highly desirable and sound alternative to litigation.
Finally, although the Human Rights Act eases cited in the text, supra pp. 1301-1302, mainly address procedural issues, we see no reason for departing from our practice of considering applicable federal court precedent as persuasive authority when interpreting a local provision that is substantially
III.
Having concluded that the principle set forth in Gilmer applies to employment disputes such as this one does not end our inquiry. We must now consider what effect, if any, the 1991 amendments have on the principle set forth in Gilmer. The trial judge held that the 1991 amendments retroactively overruled Gilmer.
We start our analysis with an examination of the language of the statute itself. The only provision in the 1991 amendments that even remotely applies to the issue presented here is section 118: “Where appropriate and to the extent authorized by law, the use of alternative means of dispute resolution, including ... arbitration, is encouraged to resolve disputes under the Acts or provisions of Federal law amended by this title.” Pub.L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071, 1081, Title I, § 118. We find nothing in that provision which can be construed as modifying or undermining the holding of Gilmer. Indeed, if anything, the opposite is true; i.e., arbitration is an alternative to litigation expressly encouraged by the statute. See Hirras v. National B.B. Passenger Corp., 10 F.3d 1142, 1146 (5th Cir. 1994) (“§ 118 of the 1991 Civil Rights Act encourages the use of ‘alternative means of dispute resolution,’ including
The employee contends, nonetheless, that the legislative history of the 1991 amendments supports her contention that Gilmer does not apply to employment discrimination claims. She relies on an isolated remark
We do not reach the other arguments raised by the employee since they were either not presented to the trial court or were presented but not decided.
Reversed and remanded.
. D.C.Code §§ 1-2501 to -2557 (1992 & 1993 Supp.).
. 500 U.S. 20, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991).
. Pub.L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071 (effective November 21, 1991) (codified in various sections throughout 42 U.S.C.).
. Form U-4 contains the following statement:
[The declarant] agree[s] to arbitrate any dispute, claim or controversy that may arise between me and my firm, or a customer, or any other person, that is required to be arbitrated under the rules, constitutions, or by-laws of the organizations with which I register, as indicated in item 10 as may be amended from time to time.
. The Form U-4 listed BenefitsCorp Equities (“BCE”), also a subsidiary of Great West, as the employee's registered brokerage firm since she was required to purchase securities through BCE. On February 1, 1991, the employee’s registration was transferred to Great West. On February 12, 1991, four months after the employee filed her complaint in the Superior Court, she executed a second Form U-4, listing Great West as the brokerage firm through which she was registering.
. 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (1988 & Supp. IV).
. D.C.Code §§ 16-4301 to -4319 (1989).
. Section 8(a) provides:
Any dispute, claim or controversy eligible for submission under Part I of this Code between or among members and/or associated persons, and/or certain others, arising in connection with the business of such member(s) or in connection with the activities of such associated person(s), shall be arbitrated under this Code, at the instance of:
(1) a member against another member;
(2) a member against a person associated with a member or a person associated with a member against a member; and,
(3) a person associated with a member against a person associated with a member.
(Emphasis added). Section 1 of the Code (contained in Part I) provides:
*1301 This Code of Arbitration Procedure is prescribed and adopted ... for any dispute, claim or controversy arising out of or in connection with the business of any member of the Association, with the exception of disputes involving the insurance business of any member which is also an insurance company:
(1) between or among members;
(2) between or among members and public customers, or others; and,
(3) between or among members, registered clearing agencies with which the [NASD] has entered into an agreement tó’ utilize the [NASD's] arbitration facilities and procedures, and participants, pledges, or other persons using the facilities of a registered clearing agency, as these terms are defined under the rules of such a registered clearing agency.
(Emphasis added). Appellants contended arbitration of this dispute was covered by the portions of the code italicized above.
. In addition, after a hearing on that motion, the parties submitted written arguments on the issue of whether the Seventh Amendment bars arbitration of the employee’s sex discrimination claim. On appeal, the employee has renewed all the arguments made to the trial court and has raised two others. Specifically, she contends: (1) there was no meeting of the minds between the parties to arbitrate non-securities disputes, and (2) the agreement to arbitrate is unenforceable as an adhesion contract. We decide only that the 1991 amendments do not overrule the holding of Gil-mer.
. This court has jurisdiction to review an order denying a motion to compel arbitration. See D.C.Code § 16 — 4317(a)(1) (1989) (order denying an application to compel arbitration is final for purposes of appeal).
. 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-34 (1988 & Supp. IV).
. In Gilmer, the employee was registered with the New York Stock Exchange and had executed a Form U-4. 500 U.S. at 23, 111 S.Ct. at 1650. After the employee was discharged, he filed a claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and later brought an action in federal district court. Id. at 23-24, 111 S.Ct. at 1650-51. The employer moved to compel arbitration, and the district court denied the motion. Id. at 24, 111 S.Ct. at 1651. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed. The Supreme Court, in turn, affirmed the circuit court, holding that agreements to arbitrate statutory claims of employment discrimination under the ADEA are enforceable under the FAA. Id. at 27-29, 111 S.Ct. at 1652-54.
The Form U-4 signed by the employee in this case is identical to the one signed by the employee in Gilmer. Both have provisions referring to the code of arbitration procedures of the applicable stock exchange. In Gilmer, the applicable code was the code for the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE”) that unambiguously, as counsel for Klieforth has conceded, applies to employment disputes of the nature presented here. The applicable exchange in this case, however, is the NASD and its code is not as clear on this point as is the NYSE’s code. See supra note 8. As we observed in the text, supra pp. 1300-1301, the employee contended in the trial court that the NASD code provisions do not apply to this employment dispute. The trial court did not resolve that issue and we do not consider it. On remand, the trial court will need to resolve that point, as well as the other arguments raised by the employee, see supra text at pp. 1300-1301 and note 9, before it can decide whether the motion to compel arbitration should or should not be granted. We, of course, express no view on these issues. If after considering these issues the trial court again denies the motion to compel arbitration, BCC may note an appeal from that denial. See supra note 10.
.The only exception is Alford v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 905 F.2d 104 (5th Cir. 1990), a case decided before Gilmer, where the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the district court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA. The Supreme Court, however, vacated and remanded the case for further consideration in light of Gilmer after that case was decided. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Alford, 500 U.S. 930, 111 S.Ct. 2050, 114 L.Ed.2d 456 (1991). On remand, the Fifth Circuit held that Gilmer required it to reverse the district court and compel arbitration of Alford’s Title VII claim. Alford v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 939 F.2d 229, 229-30 (5th Cir. 1991). Thus, every federal circuit court that has considered the issue since Gilmer was decided has reached the same result.
. The employee relies on D.C.Code § l-2556(a), which provides that "[a]ny person claiming to be aggrieved by an unlawful discriminatory practice shall have a cause of action in any court of competent jurisdiction for damages and such other remedies as may be appropriate, unless such person had filed a complaint [with the Office of Human Rights]." While there was no similar provision in Title VII at the time Gilmer was decided, the ADEA provided:
(1) Any person aggrieved may bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction for such legal or equitable relief as will effectuate the purposes of this chapter: Provided, That the right of any person to bring such action shall terminate upon the commencement of an action by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the right of such employee under this chapter.
(2) In an action brought under paragraph (1), a person shall be entitled to a trial by jury of any issue of fact in any such action for recovery of amounts owing as a result of a violation of this chapter, regardless of whether equitable relief is sought by any party in such action.
29 U.S.C. § 626(c). Notwithstanding this provision, the Gilmer Court held that the ADEA "did not explicitly preclude arbitration or other nonjudicial resolution of claims.... If Congress intended the substantive protection afforded by the
ADEA to include protection against waiver of the right to a judicial forum, that intention will be deducible from text or legislative history.” Gilmer, supra, 500 U.S. at 29, 111 S.Ct. at 1653 (citation, internal quotation, and alterations omitted). The Court held that no such intention was discernible; in fact, it concluded that the opposite was true, observing, for example, that 29 U.S.C. § 626(b), which directs the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission to pursue informal methods of dispute resolution, "suggests that out-of-court dispute resolution, such as arbitration, is consistent with the statutory scheme established by Congress.” Id.
. For example, the District’s Arbitration Act provides that "a provision in a written contract to submit to arbitration any controversy thereafter arising between the parties is valid, enforceable and irrevocable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” D.C.Code § 16-4301. See also Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Co., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 941, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983) ("any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issue should be resolved in favor of arbitration”); Haynes v. Kuder, 591 A.2d 1286, 1289 (D.C. 1991) (arbitration clause will be enforced if it is "susceptible of an interpretation” that covers the dispute) (citations omitted).
. It is clear from the legislative history of the Human Rights Act that the Council looked to the federal civil rights acts, as well as applicable federal court opinions interpreting those statutes. See, e.g., Report of the Council of the District of Columbia Committee on Economic Development, Labor, and Manpower, The Proceedings Regarding Title 34, The Human Rights Law, at 2 (August 7, 1973); Report of the Council of the District of Columbia Committee on Education and Youth Affairs, The Proceedings Regarding Title 34, The Human Rights Law, at 1, 3-4 (October 15, 1973). We could find no indication in the legislative history that the Council intended that compulsory arbitration agreements in employment contracts would not be enforceable. Any such indication would, of course, require a result different from the one we have reached here since our role is to determine the intent of the Council when it enacted the Human Rights Act. In doing so, we look to federal court interpretations of similar federal statutes; however, we are in no way bound by the federal precedent if we determine that the Council intended a different result.
. On April 26, 1994, the Supreme Court held that sections 101 and 102 of the 1991 amendments do not apply retroactively. See Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., - U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1510, 128 L.Ed.2d 274 (1994) (section 101); Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., — U.S. —, 114 S.Ct 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994) (section 102). Because the Court confined its holdings with respect to those particular sections (which address the prohibition against racial discrimination in the making and enforcement of contracts, and the right of recovery and damages in intentional discrimination cases) it is an open question whether or not the remaining provisions of the 1991 amendments, including section 118 which appellant contends overruled Gilmer, are retroactive.
. The 1991 amendments, however, specifically modified the holding of other Supreme Court decisions. For example, Congress designed the 1991 amendments, inter alia, "to codify the concepts of 'business necessity’ and 'job related' enunciated by the Supreme Court in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 [91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158] (1971), and in other Supreme Court decisions prior to Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 [109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733] (1989),” finding the Wards Cove decision had "weakened the scope and effectiveness of Federal civil rights protections.” Pub.L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071, 1071, §§ 2, 3.
. The employee relies on the following remark:
[T]he [House Committee on Education and Labor] believes that any agreement to submit dispute issues to arbitration, whether in the context of a collective bargaining agreement or in an employment contract, does not preclude the affected person from seeking relief under the enforcement provisions of Title VII.
137 Cong.Rec. H9530 (Nov. 7, 1991) (statement of Rep. Edwards).
. During the same debate, however, another member explicitly endorsed the use of alternative means of dispute resolution in lieu of litigation and cited Gilmer. See 137 Cong.Rec. H9548 (Nov. 7, 1991) (statement of Rep. Hyde).
. The passage in the report provides:
The Committee emphasizes, however, that the use of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms is intended to supplement, not supplant, the remedies provided by Title VII. Thus, for example, the Committee believes that any agreement to submit disputed issues to arbitration, whether in the context of a collective bargaining agreement or in any employment contract, does not preclude the affected person from seeking relief under the enforcement provisions of Title VII.... The Committee does not intend this section to be used to preclude rights and remedies that would otherwise by available.
H.R.Rep. No. 102-40(1), 102d Cong., 1st Sess., 97 (1991), reprinted in 1991 U.S.C.C.A.N. 549, 635.
.See text at pp. 1300-1301 and notes 9 and 12.
Concurring Opinion
concurring:
I join in the opinion for the court because I can discern no basis in the Human Rights Act or in its legislative history for concluding that the Council of the District of Columbia intended to bar voluntary agreements to arbitrate employment discrimination claims. I am concerned, however, that such agreements could, in some circumstances, amount to contracts of adhesion forced on employees, with the result that enforcement of the arbitration provision would be unconscionable. In such circumstances, the employee may well have a basis for asking the court to void the arbitration clause and to permit a jury trial on the discrimination claim. Nothing we say today precludes that possibility.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- BENEFITS COMMUNICATION CORPORATION, Et Al., Appellants, v. Laurette C. KLIEFORTH, Appellee
- Cited By
- 56 cases
- Status
- Published