In re F-Squared Investment Management, LLC
In re F-Squared Investment Management, LLC
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM ORDER
(i) DISMISSING, WITHOUT PREJUDICE, DEBTORS’ THIRD OMNIBUS OBJECTION (SUBSTANTIVE) TO THE PROOFS OF CLAIM OF PLAINTIFFS IN THE PUTATIVE CLASS ACTION YOUNGERS V. VIRTUS INV. PARTNERS, INC.; and
(ii) GRANTING, IN PART, MOTION OF THE YOUNGERS PLAINTIFFS FOR RELIEF FROM THE AUTOMATIC STAY PURSUANT TO 11 U.S.C. § 362(d) TO PROCEED WITH THE YOUN-GERS LITIGATION
Before the Court is the objection (the “Claim Objection”
Background
1. Prepetition, F-Squared Institutional Advisors, LLC, F-Squared Investment Management, LLC, and F-Squared Investments, Inc. (collectively, the “Debtors” or “F-Squared”) marketed and managed an investment strategy known as the “Al-phaSeetor Strategy” to securities 'wholesalers and brokers.
2. The Youngers Plaintiffs initiated the Youngers Action against Virtus Investment Partners (“Virtus”), certain entities related to Virtus, the Debtors, and certain of their respective officers and directors.
3. In that action, the Youngers Plaintiffs allege that, beginning in the fall of 2009, Virtus and F-Squared cooperated to create and manage mutual funds that utilized the AlphaSeetor Strategy (the “Al-phaSeetor Funds”).
4. The Youngers Plaintiffs further allege that VOT’s registration statements from September 30, 2009 to June 11, 2013 stated that the AlphaSeetor Strategy had been used to manage actual investments since 2001, and that from 2001 to 2008 those investments generated a 380% greater return than the S & P 500 Index did over the same period.
5. The Youngers Plaintiffs further allege that the statements regarding the Al-phaSeetor Strategy’s historical returns were false or misleading. Further, they allege that when VOT and certain of its officers and directors included the historical returns in VOT’s registration statements, they violated the Securities Act of
6. The Youngers Plaintiffs also assert several causes of action against the Debtors. They argue that each of the causes of action entitles the Class Members to a claim against the Debtors for the full amount of the damages the Class Members suffered as a result of VOT disseminating false historical returns. Initially, the Youngers Plaintiffs allege that, under § 15 of the Securities Act and § 20 of the Exchange Act, the Debtors are liable as control persons because they directed the VOT board of directors to include the false historical returns in the VOT registration statements. The Youngers Plaintiffs also allege that the Debtors owed a fiduciary duty to the Class Members, and that they breached that fiduciary duty. Finally, they allege that the Debtors aided and abetted the breaches of fiduciary duty committed by VOT and other defendants.
The Bankruptcy Cases
7. On July 8, 2015 (the “Petition Date”), the Debtors each filed a chapter 11 bankruptcy petition, which stayed the Youngers Action solely as to the Debtors.
8. As of the Petition Date, the District Court had appointed the Youngers Plaintiffs as lead plaintiffs on behalf of the Class Members, but the class had not been certified. Discovery had not begun, but was stayed under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, which imposes an automatic stay on discovery while a motion to dismiss is pending.
9. On September 14, 2015, the three Youngers Plaintiffs, on behalf of all the Class Members, each filed a separate class proof of claim (the “Youngers Proofs of Claim”) based on the allegations made in the Youngers Action. The Debtors responded with the Objection.
10. On January 7, 2016, the Youngers Plaintiffs filed the Lift Stay Motion in order to continue the Youngers Action against the Debtors in the District Court; the Debtors oppose this request.
11; The Court heard argument on the Claim Objection and the Lift Stay Motion on January 26, 2016 and February 18, 2016, respectively. Both matters were taken under advisement.
The Claim Objection; The Trust Did Not Carry Its Burden of Production
12. At both hearings, there was discussion of the appropriate standard by which the Court should consider the Objection to the Proofs of Claim. At the January 26 hearing, the Trust argued that the Youn-gers Proofs of Claim had to satisfy either the motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment standard.
13. In reviewing a claim to which an objection has been filed, it is helpful to
The burden of proof for claims brought in bankruptcy court under 11 U.S.C.A. § 502(a) rests on different parties at different times. Initially, the claimant must allege facts sufficient to support the claim. If the averments in his filed claim meet this standard of sufficiency, it is “prima facie ” valid. In other words, a claim that alleges facts sufficient to support a legal, liability to the claimant satisfies the initial obligation to go forward. The burden of going forward then shifts to objector to produce evidence sufficient to negate the prima facie validity of the filed claim. It is often said that the objector must produce evidence equal in force to the prima facie case. In practice, the objector must produce evidence, which, if believed, would refute at least one of the allegations-that is essential to the claim’s legal sufficiency. If the objector produces sufficient evidence to negate one or more of the sworn facts in the proof of claim, the burden reverts to the claimant to prove the validity of the claim by a preponderance of the evidence. The burden of persuasion is always on the claimant.23
14. Bankruptcy Rule 3001 assists a claimant in satisfying its obligation to go forward, (i.e., its initial burden of production). Pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 3001(f), if a proof of claim is filed “in accordance” with Bankruptcy Rule 3001, the allegations in the proof of claim are treated as “prima facie evidence of the validity and amount of the claims.”
15. In order for a proof of claim to be filed “in accordance” with Bankruptcy Rule 3001, it must be in writing and conform substantially to the Official Form.
16. With the claimant’s initial burden met, the burden to go forward shifts to the objector “to negate the prima fade validity of the filed claim.”
17. As applied here, the Youngers Plaintiffs filed proofs of claim using the Official Form. They were signed under penalty of perjury. The forms attach a complaint, which, as subsequently amended, references two SEC cease-and-desist orders and VOT registration statements, and contains factual allegations.
19. The Youngers Proofs of Claim and related documents contain facts sufficient' to meet the “relatively low threshold” contained in the Allegheny standard. Specifically, the Youngers Plaintiffs allege that:
a. F-Squared partnered with Virtus to develop and sub-advise VOT’s Alpha-Sector Funds.41
b. F-Squared and its co-founder Howard Present developed false Alpha-Sector Strategy historical results.42 From 2011 through 2013, VOT filed a registration statement that included those false historical results.43
c. In late 2013, F-Squared removed the false statements from its own marketing materials and Howard Present informed Virtus that the SEC was investigating F-Squared Investments, Inc44 Shortly after that point, VOT’s board of directors followed F-Squared’s lead and removed the false historical statements from its 2014 registration statements.45 That registration statement did not retract or correct the prior misrepresentations.46
[C]aused certain mutual funds sub-advised by F-Squared [Investments, Inc.] to violate Section 34(b) of the Investment Company Act which, among other things, makes it unlawful for any person to make any untrue or misleading statement of material fact in any registration statement, application, report, account, record, or other document filed with the Commission under the Investment Company Act.47
21. As part of that order, F-Squared Investments, Inc. admitted that Howard Present, F-Squared’s CEO at all relevant times, “worked with” the mutual fund adviser of funds F-Squared sub-advised “to include the inflated historical performance of the AlphaSector indexes from April 2001 to September 2008.”
22. Based on the allegations in the Youngers Proofs of Claim, which include the findings and admissions in the two SEC cease-and-desist orders, the Court can glean an actionable claim against the Debtors.
23. The Trust did not present evidence to refute the Youngers Plaintiffs’ allegations. The Trust filed an objection to the Youngers Proofs of Claim and a reply in support of the same. The Trust’s filings did not include affidavits or attach any relevant documents, such as the operative agreement(s) between F-Squared and Vir-tus or the VOT, or other documents showing the relationship between them. The Trust proffered no evidence at the Claim Objection Hearing. The Trust, therefore, failed to carry its burden of production.
Absence of Class Certification at This Stage Does Not Bar the Youngers Proofs of Claim
24. In addition to arguing that the Youngers Proofs of Claim contained insufficient allegations to constitute a properly filed claim, the Trust also argues that the Youngers Proofs of Claim should be disallowed, or substantially modified, because the District Court has not yet certified a class and/or the Youngers Plaintiffs have not filed a motion in this Court under Bankruptcy Rule 7023.
25. The Trust does not, however, cite law that establishes a per se bar against certifying a class claim after the confirmation of a plan—in fact, the Trust agrees that certification is committed to the Court’s sound discretion.
Cause Exits to Lift the Automatic Stay
26. The Trust argues that lifting the automatic stay and allowing the Youngers Action to proceed will unreasonably delay distribution from the estate.
27. The Youngers Plaintiffs respond by arguing that the balance of burdens greatly tilts in their favor.
28. The Court finds that the most appropriate action is to lift the automatic stay solely to permit the Debtors to file a motion to dismiss in the Youngers Litigation, and for briefing to ensue so that the District Court can rule on the motion.
29. Section 362(d)(1) provides:
On request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, the court shall grant relief from the stay provided under subsection (a) of this section, such as by terminating, annulling, modifying, or conditioning such stay ... for cause.64
“Cause” is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code; it is a flexible concept, determined on a case-by-case basis.
30. Courts in this district have found that cause may exist to lift the stay when a party seeks to continue prepetition litigation that is pending against a debtor in another forum.
(i)Whether any great prejudice to either the bankruptcy estate or the debtor will result from continuation of the civil suit;
(ii) Whether the hardship to the non-bankruptcy party by maintenance of the stay considerably outweighs the hardship to the debtor; and
(iii) Whether the creditor has a probability of prevailing on the merits.68
31. Contrary to the Debtors’ arguments, the Youngers Action appears to be primed for a ruling on a motion to dismiss. As to every non-debtor defendant, briefing is completed on a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint and oral argument is scheduled before the District Court on April 8, 2016.
32. The Trust has not shown any great prejudice to the estate. The Trust argues that lifting the stay would prejudice the estate and creditors by delaying distribution because the size of the claim does not permit a reserve. There are other contested claims, however, which must be resolved before distribution can occur, including the Gold Coast claim, which also creates a reserve issue and prevents immediate distribution.
88. Conversely, moving forward in this Court may create inefficiencies for the parties. If the Court does not lift the stay, the parties may begin discovery only to have the District Court grant the non-debtors’ motions to dismiss, thus precluding the Youngers Proofs of Claim. This duplication of efforts is unwarranted.
84. The final prong, the Youngers Plaintiffs’ probability of success on the merits, is a close call, but the required showing on a motion for relief from stay is “very slight.”
ACCORDINGLY, IT IS HEREBY
ORDERED that the Objection is dismissed without prejudice, and it is further ORDERED that the automatic stay and Plan Injunction is lifted solely to permit the Debtors to file a motion to dismiss in the Youngers Action, to permit all briefing related thereto, and for the District Court to decide the motion to dismiss and issue any order on the same.
. Debtors’ Third Omnibus Objection (Substantive) to the Proofs of Claim of Plaintiffs in the Putative Class Action Youngers v. Virtus Inv. Partners, Inc. [Dkt. No. 400] (“Obj.”)
. Youngers v. Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., 15-CV-8262-WHP (S.D.N.Y. 2015)
. Motion of the Youngers Plaintiffs for Relief from the Automatic Stay Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(d) to Proceed with the Youngers Litigation (“Lift Stay Motion”) [Dkt. No. 468]
. Youngers Plaintiffs’ Response to Debtors’ Third Omnibus Objection to Claims [Dkt. No. 464]
. Debtors’ Reply in Further Support of the Debtors' Third Omnibus Objection (Substantive) to the Proofs of Claim of Plaintiffs in the Putative Class Action Youngers v. Virtus Inv. Partners, Inc. ("Objection Reply”) [Dkt. No. 503]
. Liquidating Trust’s Response to the Youngers Plaintiffs’ Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay ("Lift Stay Response”) [Dkt. No. 528]
. Claim Nos. 109, 110, 111
. Youngers Proofs of Claim [Claim Nos. 109, 110, 111], the Second Amended Class Action Complaint for Violations of the Federal Securities Laws ("Second Am. Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 464-1] (which amends the complaint attached to the Youngers Proofs of Claim), the Virtus Opportunity Trust’s publicly filed Form N-1A SEC Registration Statements, and two SEC cease-and-desist orders: In re F-Squared Investments, Inc., Admin. & Cease-and-Desist Proc. File No. 3-16325, 2014 WL 7243183 (Dec. 22, 2014) (“SEC Order F-Squared ") and In re Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., Admin. & Cease-and-Desist Proc. File No. 3-16959, 2015 WL 7179719 (Nov. 16, 2015) (“SEC Order Virtus ”)
. Claim Obj. Hr’g, Jan. 26, 2016 ("Obj.Hr’g”) [Dkt. No. 517]
. Lift Stay Hr’g, Feb. 18, 2016 ("Stay Hr’g”) [Dkt. No. 546]
. SEC Order F-Squared ¶¶ 1-2, 7
. Id. ¶¶ 1, 2
. Youngers v. Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., No 15-8262-WHP (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2016)
. SEC Order Virtus ¶¶ 2, 15; Second Am. Compl. ¶ 56
. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 23, 65
. SEC Order Virtus 3, 14; SEC Order F-Squared 9-10; Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51
. Virtus Opportunity Registration Statement (Jan. 1, 2014); Second Am. Compl. ¶ 92
. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(3)(B)
. Obj. Hr'g Tr. 39
. Stay Hr’g Tr. 21-24
. The Court recognizes that some courts have chosen to apply the federal pleading standards to proofs of claim. ‘ See In re Nortel Networks, Inc., 469 B.R. 478, 497 (Bankr. D.Del. 2012) (discussing the split among different courts). But, as noted in Nortel, in the Third Circuit, the Allegheny standard is the rule absent consent or "highly unusual, even unique” circumstances not present here (e.g., where upon the debtors' motion, the Nortel court ordered the claimant to file an a more definite statement of its claim). Here, the Court did not mandate the form of claim.
. A proof of claim to which no objection has been filed is "deemed allowed,” 11 U.S.C. § 502(a), thus, the burdens of production and persuasion play no role in the allowance of that claim.
. In re Allegheny Intern., Inc., 954 F.2d 167, 173-74 (3d Cir. 1992) (internal citations omitted)
. Id. at 173; Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3001(f) (emphasis supplied)
. In re Muller, 479 B.R. 508, 512 (Bankr.W.D.Ark. 2012) (citing In re Cluff, 313 B.R. 323, 330 (Bankr.D.Utah 2004))
. In re Holm, 931 F.2d 620, 623 (9th Cir. 1991) (cited approvingly in Allegheny, 954 F.2d at 173); see also In re Planet Hollywood Intern., 274 B.R. 391, 394 (Bankr.D.Del. 2001); In re Sacko, 394 B.R. 90, 98 (Bankr.E.D.Penn. 2008)
. Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3001(a)
. The form also states in bold, next to the signature line, "A person who files a fraudulent claim could be fined up to $500,000, imprisoned for up to 5 years, or both. 18 U.S.C. §§ 152, 157, and 3571.”
. Allegheny, 954 F.2d at 173; 4 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 502.02[l][c] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 16th ed.); see also Hilton v. Hongisto (In re Hongisto), 293 B.R. 45, 50 (N.D.Cal. 2003) ("a claim is not prima
. In re Holm, 931 F.2d 620, 623 (9th Cir. 1991) (cited approvingly in Allegheny, 954 F.2d at 173); see also Planet Hollywood, 274 B.R. at 394; Sacko, 394 B.R. at 98
. In re Smurfit-Stone Container Corp., 444 B.R. 111, 117 (Bankr.D.Del. 2011); see In re Nortel Networks, Inc., 469 B.R. 478, 497 (Bankr.D.Del. 2012) (noting that the Third Circuit has chosen not to "impose[ ] federal pleading standards on those seeking to file proofs of claim”); In re Chateaugay Corp., 94 F.3d 772, 777 (2d Cir. 1996) ("[t]he primary purpose of claim filing provision is to ensure that all those involved in proceeding will be made aware of claims against debtor’s estate and will have opportunity to contest those claims” (internal citation omitted)); In re marchFirst, Inc., 431 B.R. 436, 443 (Bankr. N.D.Ill. 2010); Matter of Rimsat, Ltd., 223 B.R. 345, 348 (Bankr.N.D.Ind. 1998) ("a proof of claim is not subject to the same rules of pleading that govern the pleadings filed in an adversary proceeding or other civil litigation”); Matter of Int’l Match Corp., 69 F.2d 73, 76 (2nd Cir. 1934) (a proof of claim should at least allege facts from which liability on the part of the bankrupt can be seen to exist); but see In re DJK Residential LLC, 416 B.R. 100, 106 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2009)
. In re O'Malley, 252 B.R. 451, 456 (Bankr.N.D.Ill. 1999)
. Allegheny, 954 F.2d at 173
. Id. at 173-74 (internal citations omitted)
. In re Transamerican Natural Gas Corp., 978 F.2d 1409, 1416 (5th Cir. 1992)
. See Sacko, 394 B.R. at 103 ("The Debtor offered no evidence to refute the ¡prima facie claim] and therefore, has not met his burden of production. The Objection ... will be overruled.”); Muller, 479 B.R. at 517 (the court overruled the debtor's claim objection "[bjecause the debtor did not present any evidence”); In re Stoecker, 143 B.R. 879, 884 (N.D.Ill. 1992) (a claim objection that does not challenge the factual allegations in a proof of claim does not constitute a challenge to the allowability of a claim under section 502)
. The parties agree that, in the instant dispute, Second Circuit law provides the applicable standard for Section 15 control. Obj. Hr’g Tr. 28:25, 29:1-5.
. 15 U.S.C. § 77o(a)
. Floyd v. Liechtung, 2013 WL 1195114, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2013); In re Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Sec. Litig., 650 F.3d 167, 186 (2d Cir. 2011) (in the Second Circuit, "control’' has the same definition in section 15(a) as it does in section 20 (a))
.A party that purchased a security must bring an action under Section 15 within three years of the date that "security was bona fide offered to the public.” 15 U.S.C. § 77m; Jackson Nat. Life Inc. Co. v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 32 F.3d 697, 704 (2d Cir. 1994). The date that a security was bona fide offered to the public, triggering the statute of repose, is the effective date of the initial registration statement that provided information regarding the security, Finkel v. Stratton Corp., 962 F.2d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 1992), or the effective date of an amended registration statement for securities purchased after the amendment. 15 U.S.C. § 80a-24(e); see Morse v. Peat, Marwick. Mitchell & Co., 445 F.Supp. 619, 623 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (discussing the general effect of 15 U.S.C. § 80a-24(e)). The Youngers Plaintiffs allege that the Class Members purchased shares in the AlphaSector Funds within the statute of repose period. Second Am. Compl. 68-77, 155-64, 174-83, 187, 199.
. Second Am. Compl. 11 56
. Second Am. Compl. ¶ 51; SEC Order F-Squared ¶¶ 9-10
. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 68-77, 155-64, 174-83
. Second Am. Compl. ¶ 64; SEC Order F-Squared ¶ 26
. Second Am. Compl. 11 92
. Id. ¶ 78
. SEC Order F-Squared ¶ 40 (emphasis supplied)
. Id. App. A ¶ 16. The court in In re Smith Barney, a case which the Debtors’ cite in their Objection, suggested that an allegation that a person "signed, drafted, approved or confirmed” a misleading statement may also suffice to show "control person” liability. In re Smith Barney Transfer Agent Litigation, 884 F.Supp.2d 152, 166-67 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
. The Youngers Plaintiffs argue that the Debtors are liable to the Class Members under four independent legal theories: Section 15 of the Securities Act, Section 20 of the Exchange Act, breach of state law fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting VOT's breach of fiduciary duty. The Youngers Plaintiffs seek to recover the same damages under each legal theory. If the Youngers Plaintiffs' allegations are correct, the Class Members will be entitled to the same damages regardless of which of theory is successful. Because the Court finds that, under Allegheny, the Youngers Plaintiffs have carried their initial burden of production with regard to Section 15 liability, and the Debtors did not meet their burden of production {see infra), the Court need not discuss the remaining legal theories.
. The Court makes no determination as to whether the Youngers Plaintiffs’ allegations satisfy the federal pleadings standard embodied in Rule 8 or Rule 9 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
. Obj. ¶¶ 38-50
. Id. ¶¶ 39-50
. Id. ¶ 41
. See In re Kaiser Group Intern., Inc., 278 B.R. 58 (Bankr.D.Del. 2002); In re Connaught Group, Ltd., 491 B.R. 88 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2013); In re MF Global Inc., 512 B.R. 757 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2014)
. The Trust notes that the Youngers Plaintiffs did not seek relief from the Plan Injunction, which came into effect after the Youngers Plaintiffs filed the Lift Stay Motion. Lift Stay Response ¶¶ 8-11. However, the Trust does not argue that the standard for obtaining automatic stay relief is different than the standard for obtaining relief from the Plan Injunction. Lift Stay Response 12-14. As a result, the existence of the Plan Injunction does not alter the Court’s analysis.
. Lift Stay Response ¶ 18
. Id. ¶ 18
. Objection Reply ¶ 21
. Lift Stay Hr’g Tr. 19
. Lift Stay Motion ¶¶ 16-17
. Id. ¶ 17
. Id. ¶ 16
. Obj. Hr’g Tr. 75:12-21
. 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(1)
. In re Tribune, 418 B.R. 116, 126 (Bankr.D.Del. 2009)
. Id.
. In re Rexene Products Co., 141 B.R. 574, 576 (Bankr.D.Del. 1992)
. Id.
. Youngers Action Dkt. Nos. 61, 85-87
. Lift Stay Hr’g Tr. 75-76
. Obj. Hr’g Tr. 49
. In re Rexene Products Co., 141 B.R. 574, 578 (Bankr.D.Del. 1992)
Reference
- Full Case Name
- IN RE: F-SQUARED INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, LLC, Debtors
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- 5 cases
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- Published