E. Hedinger AG v. Brainwave Sci., LLC
E. Hedinger AG v. Brainwave Sci., LLC
Opinion of the Court
Before the Court is the "Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)" (D.I. 11) filed by Defendants Brainwave Science, LLC, Brainwave Science, Inc., and Krishna Ika (collectively "Defendants" or "Brainwave"). Defendants allege that the Complaint (D.I. 1) filed by Plaintiffs E. Hedinger AG and Hedinger Middle East DWC LLC (collectively "Plaintiffs" or "Hedinger") fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted "because the parties' partnership agreement requires that any dispute arising from or relating to that agreement be arbitrated" and because of asserted substantive deficiencies in each count (D.I. 12 at 1, 5-9). Although the motion itself seeks dismissal based on the arbitration clause, in its papers, Defendants assert that "this Court should compel arbitration pursuant to
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts
In February of 2016, Plaintiffs "entered into a written contract (the 'Partnership Agreement') with [Defendant Brainwave Science, LLC] to be the exclusive dealer of a brain fingerprinting technology of which [Brainwave Science, LLC] held itself out to be the lawful owner ('BWS Technology')." (D.I. 1 ¶ 12). The Partnership Agreement included the following provisions that are relevant to the motion (D.I. 1, Ex. A):
3) Term and Termination
The agreement shall come into force on date of execution . The initial term of this Agreement shall be for a period of three years, commencing on the date of execution and renews automatically until and unless terminated by either parties through written termination notice of 90 days. Upon the date of the termination of the agreement, all legal obligations, rights and duties arising out of this agreement shall terminate.
* * *
19) Applicable Law, Jurisdictional Matters
D. The Parties shall exercise their best efforts to resolve by negotiation any and all disputes, controversies or differences between them arising out of or relating to this Agreement. All disputes, controversies or differences between the parties that are not settled by negotiation shall be submitted to International Arbitrary Commission in New York City, U.S.A. The arbitration shall be conducted in English in accordance with International Arbitration rules rules (sic) in effect at the time of applying for arbitration and shall be presided by a panel of three arbitrators, which each party choosing one and the International Court providing the third. The arbitral award is final and binding upon to (sic) both parties.
The Partnership Agreement was executed by Hedinger on February 29, 2016 and by Brainwave on March 1, 2016. (Id. ). Just over a year later, on March 16, 2017, Brainwave sent a "[n]otice of termination of current agreement between Brainwave Science (BWS) and E. Hedinger AG" stating that Plaintiffs "shall no longer be a partner/reseller/distributor for [BWS] Brain Fingerprinting or any other products." (D.I. 1, Ex. D). In the termination notice, Brainwave stated: "[a]s per section 3 'Term and Termination' of the Partnership agreement, please accept this letter as the official 90-day notification specified in our contract" and noted its decision to terminate was based on "a change in business strategy." (Id. ).
B. Procedural History
Prior to initiating this case, on March 28, 2017, Plaintiffs filed a Verified Complaint and Jury Demand in Massachusetts Superior Court.
*504The Court : All right. And then the parties are arguing over whether the arbitration clause is enforceable because it mentions a nonexistent entity perhaps.
Mr. Salinger : Well, not so much the arbitration clause, because I think the defendant would certainly be willing to jettison that.
The Court : Okay.
Mr. Salinger : It doesn't appear - it almost appears as though that was thrown in by whoever the drafter of this document was.
(D.I. 16, Ex 1, 2:20-3:4).
Thereafter, on September 28, 2017, the Massachusetts court dismissed the complaint with prejudice, finding that a review of the Partnership Agreement and its addendums made clear "that the parties intended to arbitrate their disputes, and also acts[ ] to deprive this court of jurisdiction, as any non-arbitrable disputes (which plaintiff asserts this matter is) must be litigated in Delaware." (D.I. 14 at 3-4). On January 30, 2018, an entry was made on the Massachusetts docket of an endorsement stating Defendants, "at oral argument, waived the arbitration clause defense." (D.I. 16, Ex. 2 at 1). Then on February 27, 2018, in response to Plaintiffs' motion to clarify judgment, the Massachusetts court entered an Amended Judgment clarifying:
"Paragraph a) of Section 13 [of Addendum II] requires that the agreement is to be governed by and construed under the laws of Delaware, and that the Delaware Courts shall have 'exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any non-arbitrable dispute arising out of this agreement.' This paragraph confirms that the parties intended to arbitrate their disputes , and also acts to deprive this court of jurisdiction, as any non-arbitrable disputes (which plaintiff asserts this matter is) must be litigated in Delaware.
(D.I. 15) (emphasis added).
On April 11, 2018, Plaintiffs filed the Complaint in this action (D.I. 1), asserting eleven counts, including fraudulent inducement, false advertising, violation of Delaware Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, violation of Delaware Consumer Fraud Act, breach of contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, intentional interference with advantageous business relations, indemnification, fraud, fraudulent transfer, and "successor liability." (D.I. 1). On May 25, 2018, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint, arguing that the parties are contractually required to arbitrate this dispute, or, alternatively, that each count fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (D.I. 11). Plaintiffs opposed the motion but noted that they "agree to dismiss Count III (violation of Delaware Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, 6 Del. C. § 2532 ); Count IV (violation of Delaware Consumer Fraud Act, 6 Del. C. § 2513 et seq. ); and Count VIII (indemnification) without prejudice at this stage." (D.I. 16 at 20 n.17). Based on Plaintiffs' representations, the Court treats the motion as to those counts as unopposed, and those counts will be dismissed without prejudice. The Court addresses the remaining counts below.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A complaint must contain " 'a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,' in order to 'give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.' " Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly ,
"The issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims." In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig. ,
The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"),
[i]f any suit ... [is] referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agreement, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement ....
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs advance three arguments why they should not be compelled to arbitrate the claims in their Complaint: (1) the arbitration clause in the Partnership Agreement is void because it refers to the International Arbitrary Commission in New York City, a non-existent tribunal; (2)
*506Defendants waived their right to arbitrate in the Massachusetts Superior Court case; and (3) certain of the Complaint's claims against Defendants do not fall within the scope of the arbitration clause and are thus non-arbitrable. (D.I. 16). "[G]ateway dispute[s] about whether the parties are bound by a given arbitration clause raises a question of arbitrability [are] for a court to decide." Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. ,
A. Whether Defendants' Waived Their Rights to Arbitrate
Plaintiffs argue that "Defendants waived the right to arbitrate , not merely the right to argue whether arbitration is contractually required" based on the responses of their counsel during oral argument on a motion to dismiss before the Massachusetts Superior Court. (D.I. 16 at 6 (original emphasis) ). Plaintiffs cite no legal support for this broad prohibition. Defendants argue that the exchange during oral argument in Massachusetts reflects their decision "not to press the arbitration clause argument as a reason to dismiss the Massachusetts litigation," which was later dismissed citing a lack of jurisdiction and noting "the parties inten[t] to arbitrate their disputes." (D.I. 17 at 1-2).
"[W]aiver is the 'intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.' " United States v. Olano ,
*507PaineWebber Inc. v. Faragalli ,
Under the facts in this case, the Court does not find that Defendants waived their right to have this dispute arbitrated. Neither the actions nor the arguments before the Massachusetts Superior Court amount to an express waiver of Defendants' right to arbitrate the claims raised by Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs allege that "defendants, at oral argument, waived the arbitration clause defense." (D.I. 16 at 6). A review of the exchange between the Massachusetts Judge and Defendants' counsel, however, does not clearly articulate such a waiver. Primarily, Defendants' counsel responds that "defendant would certainly be willing to jettison that" with respect to a question from the judge asking if "the parties are arguing over whether the arbitration clause is enforceable because it mentions a nonexistent entity." (D.I. 16, Ex. 1, 2:20-25). The judge later noted to Defendants that "[y]ou're not really pushing the arbitration ... argument anymore," and Defendants' counsel responds "[n]o.... Waived." (Id. at 6:20-7:1). These exchanges, viewed in the context of the entire argument, do not suggest that Defendants were intentionally relinquishing or abandoning their arbitration position for all time. Indeed, even after that exchange, the Massachusetts court noted that "the parties intended to arbitrate their disputes." (D.I. 15, see also D.I. 14 at 3).
Additionally, the Court does not find that Defendants implicitly waived arbitration under the standard set forth in Hoxworth . There is no indication that Plaintiffs have or will be prejudiced by the Court compelling arbitration. Plaintiffs knew during the Massachusetts action that Defendants sought arbitration, and that court explicitly found the intent of the parties in the Partnership Agreement was to arbitrate claims. So too, once Plaintiffs filed their Complaint in this case, Defendants quickly asserted the arbitration clause. This case is still in the early stages. No discovery has occurred. In light of this, the Court cannot find that Defendants implicitly waived their right to arbitrate. Having found no explicit or implicit waiver, the Court finds that the record does not support a finding that Defendants waived their rights to arbitrate those claims arising from or related to the Partnership Agreement.
B. Whether the Arbitration Clause is Void for Referencing a Non-Existent Tribunal
Plaintiffs argue that "the arbitration clause at issue refers to a non-existent arbitration forum and is thus a legal nullity." (D.I. 16 at 7). Further, Plaintiffs seek to distinguish this case from those relied upon by Defendants because "[u]nlike the challenged arbitration clauses in the cases cited ..., which selected arbitration forums that no longer existed , the arbitration forum at issue here never existed ."
While the designation of a non-existent arbitration forum in an arbitration clause, makes the forum selection provision itself "null and void," that is not dispositive of the arbitration issue. Control Screening LLC v. Tech. Application & Prod. Co. (Tecapro), HCMC-Vietnam ,
So too, here, the parties agreed that "[t]he Parties shall exercise their best efforts to resolve by negotiation any and all disputes, controversies or differences between them arising out of or relating to this Agreement. All disputes, controversies or differences between parties that are not settled by negotiation shall be submitted to the International Arbitrary Commission in New York City, U.S.A." (D.I. 1, Ex. A ¶ 19(D) ). The paragraph also sets forth provision for three arbiters, the method of selection thereof, and states "[t]he arbitral award is final and binding upon to (sic) both parties."
C. Whether The Complaint Contains Arbitrable Claims
"When deciding whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter (including arbitrability), courts generally ... should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts." First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan ,
Here, the Partnership Agreement provides that the "Parties shall exercise their best efforts to resolve by negotiation any and all disputes, controversies or differences between them arising out of or relating to this Agreement. All disputes, controversies or differences between the parties that are not settled by negotiation shall be submitted" to arbitration. (D.I. 1, Ex A ¶ 19(D) ). Courts in Delaware have found language similar to the "arising out of or relating to" language to be indicative of a broad arbitration clause. See e.g. , Karish v. SI International, Inc. , No. 19501,
As to whether asserted claims fall within the broad arbitration clause, "[a]n arbitration clause, no matter how broadly construed, can extend only so far as the series of obligations set forth in the underlying agreement" meaning such clauses "should be applied only to claims that bear on the duties and obligations under the [a]greement." Parfi ,
As an initial matter, the Plaintiffs summarize the "Nature of the Action" as relating to the Partnership Agreement entered:
This action stems from multiple, fundamental misrepresentations made by the Defendants to fraudulently induce Hedinger to enter into a partnership agreement, by falsely representing that Hedinger would be an exclusive distributor of Defendants' purported technology (despite the fact that the Defendants were clandestinely engaged in parallel, competing efforts to sell or license this same technology either directly and/or through other dealers), and, as later learned, by pawning off their counterfeit technology as the genuine article, the latter of which the Defendants are not authorized to sell, license, or distribute in the first place.
(D.I. 1 ¶ 1).
Then in each of the asserted counts, including counts I, II, IX, X, and XI, Plaintiffs begin by stating: "Hedinger repeats and realleges each of the preceding allegations as if set forth herein," and end by stating that Hedinger was damaged due to Defendants' actions. (D.I. 1). Plaintiffs' explanation of the nature of this action as combined with the first paragraph of each count stating it "repeats and realleges each of the preceding allegations," suggests that all claims alleged within the Complaint are directly related to, and stem from, the creation of the Partnership Agreement between the parties and would not be independently and separately assertable had there been no agreement between Plaintiffs and Defendants. Though this alone is likely sufficient to characterize the remaining counts as arbitrable, the Court will also review each claim individually.
Count I (Fraudulent Inducement) and Count IX (Fraud) are arbitrable. "Under Delaware and federal law, a party cannot escape a valid ... arbitration clause[ ] by arguing that the underlying contract was fraudulently induced or invalid for some reason unrelated to the forum selection or arbitration clause itself." Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Nat'l Indus. Grp. (Holding) , No. 5527-CS,
Count II (False Advertising Under
Count X alleges "[u]pon information and belief, on or about March 22, 2017, BWS transferred all or substantially all of its assets ("Assets") to BWS-Inc." (D.I. 1 ¶ 97). Plaintiffs allege "[this t]ransfer was made with the actual intent to hinder, delay and/or defraud BWS's creditors, including Hedinger." (Id. ¶ 105). Count XI seeks to impose liability onto BWS-Inc as "a mere continuation of the business of BWS and/or [ ] a successor of BWS by result of a de facto merger" therefore making it "liable for the debts and liabilities owed by BWS to Hedinger as the successors-in-interest to BWS." (Id. ¶¶ 107-14). The liabilities allegedly owed to Plaintiffs in each of these counts are premised on the contention that Defendants owe Plaintiffs damages for those claims that the Court has already determined arbitrable. Thus, because these claims are dependent on others which arise from, or are related to, the Partnership Agreement, they are not independently and separately assertable from the Partnership Agreement and are arbitrable.
As noted above, Plaintiffs do not contest that Counts V, VI, and VII are arbitrable. Instead, they assert that the counts "are only asserted in the alternative." (D.I. 16 at 10). Regardless of this characterization, these claims are arbitrable and should only be put before a panel of arbiters, as contractually required, and not determined by this Court. Counts V and VI allege that Defendants failed to abide by the duties and obligations of the Partnership Agreement. Similarly, Count VII, and its supporting facts, contend that Defendants interfered with a relationship between Plaintiffs and a buyer, who Plaintiffs contacted "in anticipation of the [ ] Partnership Agreement, and in order to gauge interest in the BWS Technology." (D.I. 1 ¶ 18). The relationship in which Defendants are alleged to have interfered was established because of the Partnership Agreement. It is thus clear that the claim is directly related and inseparable from the agreement and its arbitration clause. For these reasons, the Court finds that Counts V, VI, and VII are arbitrable and any adjudication thereon must be undertaken by arbitration as set forth in the Partnership Agreement.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the forgoing reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED without prejudice and the parties are compelled to arbitrate the disputes raised in the Complaint. An appropriate order will follow.
ORDER
At Wilmington this 13th day of February 2019:
For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion issued this date,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (D.I. 11) is GRANTED without prejudice.
2. To the extent that Plaintiffs seek to re-raise the claims brought in their Complaint (D.I. 1), the parties are compelled to proceed with an arbitration of their dispute.
3. The Clerk of Court is hereby directed to CLOSE this case.
Because the Court finds that dismissal is proper based on application of the arbitration clause in the Partnership Agreement, the Court does not decide the substantive arguments raised with respect to the asserted counts.
The Court takes judicial notice of the prior action in Massachusetts Superior Court and considers matters of public record, including filings and rulings, therefrom. See Buck v. Hampton Twp. School Dist. ,
Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Bazzle ,
Contrary to Plaintiffs' argument, in Control Screening LLC , the Third Circuit found "the parties agreed to arbitrate in a particular place - namely the 'International Arbitration Center of European countries' " - which "did not exist."
Reference
- Full Case Name
- E. HEDINGER AG and Hedinger Middle East DWC LLC v. BRAINWAVE SCIENCE, LLC, Brainwave Science Inc., and Krishna Ika
- Cited By
- 4 cases
- Status
- Published