Mickens v. State
Mickens v. State
Opinion of the Court
Leonard Ditron Mickens appeals his judgment for battery and the resulting sentence. We must reverse because the trial court committed a fundamental error affecting the jury instructions on Mr. Mickens’ only defense. The court used the charged offense and its lesser offense as the forcible felonies when explaining the forcible felony exception to the defense of justifiable use of nondeadly force.
The problem in this case arose during the jury instruction conference. It was agreed that Mr. Mickens was entitled to a jury instruction on justifiable use of non-deadly force. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 3.6(g). The standard instruction contains an exception explaining that self-defense is not an available defense for a person who is committing a forcible felony. The commentary accompanying the standard instruction explains that the exception should be given only if the defendant is charged with an independent forcible felony. Id; see also Martinez v. State, 981 So.2d 449, 453-54 (Fla. 2008) (“[A]n independent forcible felony is required for the forcible-felony instruction to apply.”). The standard form contains a space for the trial court to add the description of the independent forcible felony involved in the specific case. But in this ease the space was filled in with “Felony Battery or Battery.” Felony battery is the charged offense as it relates to the male friend, and battery is its category one lesser offense. The alleged battery on the female might be a separate offense, but that event was over at the time Mr. Mickens committed the battery on the male victim. It was not a crime that Mr. Mickens “was attempting to commit, committing, or escaping after the commission of’ as described in the standard instruction. Thus, the charged battery on the female victim could not be used as an independent forcible felony in this case.
Thus, in a nutshell, Mr. Mickens was charged with felony battery, for which battery was a necessary lesser offense. He raised self-defense as his only defense. The jury was told that the use of nondeadly force by Mr. Mickens was not justified if he was committing felony battery or battery. As read, the instruction eliminated Mr. Mickens’ only defense.
During the jury instruction conference, the attorneys had a rather long discussion with the trial court about this instruction. Their arguments were confusing. The court asked them: “Have either of you lawyers even looked at the case law that interprets this very-poorly worded instruction from our Florida Supreme Court?” Both lawyers responded that they had not. The court replied: “Why not? This is your job. This is important. This is potentially a game-over event.”
Here, the “game” is not over, but it gets to be replayed with simple battery as the highest charge. The forcible felony exception has application to both the use of deadly and nondeadly force. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 3.6(f); Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 3.6(g); Giles v. State, 831 So.2d 1263 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002). An error in the forcible felony instruction does not necessarily rise to the level of fundamental error, but when the instruction negates the defendant’s only defense to the charge of which he is convicted, it is typically determined to be a fundamental error. See Vowels v. State, 32 So.3d 720, 721 (Fla. 5th
Even though Mr. Mickens was convicted of the misdemeanor and not the charged felony, self-defense was his only defense to the offense for which he stands convicted. Having reviewed the record, we conclude that we must reverse his conviction and remand for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.